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Metabolomics prospect of obesity and metabolic syndrome; a systematic review

  • Review article
  • Published:
Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Due to growing concerns about the obesity pandemic as a worldwide phenomenon, a global effort has been made for managing it and associated disorders. Accordingly, metabolomics as a promising field of “OMICS” is presented for investigating different molecular pathways in obesity and related disorders through the evaluation of specific metabolites in both animal and human subjects. Herein, the aim of the present study as the first systematic review is to evaluate all available studies about different mechanisms and their biomarkers discovery using metabolomics approaches.

Method

The study was designed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Using a comprehensive search strategy we searched in databases including; Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus using specific keywords. Based on predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria study selection has been conducted considering the type of studies, participant, and outcome measures. Quality assessment was done using CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) checklist followed by data extraction according to a predefined data extraction sheet.

Results

Among the articles that resulted from electronic search, a total of 74 articles met our inclusion criteria. The most prevalent studied metabolites were amino acids and lipid derivatives and both targeted and non-targeted approaches were applied for metabolomics studies.

Conclusion

This systematic review summarized a wide range of studies regardless of the age, history, language, and type of the study. Further studies are needed to compare the application of emerging methods in the treatment of obesity and related disorders.

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Abbreviations

AC-C0 :

Acylcarnitine-C0

AC-C2:

Acylcarnitine-C2

AC-C3:

Acylcarnitine-C3

AC-C4:

Acylcarnitine-C4

AC C4-OH:

Acylcarnitine C4-OH

AC C5:

Acylcarnitine C5

AC C8:

Acylcarnitine C8

AC C8:1:

Acylcarnitine C8:1

AC C10:

Acylcarnitine C10

AC C10:1:

Acylcarnitine C10:1

AC C10:2:

Acylcarnitine C10:2

AC C10:3:

Acylcarnitine C10:3

AC C12:1:

Acylcarnitine C12:1

AC-C14:1:

Acylcarnitine-C14:1

AC-C16:

Acylcarnitine-C16

AC C16-OH/C14-DC:

Acylcarnitine C16-OH/C14-DC

AC C16:1:

Acylcarnitine C16:1

AC-C18:

Acylcarnitine-C18

AC C18:1:

Acylcarnitine C18:1

AC C18:1-OH/C16:1-DC:

Acylcarnitine C18:1-OH/C16:1-DC

ADMA :

Asymmetric dimethylarginine

AHB:

α-hydroxybutyrate

AKB:

2-AMINO-3-KETOBUTYRIC ACID

alpha-AAA:

alpha-amino adipic acid

Arg:

Arginine

Asn:

Asparagine

BHBA:

Beta-Hydroxybutyric acid

C0:

Carnitine (free)

C3:

Propionylcarnitine

C14:1 :

Tetradecadienoylcarnitine (C14:1)

C14:1-OH:

3-Hydroxymyristoleylcarnitine

C14:2 :

Tetradecadienoylcarnitine (C14:2)

C16:0:

Hexadecanoic acid

C16:1:

Palmitoleic acid

C18:0 LPE:

C18:0 lysophosphatidyl-ethanolamine

C18:1 :

Oleic acid

C18:1 LPC:

C18:1 lysophosphatidylcholine

C18:1 LPE:

C18:1 lysophosphatidyl-ethanolamine

C18:2 LPC:

C18:2 lysophosphatidylcholine

C20:3 CE:

C20:3 cholesterol ester

C20:5 CE:

C20:5 cholesterol ester

C22:1:

Erucic acid

C22:2:

c -13,16-Docosadienoic acid

C22:5n-6:

Dpan-6

C22:6 CE:

C22:6 cholesterol esters

C24:0:

Tetracosanoic acid

C24:1:

Nervonic acid

C30:0 DAG:

C30:0 diacylglycerol

C32:0 DAG:

C32:0 diacylglycerol

C32:1:

Dotriacontenylic acid

C32:1 DAG:

C32:1 diacylglycerol

C32:2 DAG:

C32:2 diacylglycerol

C34:0 DAG:

C34:0 diacylglycerol

C34:1:

Tetratriacontenylic acid

C34:1 DAG:

C34:1 diacylglycerol

C34:1 PC plasmalogen A:

C34:1 Phosphatidylcholine plasmalogen A

C34:2:

Tetratriacontadienoic acid

C34:2 DAG:

C34:2 diacylglycerol

C34:3:

Acyl-akyl-phosphatidylcholine

C34:3 DAG:

C34:3 diacylglycerol

C34:4 PC:

C34:4 Phosphatidylcholine

C36:0:

Hexatriacontanoic acid

C36:0 DAG:

C36:0 diacylglycerol

C36:1 DAG:

C36:1 diacylglycerol

C36:1 PC plasmalogen:

C36:1 Phosphatidylcholine plasmalogen

C36:2:

Hexatriacontadienoic acid

C36:2 DAG:

C36:2 diacylglycerol

C36:2 PC plasmalogen:

C36:2 Phosphatidylcholine plasmalogen

C36:3 DAG:

C36:3 diacylglycerol

C36:3 PC plasmalogen:

C36:3 Phosphatidylcholine plasmalogen

C36:4 DAG:

C36:4 diacylglycerol

C38:0:

Octatriactanoic acid

C38:3 PC:

C38:3 Phosphatidylcholine

C38:4 DAG:

C38:4 diacylglycerol

C38:5 DAG:

C38:5 diacylglycerol

C38:6 PC:

C38:6 Phosphatidylcholine

C38:7 PE plasmalogen:

C38:7 Phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen

C40:6 PE:

C40:6 Phosphatidylethanolamine

C40:9 PC:

C40:9 Phosphatidylcholine

C46:2 TAG:

C46:2 triacylglycerol

C46:3 TAG:

C46:3 triacylglycerol

C46:4 TAG:

C46:4 triacylglycerol

C48:1 TAG:

C48:1 triacylglycerol

C48:2 TAG:

C48:2 triacylglycerol

C48:3 TAG:

C48:3 triacylglycerol

C48:4 TAG:

C48:4 triacylglycerol

C50:0 TAG:

C50:0 triacylglycerol

C50:1 TAG:

C50:1 triacylglycerol

C50:2 TAG:

C50:2 triacylglycerol

C50:3 TAG:

C50:3 triacylglycerol

C50:4 TAG:

C50:4 triacylglycerol

C50:5 TAG:

C50:5 triacylglycerol

C50:6 TAG:

C50:6 triacylglycerol

C52:0 TAG:

C52:0 triacylglycerol

C52:1 TAG:

C52:1 triacylglycerol

C52:2 TAG:

C52:2 triacylglycerol

C52:3 TAG:

C52:3 triacylglycerol

C52:4 TAG:

C52:4 triacylglycerol

C52:5 TAG:

C52:5 triacylglycerol

C52:6 TAG:

C52:6 triacylglycerol

C52:7 TAG:

C52:7 triacylglycerol

C54:1 TAG:

C54:1 triacylglycerol

C54:2 TAG:

C54:2 triacylglycerol

C54:6 TAG:

C54:6 triacylglycerol

C54:7 TAG:

C54:7 triacylglycerol

C54:8 TAG:

C54:8 triacylglycerol

C54:9 TAG:

C54:9 triacylglycerol

C56:5 TAG:

C56:5 triacylglycerol

C56:6 TAG:

C56:6 triacylglycerol

C56:7 TAG:

C56:7 triacylglycerol

C56:8 TAG:

C56:8 triacylglycerol

C56:9 TAG:

C56:9 triacylglycerol

C56:10 TAG:

C56:10 triacylglycerol

C58:6 TAG:

C58:6 triacylglycerol

C58:7 TAG:

C58:7 triacylglycerol

C58:8 TAG:

C58:8 triacylglycerol

C58:9 TAG:

C58:9 triacylglycerol

C58:10 TAG:

C58:10 triacylglycerol

C58:11 TAG:

C58:11 triacylglycerol

CE:

Cholesterol ester

CE(20:3):

cholesterol ester (20:3)

CE(22:5):

cholesterol ester (22:5)

CE(22:6):

cholesterol ester (22:6)

Cer(d18:0/23:0):

ceramides(d18:0/23:0)

Cer(d18:1/18:0):

ceramides(d18:1/18:0)

DG(44:5):

Diacylglycerol (44:5)

DHEA-S:

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

Glu:

Glutamic acid

Gly:

Glycine

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

His:

Histidine

Leu:

Leucine

LPA 16:0:

[(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-hydroxypropoxy]phosphonic acid

LPC:

Lysophosphatidylcholines

LPCa C14:0:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine a C14:0

LPCa C16:0:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine a C16:0

LPC a c16:0 / LPCa C20:3:

lysophophatidylcholine

LPC a c16:0 / LPCa C20:4:

lysophophatidylcholine

LPC a c16:0 / PC aa C32:0:

lysophophatidylcholine

LPC a c16:0 / PC aa C36:2:

lysophophatidylcholine

LPCa C16:1:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine a C16:1

LPC a c18:0/ LPCa C20:3:

lysophophatidylcholine

LPC a c18:0 / LPCa C20:4:

lysophophatidylcholine

LPC a c18:0 / PC aa C36:2:

lysophophatidylcholine

LPC a c18:0 / PC aa C36:1:

lysophophatidylcholine

LPC Ac18:1:

lysophophatidylcholine

LPC Ac18:2:

lysophophatidylcholine

LPCa C18:3:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine a C18:3

LPCa C20:3:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine a C20:3

LPCa C20:4:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine a C20:4

LPC Ac20:4:

lysophophatidylcholine

LPE:

Lysophosphatidylethanolamines

LysoPC(18:1):

lysoPhosphatidylcholine (18:1)

LysoPC(18:2):

lysoPhosphatidylcholine (18:2)

LysoPC(20:1):

lysoPhosphatidylcholine (20:1)

lysoPC a C16:0:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine acyl C16:0

LysoPC a C17:0:

Lysophosphatidylcholine a C17:0

lysoPC a C17:0:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine acyl C17:0

LysoPC a C18:0:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine a C18:0

lysoPC a C18:0:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine acyl C18:0

lyso.PC.a.C18.1:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine a C18:1

lysoPC a C18:1:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine acyl C18:1

LysoPC a C18:2:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine a C18:2

lysoPC a C18:2:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine acyl C18:2

lyso.PC.a.C18.3:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine a C18:3

lysoPC a C20:4:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine a C20:4

lysoPC a C26:0:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine acyl C26:0

lyso.PC.e.C16.0:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine a C16.0

lyso.PC.e.C18.0:

lysoPhosphatidylcholine a.C18.0

LysoPE(22:4):

lysoPhosphatidylcholine (22:4)

LysoPE a 18:0:

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine(0:0/18:0)

LysoPE a 18:1:

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine(18:1/0:0)

LysoPE a 18:2:

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine(18:2)

N-C18-1-Cer:

N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-ceramide; N-(oleoyl)-ceramide

NEFA.12.1:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.14.0:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.14.1:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.14.2:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.14.4:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA 15:0:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.16.0:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.16.1:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.16.2:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.17.0:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.17.1:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA 18:1:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.18.2:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.18.3:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.18.4:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.19.1:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA 20:1:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.20.2:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA 20:3:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA 20:4:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA.20.5:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA 22:4:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA 22:5:

non-esterified fatty acids

NEFA C20:5:

non-esterified fatty acids C20:5

NEFA C22:6:

non-esterified fatty acids C22:6

PA(28:0):

Phosphtatidic acid (28:0)

PC:

Phosphatidylcholine

PC(16:0/O-1:0):

Phosphatidylcholine(16:0/O-1:0)

PC(16:0/O-16:0):

Phosphatidylcholine (16:0/O-16:0)

PC(18:3/dm18:1):

Phosphatidylcholine(18:3/dm18:1)

PC(19:3):

Phosphatidylcholine(19:3)

PC(22:4/dm18:1):

Phosphatidylcholine(22:4/dm18:1)

PC(35:2):

Phosphatidylcholine(35:2)

PCA:

2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid

PC aa C28:1:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C28:1

PC aa C30:2:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C 30:2

PC aa C32:0:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C32:0

PC aa C32:1:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C32:1

PC.aa.C32.3:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C32.3

PC aa C34:1:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C34:1

PC aa C34:2:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C34:2

PC aa C34:3:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C34:3

PC aa C34:4:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C34:4

PC.aa.C34.5:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C34.5

PC aa C36:0:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C36:0

PC aa C36:1:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C36:1

PC aa C36:2:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C36:2

PC aa C36:3:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C36:3

PC aa C36:4:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C36:4

PC aa C36:5:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C36:5

PC aa C36:6:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C36:6

PC aa C38:0:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C38:0

PC aa C38:1:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C38:1

PC.aa.C38.3:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C38:3

PC.aa.C38.4:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C38:4

PC aa C38:5:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C38:5

PC aa C38:6:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C38:6

PC aa C40:0:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C40:0

PC aa C40:1:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C40:1

PC aa C40:2:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C40:2

PC aa C40:3:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C40:3

PC.aa.C40.4:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C40.4

PC.aa.C40.5:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C40:5

PC aa C40:6:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C40:6

PC aa C42:0:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C42:0

PC aa C42:1:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C42:1

PC.aa.C42.2:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C42.2

PC aa C42:5:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C42:5

PC aa C42:6:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C42:6

PC.aa.C43.4:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C43:4

PC.aa.C44.12:

Phosphatidylcholine diacyl C44.12

PC ae C32:1 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C32:1

PC ae C32:2 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C32:2

PC ae C34:1:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C34:1

PC.ae.C34.2:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C34.2

PC ae C34:3:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C34:3

PC ae 36:0:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl 36:0

PC ae 36:1:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl 36:1

PC ae 36:2 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C 36:2

PC ae 36:3 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C 36:3

PC ae 36:4:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl36:4

PC.ae.C36.5:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C36.5

PC ae C38:0 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C38:0

PC ae C38:1 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C38:1

PC ae C38:2:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C38:2

PC.ae.C38.3:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C38.3

PC ae C38:4:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C38:4

PC ae C38:5:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C38:5

PC ae C38:6:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C44:4

PC ae C40:1 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C40:1

PC ae C40:2 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C40:2

PC ae C40:3 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C40:3

PC ae C40:4 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C40:4

PC ae C40:5 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C40:5

PC ae C42:0 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C42:0

PC ae C42:1 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C42:1

PC ae C42:2 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C42:2

PC ae C42:3 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C42:3

PC ae C42:4 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C42:4

PC ae C42:5 :

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C42:5

PC ae C44:3:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C44:3

PC ae C44:4:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C44:4

PC ae C44:5:

Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C44:5

PC(O-10:0/O-8:0):

Phosphatidylcholine(O-10:0/O-8:0)

PC(O-10:0/O-10:0):

Phosphatidylcholine(O-10:0/O-10:0)

PC (O-10:0/O-12:0):

Phosphatidylcholine (O-10:0/O-12:0)

PE(22:1/dm18:1):

Phosphatidylethanolamine(22:1/dm18:1)

PE(22:4/dm18:0):

Phosphatidylethanolamine(22:4/dm18:0)

PG(38:3):

Prostaglandin(38:3)

Phe:

Phenylalanine

PS(24:0):

Phosphtatidylserines(24:0)

SDMA:

Symmetric dimethylarginine

SFA:

Saturated fatty acid

SM:

Sphingomyelin

SM C16:0 or SM (d18:1/16:0):

n-(hexadecanoyl)-sphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine

SM C24:1:

n-(hexadecanoyl)-sphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine

SM (d16:1/18:0):

N-(octadecanoyl)-hexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine

SM(d18:0/20:0):

Sphingomyelin(d18:0/20:0)

SM(d18:1/16:0):

Sphingomyelin(d18:1/16:0)

SM (d18:2/16:0):

N-(hexadecanoyl)-4E,14Z-sphingadienine-1-phosphocholine

SM (d18:2/18:0):

N-(octadecanoyl)-4E,14Z-sphingadienine-1-phosphocholine

SM (OH) C14:1:

Hydroxysphingomyeline C14:1

SM (OH) C16:1 :

HydroxySphingomyelin C16:1

SM (OH) C22:1 :

N-[(13Z)-3-Hydroxydocos-13-enoyl]sphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine

SM (OH) C22:2 :

HydroxySphingomyelin C22:2

SM (OH) C24:1 :

HydroxySphingomyelin C24:1

TAG:

Triacylglycerols

TG(36:0):

Triglycerides(36:0)

TG(56:11):

Triglycerides(56:11)

Tyr:

Tyrosine

Val:

Valine

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Moloud Payab

  2. Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Akram Tayanloo-Beik, Maryamossadat Mousavi, Saeede Salehi & Babak Arjmand

  3. Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Khadijeh Falahzadeh

  4. Development of Research & Technology Center, Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

    Shirin Djalalinia

  5. Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mahbube Ebrahimpur

  6. Medical Library and Information Science, Department of Medical Library and Information Science, Paramedicine Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Nafiseh Rezaei

  7. Department of Medical Library and Information Science, Paramedicine Faculty, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Nafiseh Rezaei

  8. Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani

  9. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Bagher Larijani

  10. Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran

    Kambiz Gilany

  11. Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran

    Kambiz Gilany

Authors
  1. Moloud Payab
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  2. Akram Tayanloo-Beik
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  3. Khadijeh Falahzadeh
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  4. Maryamossadat Mousavi
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  5. Saeede Salehi
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  6. Shirin Djalalinia
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  7. Mahbube Ebrahimpur
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  8. Nafiseh Rezaei
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  9. Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
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  10. Bagher Larijani
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  11. Babak Arjmand
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  12. Kambiz Gilany
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Babak Arjmand or Kambiz Gilany.

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Payab, M., Tayanloo-Beik, A., Falahzadeh, K. et al. Metabolomics prospect of obesity and metabolic syndrome; a systematic review. J Diabetes Metab Disord 21, 889–917 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-021-00917-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-021-00917-w

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