Abstract
Chenopodium quinoa possesses remarkable nutritional value and adaptability to various agroecological conditions. Panicle architecture influences the number of spikelets and grains in a panicle, ultimately leading to productivity and yield. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the metabolites, nutrients, and minerals in Chenopodium quinoa accessions of varying panicle architecture. Metabolic profiling using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis identified seventeen metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolics, fatty acids, terpenoids, phenylbutenoid dimers, amino acids, and saccharides. Eight metabolic compounds were reported in this study for the first time in quinoa. Some metabolites were detected as differentially expressed. The compound (Z)-1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) butadiene and chrysin were found only in SPrecm. Sodium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxtetrahydrofuran-2-yl) methyl hydrogen phosphate and elenolic acid were detected only in CHEN-33, and quercetin, 3-hydroxyphloretin-3’-C-glucoside, kurarinone, and rosmarinic acid were identified only in D-12175. Variable importance in projection (VIP) scores annotated ten metabolites contributing to variability. Mineral analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry indicated that the quantity of magnesium and calcium is high in D-12175. In comparison, SPrecm showed a high quantity of magnesium compared to CHEN-33, while CHEN-33 showed a high quantity of calcium compared to SPrecm. However, the proximate composition showed no significant difference among quinoa accessions.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetics Engineering (NIBGE) for generously providing the facility for liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry (LC‒MS) analysis for metabolomic profiling. Additionally, we are grateful to the Central Hi-Tech Laboratory and Animal Nutrition Laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, for their invaluable assistance in conducting the mineral and proximate analyses, respectively.
Funding
The research study is funded by Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Agricultural Linkages Program (ALP) under the project "DNA barcoding of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) germplasm and its associated pathogens for taxonomic identification to improve crop diversification (Project No. CS 444).
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Habib, Z., Ijaz, S. & Haq, I.U. Comparative metabolomic profiling and nutritional chemistry of Chenopodium quinoa of diverse panicle architecture and agroecological zones. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 29, 1959–1979 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-023-01398-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-023-01398-2