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Quinoa biodiversity and sustainability for food security under climate change. A review

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Abstract

Climate change is rapidly degrading the conditions of crop production. For instance, increasing salinization and aridity is forecasted to increase in most parts of the world. As a consequence, new stress-tolerant species and genotypes must be identified and used for future agriculture. Stress-tolerant species exist but are actually underutilized and neglected. Many stress-tolerant species are indeed traditional crops that are only cultivated by farmers at a local scale. Those species have a high biodiversity value. Besides, the human population will probably reach nine billion within coming decades. To keep pace with population growth, food production must increase dramatically despite the limited availability of cultivable land and water. Here, we review the benefits of quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd., a seed crop that has endured the harsh bioclimatic conditions of the Andes since ancient times. Although the crop is still mainly produced in Bolivia and Peru, agronomic trials and cultivation are spreading to many other countries. Quinoa maintains productivity on rather poor soils and under conditions of water shortage and high salinity. Moreover, quinoa seeds are an exceptionally nutritious food source, owing to their high protein content with all essential amino acids, lack of gluten, and high content of several minerals, e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe, and health-promoting compounds such as flavonoids. Quinoa has a vast genetic diversity resulting from its fragmented and localized production over the centuries in the Andean region, from Ecuador to southern Chile, and from sea level to the altiplano. Quinoa can be adapted to diverse agroecological conditions worldwide. Year 2013 has therefore been declared the International Year of Quinoa by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Here, we review the main characteristics of quinoa, its origin and genetic diversity, its exceptional tolerance to drought and salinity, its nutritional properties, the reasons why this crop can offer several ecosystem services, and the role of Andean farmers in preserving its agrobiodiversity. Finally, we propose a schematic model integrating the fundamental factors that should determine the future utilization of quinoa, in terms of food security, biodiversity conservation, and cultural identity.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the growers, communities, and stakeholders involved in quinoa cultivation. Stephen Wallenstein is gratefully acknowledged for critical reading of the manuscript and helpful inputs. This research contribution was supported by funds from Fondecyt (project no.3130624, 1100638). The EU IRSES program (PIRSES-GA-2008–230862) is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Functional Genomics & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago de Chile, Chile

    Karina B. Ruiz

  2. Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy

    Stefania Biondi

  3. Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Colina El Pino s/n, La Serena, Chile

    Rómulo Oses, Ian S. Acuña-Rodríguez & Enrique A. Martinez-Mosqueira

  4. Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita, Università di Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy

    Fabiana Antognoni

  5. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile

    Enrique A. Martinez-Mosqueira & Marco A. Molina-Montenegro

  6. IPR, IFRA, Université du Mali, Katibougou, Mali

    Amadou Coulibaly

  7. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)-Peru, Manuel Almenara 328, Urb La Aurora, Miraflores, Lima 18, Peru

    Alipio Canahua-Murillo

  8. PROINPA Regional Altiplano, Oficina Regional F.Guachalla No. 820, La Paz, Bolivia

    Milton Pinto

  9. Centro de Investigación Intihuasi, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA, Colina San Joaquin s/n, PO Box 36-B, La Serena, Chile

    Andrés Zurita-Silva

  10. UPR-GREEN, CIRAD-ES, TA C-47/F Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France

    Didier Bazile

  11. Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Allé 13, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark

    Sven-Erik Jacobsen

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  1. Karina B. Ruiz
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  2. Stefania Biondi
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  3. Rómulo Oses
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  4. Ian S. Acuña-Rodríguez
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  12. Sven-Erik Jacobsen
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  13. Marco A. Molina-Montenegro
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Correspondence to Stefania Biondi.

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Ruiz, K.B., Biondi, S., Oses, R. et al. Quinoa biodiversity and sustainability for food security under climate change. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 34, 349–359 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0195-0

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