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Advances in materials and structures of supercapacitors

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Abstract

Supercapacitors are a new type of energy storage device between batteries and conventional electrostatic capacitors. Compared with conventional electrostatic capacitors, supercapacitors have outstanding advantages such as high capacity, high power density, high charging/discharging speed, and long cycling life, which make them widely used in many fields such as electronics, aerospace, and vehicles. However, the low energy density of supercapacitors limits their large-scale applications. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop high energy density supercapacitors and use as power sources for practical devices. In order to improve the performance of supercapacitors, the study of materials and structures is very important. In this paper, the research progresses of common materials and structures of some supercapacitors are reviewed. The related properties and device characterizations of carbon-based, conductive polymer and metal compound electrode materials are introduced. The structures of electrode materials, structures of devices, and corresponding properties are discussed.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Copyright 2020, Elsevier. b Schematic for the synthesis of G-MC using silica nanospheres as templates [9]. Copyright 2018, Wiley. c 3D graphene framework manufacturing schematic [10]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier

Fig. 3

Copyright 2017, RSC

Fig. 4

Copyright 2018, Elsevier. b Preparation of carbon black/polyimide composites [33]. Copyright 2017, Wiley. c Structure diagram of 3D GA-GN [14]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier

Fig. 5

Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. b Composition and structure characterization of Ni–Co LDH/CFC [45]. Copyright, Springer Nature

Fig. 6

Copyright 2020, Springer Nature. b Synthesis mechanism of polythiophene [52]. Copyright 2014, Wiley. c Schematic diagram of the manufacturing process of polyaniline nanowire arrays/3D graphene composites [47]. Copyright, Wiley

Fig. 7

Copyright 2020, Elsevier. b MnCo2O4/3DG preparation method [53]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier

Fig. 8

Copyright 2020, Wiley

Fig. 9

Copyright 2013, RSC

Fig. 10

Copyright 2018, Wiley

Fig. 11

Copyright 2019, Springer Nature. b Stretchable solid state supercapacitor with graphene woven fabric as electrode material [85]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier. c A schematic diagram of the preparation process of Ni2S3/3D rGO on foamed nickel [73]. Copyright 2018, Wiley

Fig. 12

Copyright 2017, Wiley

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the College Students’ Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program (202110010073).

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  1. College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China

    Haocheng Zhang, Junying Zhang, Xilong Gao, Lan Wen, Wuxin Li & Dewei Zhao

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  1. Haocheng Zhang
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Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Gao, X. et al. Advances in materials and structures of supercapacitors. Ionics 28, 515–531 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04359-5

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