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Mining phosphorus from waste streams at wastewater treatment plants: a review of enrichment, extraction, and crystallization methods

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Abstract

Two interrelated problems exist: the non-renewability of phosphate rock as a resource and the excess phosphate in the water system lead to eutrophication. Removal and recovery of phosphorus (P) from waste streams at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is one of the promising solutions. This paper reviews strategies for P recovery from waste streams in WWTPs are reviewed, and the main P recovery processes were broken down into three parts: enrichment, extraction, and crystallization. On this basis, the present P recovery technology was summarized and compared. The choice of P recovery technology depends on the process of sewage treatment and sludge treatment. Most P recovery processes can meet the financial requirements since the recent surge in phosphate rock prices. The safety requirements of P recovery products add a high cost to toxic substance removal, so it is necessary to control the discharge of toxic substances such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants from the source.

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Fig. 1

Adapted from Jupp et al. (2021)

Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Adapted from Yu et al. (2021). Data from Li et al. (2018); Liu et al. (2019); Pokhrel et al. (2018); Wu et al. (2015); Xie et al. (2011). The mosaic charts are gained by the average value of the ranges

Fig. 4

Modified from Yuan et al. (2012)

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. More detailed data is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This research was supported by the Ecological environment scientific research project of Jiangsu Province (2021001) and the Major Science and Technology Project of Water Pollution Control and Management in China (2017ZX07202004-002).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Rd, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

    Xiang Li, Shuting Shen, Yuye Xu, Ting Guo, Hongliang Dai & Xiwu Lu

  2. ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment Wuxi, 99 Linghu Rd, Wuxi, 214135, People’s Republic of China

    Xiang Li, Shuting Shen, Yuye Xu, Ting Guo & Xiwu Lu

  3. School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, No. 2 Mengxi Road, Zhenjiang, 212018, China

    Hongliang Dai

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  1. Xiang Li
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All authors contributed to the review conception and design. Data collection and Analysis were performed by Xiang Li, Shuting Shen, Yuye Xu and Ting Guo. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Xiang Li and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Li, X., Shen, S., Xu, Y. et al. Mining phosphorus from waste streams at wastewater treatment plants: a review of enrichment, extraction, and crystallization methods. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 28407–28421 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25388-9

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