Abstract
Exposure to air pollution during prenatal or neonatal periods is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) according to epidemiology studies. Furthermore, prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) has also been found to be associated with an increased prevalence of ASD. To assess the association between simultaneous exposure to VPA and air pollutants, seven exposure groups of rats were included in current study (PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants exposed — high dose of VPA (PGE-high); PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants exposed — low dose of VPA (PGE-low); gaseous pollutants only exposed — high dose of VPA (GE-high); gaseous pollutants only exposed — low dose of VPA (GE-low); clean air exposed — high dose of VPA (CAE-high); clean air exposed — low dose of VPA (CAE-low) and clean air exposed (CAE)). The pollution-exposed rats were exposed to air pollutants from embryonic day (E0) to postnatal day 42 (PND42). In all the induced groups, decreased oxidative stress biomarkers, decreased oxytocin receptor (OXTR) levels, and increased the expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were found. The volumes of the cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum, and prefrontal decreased in all induced groups in comparison to CAE. Additionally, increased numerical density of glial cells and decreased of numerical density of neurons were found in all induced groups. Results show that simultaneous exposure to air pollution and VPA can cause ASD-related behavioral deficits and air pollution reinforced the mechanism of inducing ASD ̉s in VPA-induced rat model of autism.
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Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Change history
27 February 2024
This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32660-z
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The authors wish to thank Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
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This study was funded by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Grant number: 19291)
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All authors (Bahran Imam, Masoumeh Rahmatinia, Abbas Shahsavani, Fariba Khodagholi, Philip K. Hopke , Shahriyar Bazazzpour, Mostafa Hadei, Maryam Yarahmadi, Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar, Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh, Majid Kermani, Saba Ilkhani, Seyed Hamidreza MirBehbahani) contributed to the study concept and design, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of the manuscript, and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content.
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Imam, B., Rahmatinia, M., Shahsavani, A. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Autism-like symptoms by exposure to air pollution and valproic acid–induced in male rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 59263–59286 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19865-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19865-w