Abstract
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale-Chinese version (SCSS-C) in Taiwanese adults. A convenience sample of 232 participants in Taiwan completed an online survey, and 45 of the 232 participants completed the SCSS-C again over a 2 week interval. The content validity index of the SCSS-C was 0.97. Parallel analysis and exploratory factor analysis results revealed two factors (religious coping and non-religious coping). The internal consistency of the SCSS-C was satisfactory (α = 0.88 to 0.92). Test-retest reliability was satisfactory (r = 0.68 to 0.89). The psychometric properties of the SCSS-C were found to be acceptable for use in Taiwanese adults.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alquwez, N., & Alshahrani, A. M. (2021). Influence of spiritual coping and social support on the mental health and quality of life of the Saudi informal caregivers of patients with stroke. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(2), 787–803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01081-w
Arafat, R., Sitorus, R., Mustikasari, & Majid, A. (2018). Spiritual coping in people living with stroke. International Journal of Caring Science, 11(2), 658–662. http://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/4_arafat_original_10_2.pdf.
Baldacchino, D. R., & Buhagiar, A. (2003). Psychometric evaluation of the spiritual coping strategies scale in english, maltese, back-translation and bilingual versions. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42(6), 558–570. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02659.x
Baldacchino, D., & Draper, P. (2001). Spiritual coping strategies: A review of the nursing research literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 34(6), 833–841. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01814.x.
Chafjiri, R. T., Navabi, N., Shamsalinia, A., & Ghaffari, F. (2017). The relationship between the spiritual attitude of the family caregivers of older patients with stroke and their burden. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 12, 453–458. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S121285.
Cruz, J. P., Alquwez, N., Alqubeilat, H., & Colet, P. C. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the spiritual coping strategies scale arabic version for Saudi nursing students. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 35(2), 198–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010116651513
Delgado-Guay, M. O., Palma, A., Duarte, E., Grez, M., Tupper, L., Liu, D. D., & Bruera, E. (2021). Association between spirituality, religiosity, spiritual pain, symptom distress, and quality of life among latin American patients with advanced cancer: A multicenter study. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 24(11), 1606–1615. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0776
Ekas, N. V., Whitman, T. L., & Shivers, C. (2009). Religiosity, spirituality, and socioemotional functioning in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(5), 706–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0673-4.
Hair, J. F. Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hawthorne, D., Youngblut, J. M., & Brooten, D. (2011). Psychometric evaluation of the spanish and english versions of the spiritual coping strategies scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 19(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.19.1.46.
Hawthorne, D. M., Youngblut, J. M., & Brooten, D. (2017). Use of spiritual coping strategies by gender, race/ethnicity, and religion at 1 and 3 months after infant’s/child’s intensive care unit death. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 29(10), 591–599. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12498.
Hebert, R., Zdaniuk, B., Schulz, R., & Scheier, M. (2009). Positive and negative religious coping and well-being in women with breast cancer. Journal of palliative medicine, 12(6), 537–545. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2008.0250.
IBM Corp. (2011). IBM SPSS statistics for windows (Version 20.0). [Computer software]. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Koenig, H. G., & Al Zaben, F. (2020). Psychometric validation and translation of religious and spiritual measures. Journal of Religion and Health, 60, 3467–3483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01373-9.
Li, C. C., Rew, L., & Hwang, S. L. (2012). The relationship between spiritual well-being and psychosocial adjustment in taiwanese patients with colorectal cancer and a colostomy. Journal of Wound Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 39(2), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0b013e318244afe0.
Lin, C. H., Lee, S. M., Wu, B. J., Huang, L. S., Sun, H. J., & Tsen, H. F. (2013). Psychometric properties of the taiwanese version of the World Health Organization-five well-being index. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 127(4), 331. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12040
McKinley, C. E., Roh, S., & Lee, Y. S. (2020). American Indian women cancer survivors’ spiritual and religious coping practices. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(5), 2430–2441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01023-6
Meisenhelder, J. B., & Cassem, E. H. (2009). Terrorism, posttraumatic stress, spiritual coping, and mental health. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 11(3), 218–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349630903081275.
Mohr, W. K. (2006). Spiritual issues in psychiatric care. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 42(3), 174–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2006.00076.x.
Mueller, P. S., Plevak, D. J., & Rummans, T. A. (2001). Religious involvement, spirituality, and medicine: Implications for clinical practice. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 76(12), 1225–1235. https://doi.org/10.4065/76.12.1225.
Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37(4), 710–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388152.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 519–543.
Pargament, K. I., Tarakeshwar, N., Ellison, C. G., & Wulff, K. M. (2001). Religious coping among the religious: The relationships between religious coping and well-being in a national sample of presbyterian clergy, elders, and members. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(3), 497–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00073.
Park, C. L., Holt, C. L., Le, D., Christie, J., & Williams, B. R. (2018). Positive and negative religious coping styles as prospective predictors of well-being in African Americans. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 10(4), 318–326. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000124
Patil, V. H., Singh, S. N., Mishra, S., & Donavan, D. T. (2017). Parallel analysis engine to aid in determining number of factors to retain using R [Computer software]. https://analytics.gonzaga.edu/parallelengine/.
Rodrigues, I. B., Adachi, J. D., Beattie, K. A., & MacDermid, J. C. (2017). Development and validation of a new tool to measure the facilitators, barriers and preferences to exercise in people with osteoporosis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 18(1), 540. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-017-1914-5.
Saffari, M., Pakpour, A. H., Naderi, M. K., Koenig, H. G., Baldacchino, D. R., & Piper, C. N. (2013). Spiritual coping, religiosity and quality of life: A study on muslim patients undergoing haemodialysis. Nephrology, 18(4), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/nep.12041.
Saffari, M., Koenig, H. G., Ghanizadeh, G., Pakpour, A. H., & Baldacchino, D. R. (2014). Psychometric properties of the Persian spiritual coping strategies scale in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(4), 1025–1035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9700-7.
Salman, A., & Lee, Y. H. (2019). Spiritual practices and effects of spiritual well-being and depression on elders’ self-perceived health. Applied Nursing Research, 48, 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2019.05.018.
Sinha, A. K., & Kumar, S. (2014). Integrating spirituality into patient care: An essential element of modern healthcare system. Indian Heart Journal, 66(3), 395–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2014.03.023.
Sohail, M. M., Ahmad, S., & Maqsood, F. (2020). The role of socio-demographics in adoption of religious–spiritual and other coping strategies among muslim chronic patients with hepatitis C in Pakistan. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(1), 234–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00761-6.
Wan-Fei, K., Hassan, S. T. S., Sann, L. M., Ismail, S. I. F., Raman, R. A., & Ibrahim, F. (2017). Depression, anxiety and quality of life in stroke survivors and their family caregivers: A pilot study using an actor/partner interdependence model. Electronic Physician, 9(8), 4924–4933. https://doi.org/10.19082/4924.
Watson, R., & Thompson, D. R. (2006). Use of factor analysis in Journal of Advanced nursing: Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55(3), 330–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03915.x.
Yap, K. Y., & Wang, T. Y. (2022). December 3–4. Review of spiritual coping assessment tools [poster presentation]. International symposium on spiritual care, Taipei, Taiwan.
Funding
The authors have not disclosed any funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, TY., Yap, K.Y., Saffari, M. et al. Psychometric Properties of the Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale—Chinese Version (SCSS-C) for Adults in Taiwan. J Relig Health 62, 3651–3663 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01877-6
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01877-6