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Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cells in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases: Knowns and Unknowns

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Abstract

Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) have been used for decades in preclinical and clinical studies to treat various neurological diseases. However, there is still a knowledge gap in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of BMMNCs in the treatment of neurological diseases. In addition, prerequisite factors for the efficacy of BMMNC administration, such as the optimal route, dose, and number of administrations, remain unclear. In this review, we discuss known and unknown aspects of BMMNCs, including the cell harvesting, administration route and dose; mechanisms of action; and their applications in neurological diseases, including stroke, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autism spectrum disorder, and epilepsy. Furthermore, recommendations on indications for BMMNC administration and the advantages and limitations of BMMNC applications for neurological diseases are discussed.

Graphical Abstract

BMMNCs in the treatment of neurological diseases. BMMNCs have been applied in several neurological diseases. Proposed mechanisms for the action of BMMNCs include homing, differentiation and paracrine effects (angiogenesis, neuroprotection, and anti-inflammation). Further studies should be performed to determine the optimal cell dose and administration route, the roles of BMMNC subtypes, and the indications for the use of BMMNCs in neurological conditions with and without genetic abnormalities.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Vingroup Scientist Research and Clinical Application Fund (Grant Number: PRO19.47) for supporting this work. All figures were created with Biorender.com.

Funding

This work is supported by the Vingroup Scientist Research and Clinical Application Fund (Grant Number: PRO19.47).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec Healthcare System, 458 Minh Khai, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, 11622, Vietnam

    Quyen Thi Nguyen, Liem Nguyen Thanh, Van T. Hoang, Trang T. K. Phan & Duc M. Hoang

  2. College of Health Science, Vin University, Vinhomes Ocean Park, Gia Lam District, Hanoi, 12400, Vietnam

    Liem Nguyen Thanh

  3. Vinmec International Hospital–Times City, Vinmec Healthcare System, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi, 11622, Vietnam

    Liem Nguyen Thanh

  4. Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Michael Heke

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Contributions

Conception and design of the manuscript: QTN, LNT, VTH, TTKP, HK, DMH. Literature review: QTN, LNT, VTH, TTKP, DMH. Drafting or revision of the manuscript: QTN, LNT, VTH, TTKP, HK, DMH. All authors have approved the final article.

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Correspondence to Liem Nguyen Thanh.

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Nguyen, Q.T., Thanh, L.N., Hoang, V.T. et al. Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cells in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases: Knowns and Unknowns. Cell Mol Neurobiol 43, 3211–3250 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-023-01377-x

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