Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have attracted a great deal of research interest in recent years attributable to the low cost and abundance of lignocellulosic biomass from which they can be extracted. These materials have potential applications in a wide array of areas because of their unique properties such as ultra-high aspect ratios and specific strengths. However, the high energy required to extract CNFs from biomass through fibrillation often makes them prohibitively expensive or negates their inherent sustainability. As such, a variety of biomass treatments prior to fibrillation have been investigated by researchers to reduce the energy requirements of CNF extraction, improve the efficacy of biomass fibrillation and subsequent processes, and/or impart functionality in resulting nanofibrils. In this review, both widely used and emerging mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic pretreatments used prior to fibrillation of lignocellulosic biomass for CNF extraction are reviewed. Attention is given to the effect of these various pretreatments on the properties of the resulting CNFs. Finally, the energy consumption in fibrillation processes with and without the use of pretreatments is compared, and future perspectives on challenges and opportunities in lignocellulosic feedstock pretreatments are discussed.
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This research was supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Manufacturing Office, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle LLC. Authors from University of Maine are grateful for the funding support from UT-Battelle LLC with the US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 (subcontract # 4000174848). This manuscript has been authored in part by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US DOE. The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan).
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Copenhaver, K., Li, K., Wang, L. et al. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks for cellulose nanofibril production. Cellulose 29, 4835–4876 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04580-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04580-z