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Geochemical and isotopic evidence on the recharge and circulation of geothermal water in the Tangshan Geothermal System near Nanjing, China: implications for sustainable development

Evidences géochimiques et isotopiques de la recharge et des circulations d’eau géothermale dans le Système Géothermal de Tangshan près de Nanjing, chine: implications pour le développement durable

Evidencia geoquímica e isotópica sobre la recarga y circulación de agua geotérmica en el Sistema Geotérmico de Tangshan cerca de Nanjing, China: implicancias para el desarrollo sostenible

南京附近汤山地热系统地热水补给源与循环的地球化学和同位素证据:对可持续开发的启示

Evidências geoquímicas e isotópicas na recarga e circulação geotermal da água no Sistema Geotérmico Tangshan próximo a Nanjing, China: implicações para o desenvolvimento sustentável

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Abstract

Geothermal resources are practical and competitive clean-energy alternatives to fossil fuels, and study on the recharge sources of geothermal water supports its sustainable exploitation. In order to provide evidence on the recharge source of water and circulation dynamics of the Tangshan Geothermal System (TGS) near Nanjing (China), a comprehensive investigation was carried out using multiple chemical and isotopic tracers (δ2H, δ18O, δ34S, 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C, 14C and 3H). The results confirm that a local (rather than regional) recharge source feeds the system from the exposed Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate rocks area on the upper part of Tangshan Mountain. The reservoir temperature up to 87 °C, obtained using empirical as well as theoretical chemical geothermometers, requires a groundwater circulation depth of around 2.5 km. The temperature of the geothermal water is lowered during upwelling as a consequence of mixing with shallow cold water up to a 63% dilution. The corrected 14C age shows that the geothermal water travels at a very slow pace (millennial scale) and has a low circulation rate, allowing sufficient time for the water to become heated in the system. This study has provided key information on the genesis of TGS and the results are instructive to the effective management of the geothermal resources. Further confirmation and even prediction associated with the sustainability of the system could be achieved through continuous monitoring and modeling of the responses of the karstic geothermal reservoir to hot-water mining.

Résumé

Les ressources géothermales sont des énergies alternatives propres pratiques et compétitives face aux combustibles fossiles, et l’étude de l’origine de la recharge des eaux géothermales permettent leur exploitation durable. Afin de démontrer les origines de la recharge des eaux et leur dynamique de circulation dans le Système Géothermal du Tangshan (TGS) près de Nanjing (Chine), une étude complète a été mise en œuvre, utilisant un cortège de traceurs chimiques et isotopiques (δ2H, δ18O, δ34S, 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C, 14C and 3H). Les résultats confirment que la recharge du système est. locale (plus que régionale) et provient d’affleurements de roches carbonatées du Cambrien et de l’Ordovicien, dans la partie haute des montagnes du Tangshan. La température du réservoir jusqu’à 87 °C, obtenue en utilisant des géothermomètres chimiques empiriques aussi bien que théoriques, nécessite une circulation des eaux souterraines à une profondeur autour de 2.5 km. La température des eaux géothermales diminue lors de la remontée, en raison d’un mélange avec de l’eau froide superficielle, pouvant atteindre jusqu’à 63% de dilution. Les âges corrigés 14C montrent que les eaux géothermales se déplacent à de très faibles vitesses (d’échelle millénaire) et ont de faibles taux de circulation, leur permettant d’avoir suffisamment de temps pour se réchauffer dans le système. L’étude a fourni des informations clés sur la formation du TGS et les résultats sont instructifs pour la gestion efficace des ressources géothermales. Un suivi en continu et une modélisation de la réponse de l’aquifère karstique géothermal, à l’exploitation de l’eau chaude, permettraient de confirmer ces résultats et de prédire la pérennité du système.

Resumen

Los recursos geotérmicos son alternativas prácticas y competitivas de energía limpia a los combustibles fósiles, y el estudio de las fuentes de recarga de agua geotérmica respalda su explotación sostenible. Con el fin de proporcionar evidencias de la fuente de recarga de agua y de la dinámica de la circulación del Sistema Geotérmico de Tangshan (TGS) cerca de Nanjing (China), se realizó una investigación exhaustiva utilizando trazadores isotópicos (δ2H, δ18O, δ34S, 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C, 14C y 3H) y múltiples elementos químicos. Los resultados confirman que una fuente de recarga local (en lugar de regional) alimenta al sistema del área expuesta con rocas de carbonato del Cámbrico y Ordovícico en la parte superior de la Tangshan Mountain. La temperatura del depósito de hasta 87 °C, obtenida utilizando geotermómetros químicos tanto empíricos como teóricos, requiere una profundidad de circulación del agua subterránea de alrededor de 2.5 km. La temperatura del agua geotérmica se reduce durante la surgencia como consecuencia de la mezcla con agua fría somera hasta una dilución del 63%. La edad corregida de 14C muestra que el agua geotérmica viaja a un ritmo muy lento (escala milenaria) y tiene una baja tasa de circulación, permitiendo un tiempo suficiente para que el agua se caliente en el sistema. Este estudio ha proporcionado información clave sobre la génesis del TGS y los resultados son instructivos para la gestión eficaz de los recursos geotérmicos. Se podría lograr una confirmación e incluso una predicción adicional asociadas con la sostenibilidad del sistema a través del monitoreo y modelado continuo de las respuestas del reservorio geotérmico cárstico a la extracción de agua caliente.

摘要

地热资源是一种可以代替化石燃料且具有很强实用性和竞争力的清洁能源,对地热水补给来源的研究可以为其可持续开发提供支撑。为了提供位于南京(中国)附近的汤山地热系统(TGS)地热水补给来源和循环动力学的证据,利用多种水化学和同位素示踪剂(δ2H, δ18O, δ34S, 87Sr / 86Sr, δ13C, 14C和3H)对其进行了综合研究。研究结果表明,地热水的补给主要来自当地的(而不是区域性)汤山上部裸露的寒武系和奥陶系碳酸盐岩地区。使用经验和理论化学热力学温标方法预测深部热储温度可以达到87°C,这需要地下水循环深度在2.5公里左右。在上涌过程中地热水的温度降低了,这是因为在上涌过程中与浅层冷水发生了混合, 冷水混合比可以达到63%。经过校正的14C年龄显示,地热水以非常缓慢的速度(千年尺度)流动,并且循环更新速率较低,从而有足够的时间使水在地热系统中被加热。这项研究为TGS的成因提供了关键信息,对于地热资源的有效管理具有重要的指导意义。通过持续监测和模拟岩溶热储对热水开采的响应,可以进一步确认和预测地热系统开发的可持续性。

Resumo

Recursos geotermais são uma alternativa energética limpa prática e limpa aos combustíveis fósseis, e estudos sobre as fontes de recarga da água geotermal alicerça a sua exploração sustentável. Para fornecer evidências sobre a recarga das fontes de água e a dinâmica da circulação no Sistema Geotérmico Tangshan (SGT) próximo a Nanjing (China), uma investigação detalhada foi conduzida utilizando múltiplos traçadores químicos e isotópicos (δ2H, δ18O, δ34S, 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C, 14C e 3H). Os resultados confirmam que uma fonte de recarga local (mais do que a regional) alimenta o sistema a partir das áreas de afloramento de rochas carbonáticas Cambrianas e Ordovicianasna parte superior da Montanha Tangshan. A temperatura do reservatório acima dos 87 °C, obtido usando geotermômetros químicos tanto empíricos quanto teóricos, requer uma circulação das águas subterrâneas a uma profundidade em torno de 2.5 km. A temperatura das águas geotermais é diminuída durante ressurgência como uma consequência da mistura com águas rasas frias a uma diluição de 63%. A datação 14C corrigida mostra que a água geotermal viaja a um passo muito lento (escala milenar) e tem uma baixa taxa de circulação, permitindo tempo suficiente para que a água se torne aquecida no sistema. Esse estudo forneceu informações chave sobre a gênese do SGT e os resultados são instrutivos para uma gestão efetiva dos recursos geotérmicos. Confirmações adicionais e até predições associadas com a sustentabilidade do sistema podem ser alcançadas pelo monitoramento contínuo e modelagem da resposta do reservatório cárstico geotermal à mineração de água quente.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to Prof. Huang Jinsheng and Prof. Luo Zhujiang for their discussions during the project implementation. Appreciation goes to Prof. Jin Zhengang and Prof. Li Yiman, who helped with stable isotope and hydrochemical analyses, respectively. The authors are also grateful to the two anonymous reviewers and guest editor Prof. Dr. Wenke Wang whose insightful comments were very helpful in improving the quality of the manuscript.

Funding

The reported study is partly financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC Grant 41430319), the 1st Geological Brigade of Jiangsu Geology and Mineral Exploration Bureau and the UCAS (UCAS [2015]37) Joint PhD Training Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Lianghua Lu, Zhonghe Pang, Yanlong Kong, Qi Guo & Yingchun Wang

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Lianghua Lu, Zhonghe Pang, Yanlong Kong & Yingchun Wang

  3. China Minmetals Corporation, Beijing, 10010, China

    Qi Guo

  4. The 1st Geological Brigade of Jiangsu Geology and Mineral Exploration Bureau, Nanjing, 210041, China

    Chenghua Xu, Wen Gu, Lingling Zhou & Dandan Yu

  5. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China

    Chenghua Xu

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Correspondence to Zhonghe Pang.

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Published in the special issue “Groundwater sustainability in fast-developing China”

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Lu, L., Pang, Z., Kong, Y. et al. Geochemical and isotopic evidence on the recharge and circulation of geothermal water in the Tangshan Geothermal System near Nanjing, China: implications for sustainable development. Hydrogeol J 26, 1705–1719 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1721-6

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