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Hydrogeochemical and isotopic assessment and geothermometry applications in relation to the Karahayıt Geothermal Field (Denizli Basin, SW Anatolia, Turkey)

Evaluation hydrogéochimique et isotopique et applications de la géothermométrie, en relation avec le champ géothermal de Karahayit (Bassin de Denizli, Anatolie du Sud-Ouest, Turquie)

Evaluación hidrogeoquímica e isotópica y aplicaciones de geotermometría en relación con el Karahayıt Geothermal Field (Denizli Basin, SW Anatolia, Turquía)

(土耳其安纳托利亚西南部Denizli流域)有关Karahayıt地热田水文地球化学和同位素评价及地热温度测量应用

Avaliação hidrogeoquímica e isotópica e aplicações geotermométricas em relação ao Campo Geotermal de Karahayit (Bacia de Denizli, SO da Anatólia, Turquia)

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Abstract

The Karahayıt Geothermal Field (KGF) is located at the northern margin of the Denizli Basin in SW Anatolia (Turkey) where thermal waters discharge along the Quaternary normal fault segments locally displaced by conjugate transfer faults. Major and trace element contents and stable isotopes (δ18O, δ2H, δ3H and δ13C) of the KGF thermal and cold waters were analyzed in order to determine their origin and evolution and reservoir temperatures. Two main thermal waters, indicated as being fed by steam-heated aquifers, are recognized: (1) Ca-HCO3 and (2) Ca-SO4 types. All thermal waters have shown non-equilibrium chemical conditions, indicating mixing processes. According to the δ18O (−9.14 to −8.07‰) and δ2H (−59.50 to −51.80‰) data, the KGF thermal waters are meteoric in origin and originated from precipitation in the northern piedmont of Yenice Horst with elevation of 900 m asl. Various geothermometers yield the reservoir temperatures of 80–130 °C. A conceptual flow model for the KGF was suggested as follows: the thermal waters were derived from a regional flow system with high recharge areas and deep circulation depth. The NW- and NE-trending conjugate fault segments (the Pamukkale Fault Zone) serve as features of hydraulic channelling, magmatic heat source and fluid convection in the extensional settings. This fault system is characterized by migration of a large amount of CO2-rich gas from the deep geothermal reservoir. Consequently, the KGF is characterized by a fault-hosted geothermal system affected by magmatism and active extensional tectonics, the same as other geothermal fields in this crustal extensional setting.

Résumé

Le Champ Géothermal de Karahayit (CGK) est localisé sur la bordure septentrionale du Bassin de Denizli, en Anatolie du Sud-Ouest (Turquie) où des eaux thermales émergent le long des segments d’une faille normale d’âge quaternaire, localement décrochés par des failles conjuguées en extension. Les concentrations des éléments majeurs et des éléments traces et les isotopes stables (δ18O, δ2H, δ3H et δ13C) des eaux thermales et des eaux froides du CGK ont été mesurées dans le but de déterminer leur origine, leur évolution et les températures du réservoir. Deux types principaux d’eaux thermales, indiquées comme étant alimentées par des aquifères à eaux chaudes induites par la vapeur, sont reconnus: les types (1) Ca-HCO3 et (2) Ca-SO4. Toutes les eaux thermales ont montré des conditions de non-équilibre chimique, révélant l’existence de processus de mélange. Selon les données du δ18O (–9.14 à –8.07‰) et du δ2H (–59.50 à –51.80‰), les eaux thermales du CGK sont d’origine météorique et proviennent de précipitations dans le piedmont nord du Horst de Yenice, à l’altitude de 900 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer. Divers géothermomètres révèlent des températures de réservoir de 80–130 °C. Un modèle d’écoulement conceptuel du CGK a été proposé comme suit: les eaux thermales sont dérivées d’un système d’écoulement régional avec des zones de forte recharge et une profondeur de circulation importante. Les segments de faille conjuguées orientées NW et NE (Zone de la Faille de Pamukkale) expriment des caractéristiques de canalisation hydraulique, de source de chaleur magmatique et de convection du fluide dans les contextes d’extension. Ce système de failles est caractérisé par la migration d’une grande quantité de gaz riche en CO2 provenant d’un réservoir géothermal profond. En conséquence, le CGK est caractérisé par un système géothermal lié à une faille, affecté par le magmatisme et une tectonique extensive active, à l’instar des autres champs géothermaux dans ce contexte d’extension crustale.

Resumen

El Karahayıt Geothermal Field (KGF) está ubicado en el margen norte de la cuenca Denizli en SW Anatolia (Turquía), donde las aguas termales se descargan a lo largo de los segmentos de fallas normales del Cuaternario desplazados localmente por fallas conjugadas de transferencia. Los contenidos de elementos mayoritarios y oligoelementos e isótopos estables (δ18O, δ2H, δ3H and δ13C) de las aguas termales y aguas frías de KGF se analizaron para determinar su origen y evolución y las temperaturas del yacimiento. Se reconocen dos aguas termales principales, indicadas como alimentadas por acuíferos calentados por vapor: (1) Ca-HCO3 y (2) Ca-SO4. Todas las aguas termales han mostrado condiciones químicas de no equilibrio, lo que indica procesos de mezcla. De acuerdo con los datos de δ18O (–9.14 a –8.07‰) y δ2H (–59.50 a –51.80‰), las aguas termales de KGF son de origen meteórico y se originaron de la precipitación en el piedemonte norte de Yenice Horst con una elevación de 900 msnm. Los geotermómetros producen las temperaturas del reservorio de 80–130 °C. A continuación, se sugirió un modelo de flujo conceptual para el KGF: las aguas termales se derivaron de un sistema de flujo regional con áreas de alta recarga y profundidad de circulación profunda. Los segmentos de fallas conjugadas de tendencia NW y NE (la zona de falla de Pamukkale) sirven como características de canalización hidráulica, fuente de calor magmático y convección de fluidos en las configuraciones de extensión. Este sistema de fallas se caracteriza por la migración de una gran cantidad de gas enriquecido en CO2-desde el depósito geotérmico profundo. En consecuencia, el KGF se caracteriza por un sistema geotérmico con fallas afectado por magmatismo y tectónica extensional activa, al igual que otros campos geotérmicos con esta configuración extensional de la corteza.

摘要

Karahayıt地热田位于(土耳其)纳托利亚西南部Denizli流域的北缘, 这里地热水沿由于共轭转移断层造成局部位移的第四纪正断层段排泄。分析了Karahayıt地热田热水和冷水中的主要和微量元素含量和稳定同位素(δ18O、 δ2H、 δ3H 和 δ13C), 目的就是确定其起源和演化以及储地温度。两种主要热水由蒸汽加热的含水层补给, 这两种热水确认为:(1)Ca-HCO3 和 (2) Ca-SO4类型。所有的热水都显示出不平衡的化学状况, 表明了有混合过程。根据δ18O (–9.14 至 –8.07‰) 和 δ2H (–59.50 至 –51.80‰)数据, Karahayıt地热田地热水是大气来源, 来源于海拔900米的Yenice地垒北部山前地带的降水。各种地温计得出的储地温度为80–130 °C。提出了Karahayıt地热田概念水流模型如下:热水由具有很高的补给区和很深的循环深度的区域水流系统流出。NW-向和 NE-向的共轭断层段(Pamukkale断层带)在外延背景下充当水力渠道、岩浆热源以及流体对流的角色。这个断层系统的特点就是大量的富含CO2气体从深部的地热储迁移出来。因此, Karahayıt地热田具有断层主导的地热系统特征, 受到岩浆作用和活跃外延构造运动的影响, 与这个地壳外延背景下的其它地热田相同。

Resumo

O Campo Geotermal de Karahayıt (CGK) está localizado na margem norte da Bacia de Denizli, no sudoeste da Anatólia (Turquia), onde águas termais descarregam ao longo dos segmentos de falha normal do Quaternário, localmente deslocados por falhas de transferência de conjugado. Os teores de elementos principais e traços e os isótopos estáveis (δ18O, δ2H, δ3H e δ13C) das águas termais e frias do CGK foram analisados para determinar sua origem e a evolução e temperaturas do reservatório. Foram identificadas duas águas termais principais alimentadas por aquíferos aquecidos a vapor: (1) dos tipos Ca-HCO3 e (2) Ca-SO4. Todas as águas termais mostraram condições químicas de não-equilíbrio, indicando processos de mistura. De acordo com os dados de δ18O (–9.14 a –8.07‰) e δ2H (–59.50 a –51.80‰), as águas termais do CGK são de origem meteórica e originadas da precipitação no Piemonte Setentrional de Yenice Horst, cuja elevação é de 900 manm. Vários geotermômetros produzem as temperaturas de reservatório entre 80–130 °C. Foi sugerido um modelo de fluxo conceitual para o CGK que funcionaria da seguinte forma: as águas termais proveem de um sistema de fluxo regional com áreas de recarga em altitude e profunda circulação subterrânea. Os segmentos de falha de conjugado de tendência NO e NE (a zona de falha de Pamukkale) servem como elementos de canalização hidráulica, fonte de calor magmático e convecção de fluido por toda a sua extensão. Este sistema de falhas é caracterizado pela migração de uma grande quantidade de gás rico em CO2 do reservatório geotérmico profundo. Consequentemente, o CGK é caracterizado por um sistema geotérmico hospedado por falhas, afetado por um magmatismo e uma tectônica extensional e ativa, ao igual que outros campos geotérmicos em cenários extensional crustal.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank associate editor Moutaz Al-Dabbas and reviewers Salih Muhammad Awad and Hussein Abed Jassas for their valuable comments and suggestions.

Funding

This study is funded by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) within the international bilateral cooperation with CNR (National Research Council of Italy), with the grant number 113Y551. M.C.A. is grateful to the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) for the Young Scientist Award (GEBİP).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Engineering, Pamukkale University, TR-20070, Denizli, Turkey

    Hülya Alçiçek, Ali Bülbül & M. Cihat Alçiçek

  2. Denizli Governorship, TR-20070, Denizli, Turkey

    İbrahim Yavuzer

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  1. Hülya Alçiçek
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  2. Ali Bülbül
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  4. M. Cihat Alçiçek
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Alçiçek, H., Bülbül, A., Yavuzer, İ. et al. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic assessment and geothermometry applications in relation to the Karahayıt Geothermal Field (Denizli Basin, SW Anatolia, Turkey). Hydrogeol J 27, 1791–1816 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01927-y

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