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Exosomal microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs: as novel biomarkers for endometriosis

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Abstract

Endometriosis is a gynecological inflammatory disorder characterized by the development of endometrial-like cells outside the uterine cavity. This disease is associated with a wide range of clinical presentations, such as debilitating pelvic pain and infertility issues. Endometriosis diagnosis is not easily discovered by ultrasound or clinical examination. Indeed, difficulties in noninvasive endometriosis diagnosis delay the confirmation and management of the disorder, increase symptoms, and place a significant medical and financial burden on patients. So, identifying specific and sensitive biomarkers for this disease should therefore be a top goal. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types. They transport between cells’ bioactive molecules such as noncoding RNAs and proteins. MicroRNAs and long noncoding RNAs which are key molecules transferred by exosomes have recently been identified to have a significant role in endometriosis by modulating different proteins and their related genes. As a result, the current review focuses on exosomal micro-and-long noncoding RNAs that are involved in endometriosis disease. Furthermore, major molecular mechanisms linking corresponding RNA molecules to endometriosis development will be briefly discussed to better clarify the potential functions of exosomal noncoding RNAs in the therapy and diagnosis of endometriosis.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Savardashtaki A, upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

aHIF:

Antisense hypoxia-inducible factor

ALIX:

ALG-2-interacting protein X

BCL9:

B-cell lymphoma 9

bFGF:

Basic fibroblast growth factor

circRNAs:

Circular RNAs

ECSCs:

Endometriotic cyst stromal cells

EECs:

Endometrial epithelial cells

eESCs:

Ectopic endometrial stromal cells

ENCODE:

Encyclopedia of DNA Elements

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases

eRNAs:

Enhancer RNAs

ESCs:

Endometrial stromal cells

ESCRT:

Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport

HEK293:

Human embryonic kidney 293

HIF-1a:

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1a

HMGA2:

High-mobility group AT-hook 2

HOTAIR:

Homeobox transcript antisense RNA

HOXA10:

Homeobox A10

HRS:

Hepatocyte growth factor–regulated tyrosine kinase substrate

Hsp70:

Heat shock protein 70

HUVECs:

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells

ILVs:

Intraluminal vesicles

LIF:

Leukemia inhibitory factor

lincRNAs:

Long intergenic ncRNAs

lncRNAs:

Long ncRNAs

miRNAs:

MicroRNAs

MMP2:

Matrix metalloproteinase 2

MMP9:

Matrix metalloproteinase 9

mRNA:

Messenger RNA

MVBs:

Multivesicular bodies

MVs:

Microvesicles

NATs:

Natural antisense transcripts

ncRNAs:

Noncoding RNAs

PI3P:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate

PKB:

Protein kinase B

pre-miRNA:

Precursor miRNA

pri-miRNA:

Primary miRNA

STAM1/2:

Signal-transducing adaptor molecule 1/2

SCAI:

Suppressor of cancer cell invasion

sncRNAs:

Small ncRNAs

snoRNAs:

Small nucleolar RNAs

SRA1:

Steroid receptor RNA activator 1

TIMP3:

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3

TSG101:

Tumor susceptibility gene 101

uaRNA:

UTR-associated RNA

UTR:

Untranslated region

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VPS4:

Vacuolar protein sorting 4

VTA1:

Vesicle trafficking 1

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Funding

This study was financially supported by the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

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Author notes

  1. Elahe Soltani-Fard and Marzieh Asadi are authors equally contribute to the manuscript and both are first authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

    Elahe Soltani-Fard

  2. Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and, Technologies, Shiraz University of, Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71362 81407, Iran

    Marzieh Asadi, Asma Vafadar, Parisa Vosough & Amir Savardashtaki

  3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

    Sina Taghvimi

  4. Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Marzieh Asadi, Asma Vafadar & Parisa Vosough

  5. Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Amir Tajbakhsh

  6. Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Amir Tajbakhsh

  7. Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Amir Savardashtaki

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  1. Elahe Soltani-Fard
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  7. Amir Savardashtaki
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Contributions

The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: Elahe Soltani-Fard, Sina Taghvimi, and Marzieh Asadi; data collection: Elahe Soltani-Fard, Marzieh Asadi, Sina Taghvimi, Asma Vafadar, and Parisa Vosough; analysis and interpretation of the results: Amir Tajbakhsh and Amir Savardashtaki; draft manuscript preparation: Elahe Soltani-Fard, Marzieh Asadi, and Amir Tajbakhsh.

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Correspondence to Amir Savardashtaki.

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Soltani-Fard, E., Asadi, M., Taghvimi, S. et al. Exosomal microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs: as novel biomarkers for endometriosis. Cell Tissue Res 394, 55–74 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-023-03802-5

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