Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate pretreatment and solid-state fermentation (SSF) were used to maximize the nutritional value of corn germ meal (CGM) by inoculating it with Bacillus velezensis CL-4 (isolated from chicken cecal contents and capable of degrading lignocellulose). Based on genome sequencing, B. velezensis CL-4 has a 4,063,558 bp ring chromosome and 46.27% GC content. Furthermore, genes associated with degradation of lignocellulose degradation were detected. Pretreatment of CGM (PCGM) with sodium bicarbonate (optimized to 0.06 g/mL) neutralized low pH. Fermented and pretreated CGM (FPCGM) contained more crude protein (CP), soluble protein of trichloroacetic acid (TCA-SP), and total amino acids (aa) than CGM and PCGM. Degradation rates of cellulose and hemicellulose were reduced by 21.33 and 71.35%, respectively, after 48 h fermentation. Based on electron microscopy, FPCGM destroys the surface structure and adds small debris of the CGM substrate, due to lignocellulose breakdown. Furthermore, 2-oxoadipic acid and dimethyl sulfone were the most important metabolites during pretreatment. Concentrations of adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, S-methyl-5’-thioadenosine, and adenine decreased significantly after 48 h fermentation, whereas concentrations of probiotics, enzymes, and fatty acids (including palmitic, 16-hydroxypalmitic, and linoleic acids) were significantly improved after fermentation. In conclusion, the novel pretreatment of CGM provided a proof of concept for using B. velezensis CL-4 to degrade lignocellulose components, improve nutritional characteristics of CGM, and expand CGM lignocellulosic biological feed production.
Key points
• Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) can be used as an economical and green additive to pretreat corn germ meal;
• Fermentation with B. velezensis degrades the cellulose and hemicellulose component of corn germ meal and improves its feed quality;
• As a novel qualified presumption of safety (QPS) strain, B. velezensis should have broad potential applications in food and feed industries.
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This research was supported by the Basic Scientific Research Fund Project of Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (KYJF2021JQ103); the 68th general grant of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (project no. 2020M681063); funding program for high-level scientific and technological innovation talents introduced by Scientific Research Institutes of Jilin Province.
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L.C. conceived the study; L.C., W.C., B.Z., H.X., W.Y., and L.Z. implemented the methodology; Z.Z., X.Y., B.W., and Z.Q. analyzed the results; L.C. and Z.Z. wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript in its final form.
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Chen, L., Chen, W., Zheng, B. et al. Fermentation of NaHCO3-treated corn germ meal by Bacillus velezensis CL-4 promotes lignocellulose degradation and nutrient utilization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 106, 6077–6094 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-12130-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-12130-7