Abstract
The incessant quest in fabricating enhanced ceramic materials for use in aerospace, chemical plants, as a cutting tool, and other industrial applications has opened the way for the fabrication of ceramic-based composites with sintering additives which have been experimented to influence sinterability, microstructure, densification, and mechanical properties. The current research practices for the consolidation of ceramic matrix composite (CMC) have been in the utilization of metallic and non-metallic additives as a reinforcement for the ceramic matrix. The use of additives has a promising influence in ensuring the achievement of good microstructures and excellent properties. The use of metallic additives enhances the sinterability of CMC but it has a debilitating effect on its intrinsic mechanical properties, especially at high-temperature applications. Hence, its uses in a high-temperature application environment under high impact load are limited. Thus, the types and amount of additives to be added to a ceramic-based matrix composite depends on the type of application and properties desired to be achieved from the composites. One of the critical issues that have affected the properties of CMC is the type of powder metallurgy (PM) used for consolidation. PM has been experimented with to be efficient in manufacturing ceramic-based composites. Although, past review works have pinpointed diverse PM methods, viz, hot press, pressureless sintering, hot isostatic press, and spark plasma sintering (SPS), for manufacturing ceramics-based composites. Amidst these diverse methods, SPS has progressively been applied for the consolidation of ceramics, owning to its possibility of achieving a good sintered compact in a relatively short time with enhanced properties. This review focuses on the synthesis of TiC reinforced with sintering additives, with more attention on carbides as sintering additives. Carbide additives have the potential to improve microstructure, densification, and mechanical properties. In addition, future works on the consolidation and characterization of TiC are included in this review.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Das K, Bandyopadhyay TK, Das S (2002) A review on the various synthesis routes of TiC reinforced ferrous based composites. J Mater Sci 37:3881–3892
Saidi A, Chrysanthou A, Wood JV, Kellie JLF (1994) Characteristics of the combustion synthesis of TiC and Fe-TiC composites. J Mater Sci 29:4993–4998
Xinghong Z, Chuncheng Z, Wei Q, Xiaodong H, Kvanin VL (2002) Self-propagating high temperature combustion synthesis of TiC/TiB2 ceramic–matrix composites. Compos Sci Technol 62:2037–2041
Song G-M, Guo Y-K, Zhou Y, Li Q (2001) Preparation and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced-TiC matrix composites. J Mater Sci Lett 20:2157–2160
Ko YG, Hwang DY, Shin DH, Lee S, Lee CS (2008) Factors influencing the equal-channel angular pressing of Ti–6Al–4V alloy having lamellar microstructure. Mater Sci Eng A 493:164–169
Sribalaji M, Mukherjee B, Bakshi SR, Arunkumar P, Babu KS, Keshri AK (2017) In-situ formed graphene nanoribbon induced toughening and thermal shock resistance of spark plasma sintered carbon nanotube reinforced titanium carbide composite. Compos Part B 123:227–240
Locci AM, Orru R, Cao G, Munir ZA (2006) Effect of ball milling on simultaneous spark plasma synthesis and densification of TiC–TiB2 composites. Mater Sci Eng A 434:23–29
Wang L, Jiang W, Chen L (2004) Fabrication and characterization of nano-SiC particles reinforced TiC/SiCnano composites. Mater Lett 58:1401–1404
Zheng Y, Xiong W, Liu W, Lei W, Yuan Q (2005) Effect of nano addition on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti (C, N)-based cermets. Ceram Int 31:165–170
Song G-M, Li Q, Wen G-W, Zhou Y (2002) Mechanical properties of short carbon fiber-reinforced TiC composites produced by hot pressing. Mater Sci Eng A 326:240–248
F. J. L. Alves, A. M. Baptista, and A. T. Marques, "Metal and ceramic matrix composites in aerospace engineering," in Advanced composite materials for aerospace engineering, ed: Elsevier, 2016, pp. 59-99.
Krenkel W (2008) Ceramic matrix composites: fiber reinforced ceramics and their applications: John Wiley & Sons.
Niespodziana K, Jurczyk K, Jurczyk M (2006) The manufacturing of titanium-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for bone implant applications. Nanopages 1:219–229
Jurczyk MU, Jurczyk K, Niespodziana K, Miklaszewski A, Jurczyk M (2013) Titanium–SiO2 nanocomposites and their scaffolds for dental applications. Mater Charact 77:99–108
Fang ZZ, Paramore JD, Sun P, Chandran KSR, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Cao F, Koopman M, Free M (2018) Powder metallurgy of titanium–past, present, and future. Int Mater Rev 63:407–459
Azarniya A, Azarniya A, Sovizi S, Hosseini HRM, Varol T, Kawasaki A, Ramakrishna S (2017) Physicomechanical properties of spark plasma sintered carbon nanotube-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites. Prog Mater Sci 90:276–324
G. S. Upadhyaya (1997) Powder metallurgy technology: Cambridge Int Science Publishing.
J. Beddoes and M. Bibby (1999) Principles of metal manufacturing processes: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Liu L, Wang B, Li X, He Q, Xu L, Cao X, Meng C, Zhu W, Wang Y (2018) Liquid phase assisted high pressure sintering of dense TiC nanoceramics. Ceram Int 44:17972–17977
Jianxin D, Junlong S (2009) Microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-pressed B4C/TiC/Mo ceramic composites. Ceram Int 35:771–778
Wang L, Jiang W, Chen L (2004) Rapidly sintering nanosized SiC particle reinforced TiC composites by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. J Mater Sci 39:4515–4519
Luo Z, Du Y, Liu Y, Tang S, Pan Y, Mao H et al (2018) Phase field simulation of the phase separation in the TiC-ZrC-WC system. Calphad 63:190–195
Namini AS, Gogani SNS, Asl MS, Farhadi K, Kakroudi MG, Mohammadzadeh A (2015) Microstructural development and mechanical properties of hot pressed SiC reinforced TiB2 based composite. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 51:169–179
Sabahi Namini A, Azadbeh M, Shahedi Asl M (2018) Effects of in-situ formed TiB whiskers on microstructure and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered Ti–B4C and Ti–TiB2 composites. Scientia Iranica 25:762–771
Farhadi K, Namini AS, Asl MS, Mohammadzadeh A, Kakroudi MG (2016) Characterization of hot pressed SiC whisker reinforced TiB2 based composites. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 61:84–90
Asl MS, Namini AS, Motallebzadeh A, Azadbeh M (2018) Effects of sintering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered titanium. Mater Chem Phys 203:266–273
Cabrero J, Audubert F, Pailler R (2011) Fabrication and characterization of sintered TiC–SiC composites. J Eur Ceram Soc 31:313–320
Chen J, Li W, Jiang W (2009) Characterization of sintered TiC–SiC composites. Ceram Int 35:3125–3129
Li Y, Katsui H, Goto T (2015) Spark plasma sintering of TiC–ZrC composites. Ceram Int 41:7103–7108
Sribalaji M, Mukherjee B, Islam A, Keshri AK (2017) Microstructural and mechanical behavior of spark plasma sintered titanium carbide with hybrid reinforcement of tungsten carbide and carbon nanotubes. Mater Sci Eng A 702:10–21
Wang W-F (2002) Effect of carbide and nitride addition on the strength of sintered TiC-Mo 2 C-Ni carbides. J Mater Eng Perform 11:516–518
Xiong H, Li Z, Zhou K (2016) TiC whisker reinforced ultra-fine TiC-based cermets: microstructure and mechanical properties. Ceram Int 42:6858–6867
Oghbaei M, Mirzaee O (2010) Microwave versus conventional sintering: a review of fundamentals, advantages and applications. J Alloys Compd 494:175–189
Bordia RK, Kang SJL, Olevsky EA (2017) Current understanding and future research directions at the onset of the next century of sintering science and technology. J Am Ceram Soc 100:2314–2352
Luo Y, Li S, Pan W, Li L (2004) Fabrication and mechanical evaluation of SiC–TiC nanocomposites by SPS. Mater Lett 58:150–153
Cheng L, Xie Z, Liu G, Liu W, Xue W (2012) Densification and mechanical properties of TiC by SPS-effects of holding time, sintering temperature and pressure condition. J Eur Ceram Soc 32:3399–3406
Zhang J, Wang L, Shi L, Jiang W, Chen L (2007) Rapid fabrication of Ti3SiC2–SiC nanocomposite using the spark plasma sintering-reactive synthesis (SPS-RS) method. Scr Mater 56:241–244
Shen Z, Johnsson M, Zhao Z, Nygren M (2002) Spark plasma sintering of alumina. J Am Ceram Soc 85:1921–1927
Khor KA, Cheng KH, Yu LG, Boey F (2003) Thermal conductivity and dielectric constant of spark plasma sintered aluminum nitride. Mater Sci Eng A 347:300–305
Guillard F, Allemand A, Lulewicz J-D, Galy J (2007) Densification of SiC by SPS-effects of time, temperature and pressure. J Eur Ceram Soc 27:2725–2728
Li JL, Wang LJ, Bai GZ, Jiang W (2005) Microstructure and mechanical properties of in situ produced TiC/C nanocomposite by spark plasma sintering. Scr Mater 52:867–871
Bellosi A, Monteverde F, Sciti D (2006) Fast densification of ultra-high-temperature ceramics by spark plasma sintering. Int J Appl Ceram Technol 3:32–40
Medri V, Monteverde F, Balbo A, Bellosi A (2005) Comparison of ZrB2-ZrC-SiC composites fabricated by spark plasma sintering and hot-pressing. Adv Eng Mater 7:159–163
Venkateswaran T, Basu B, Raju GB, Kim D-Y (2006) Densification and properties of transition metal borides-based cermets via spark plasma sintering. J Eur Ceram Soc 26:2431–2440
Wang X, Lu M, Qiu L, Huang H, Li D, Wang H, Cheng YB (2016) Graphene/titanium carbide composites prepared by sol–gel infiltration and spark plasma sintering. Ceram Int 42:122–131
Oguntuyi SD, Johnson OT, Shongwe MB (2020) Spark plasma sintering of ceramic matrix composite of ZrB 2 and TiB 2: microstructure, densification, and mechanical properties—a review. Met Mater Int:1–14
Nie J, Wu Y, Li P, Li H, Liu X (2012) Morphological evolution of TiC from octahedron to cube induced by elemental nickel. CrystEngComm 14:2213–2221
Raju K, Yoon D-H (2016) Sintering additives for SiC based on the reactivity: a review. Ceram Int 42:17947–17962
Geng R, Qiu F, Jiang QC (2018) Reinforcement in Al matrix composites: a review of strengthening behavior of nano-sized particles. Adv Eng Mater 20:1701089
Zhang MX, Hu QD, Huang B, Li JZ, Li JG (2011) Study of formation behavior of TiC in the Fe–Ti–C system during combustion synthesis. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 29:356–360
Hirata Y, Suzue N, Matsunaga N, Sameshima S (2010) Particle size effect of starting SiC on processing, microstructures and mechanical properties of liquid phase-sintered SiC. J Eur Ceram Soc 30:1945–1954
Beri N, Maheshwari S, Sharma C, Kumar A (2010) Technological advancement in electrical discharge machining with powder metallurgy processed electrodes: a review. Mater Manuf Process 25:1186–1197
A. Jamwal, U. K. Vates, P. Gupta, A. Aggarwal, and B. P. Sharma (2019) "Fabrication and characterization of Al 2 O 3–TiC-reinforced aluminum matrix composites," in Advances in industrial and production engineering, ed: Springer, pp. 349-356.
Bhat BVR, Subramanyam J, Prasad VVB (2002) Preparation of Ti-TiB-TiC & Ti-TiB composites by in-situ reaction hot pressing. Mater Sci Eng A 325:126–130
Melendez IM, Neubauer E, Angerer P, Danninger H, Torralba JM (2011) Influence of nano-reinforcements on the mechanical properties and microstructure of titanium matrix composites. Compos Sci Technol 71:1154–1162
Ogunbiyi O, Jamiru T, Sadiku R, Beneke L, Adesina O, Fayomi J (2019) Influence of sintering temperature on the corrosion and wear behaviour of spark plasma–sintered Inconel 738LC alloy. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 104:4195–4206
O. Ogunbiyi, T. Jamiru, R. Sadiku, O. Adesina, O. S. Adesina, and E. Olorundaisi (n.d.) "Influence of nickel powder particle size on the microstructure and densification of spark plasma sintered nickel-based superalloy," pp. 1-19.
Viswanathan V, Laha T, Balani K, Agarwal A, Seal S (2006) Challenges and advances in nanocomposite processing techniques. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 54:121–285
Adachi J, Kurosaki K, Uno M, Yamanaka S (2006) Porosity influence on the mechanical properties of polycrystalline zirconium nitride ceramics. J Nucl Mater 358:106–110
A. Agarwal, S. R. Bakshi, and D. Lahiri (2018) Carbon nanotubes: reinforced metal matrix composites: CRC press.
Ogunbiyi O, Jamiru T, Sadiku R, Adesina O, Adesina OS, Obadele BA (2020) Spark plasma sintering of graphene-reinforced Inconel 738LC alloy: wear and corrosion performance. Met Mater Int:1–15
Ghobadi H, Nemati A, Ebadzadeh T, Sadeghian Z, Barzegar-Bafrooei H (2014) Improving CNT distribution and mechanical properties of MWCNT reinforced alumina matrix. Mater Sci Eng A 617:110–114
K. Nishikata, A. Kimura, T. Shiina, A. Ota, M. Tanase, and K. Tsuchiya (n.d.) "Fabrication and characterization of high-density MoO3 pellets," pp. 14-18.
Ogunbiyi OF, Jamiru T, Sadiku ER, Beneke LW, Adesina OT, Adegbola TA (2019) Microstructural characteristics and thermophysical properties of spark plasma sintered Inconel 738LC. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 104:1425–1436
Bocanegra-Bernal MH, Dominguez-Rios C, Echeberria J, Reyes-Rojas A, Garcia-Reyes A, Aguilar-Elguezabal A (2016) Spark plasma sintering of multi-, single/double-and single-walled carbon nanotube-reinforced alumina composites: is it justifiable the effort to reinforce them? Ceram Int 42:2054–2062
Chae KW, Niihara K, Kim DY (1995) Improvements in the mechanical properties of TiC by the dispersion of fine SiC particles. J Mater Sci Lett 14:1332–1334
Cheng L, Xie Z, Liu G (2013) Spark plasma sintering of TiC ceramic with tungsten carbide as a sintering additive. J Eur Ceram Soc 33:2971–2977
Gu Y, Liu J-X, Xu F, Zhang G-J (2017) Pressureless sintering of titanium carbide doped with boron or boron carbide. J Eur Ceram Soc 37:539–547
Babapoor A, Asl MS, Ahmadi Z, Namini AS (2018) Effects of spark plasma sintering temperature on densification, hardness and thermal conductivity of titanium carbide. Ceram Int 44:14541–14546
Fattahi M, Babapoor A, Delbari SA, Ahmadi Z, Namini AS, Asl MS (2020) Strengthening of TiC ceramics sintered by spark plasma via nano-graphite addition. Ceram Int 46:12400–12408
Fattahi M, Delbari SA, Babapoor A, Namini AS, Mohammadi M, Asl MS (2020) Triplet carbide composites of TiC, WC, and SiC. Ceram Int 46:9070–9078
Fu Z, Koc R (2017) Pressureless sintering of submicron titanium carbide powders. Ceram Int 43:17233–17237
Namini AS, Ahmadi Z, Babapoor A, Shokouhimehr M, Asl MS (2019) Microstructure and thermomechanical characteristics of spark plasma sintered TiC ceramics doped with nano-sized WC. Ceram Int 45:2153–2160
Murthy TSRC, Basu B, Srivastava A, Balasubramaniam R, Suri AK (2006) Tribological properties of TiB2 and TiB2–MoSi2 ceramic composites. J Eur Ceram Soc 26:1293–1300
Pazhouhanfar Y, Namini AS, Delbari SA, Nguyen TP, Van Le Q, Shaddel S et al (2020) Microstructural and mechanical characterization of spark plasma sintered TiC ceramics with TiN additive. Ceram Int 46:18924–18932
Vitryanyuk VK, Chaplygin FI, Kostenetskaya GD (1971) Properties of complex TiC-WC carbides in their homogeneity region. Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 10:547–552
B. Wang, Z. Wang, J. Yuan, and B. Yu (2020) "Effects of (Ti, W) C Addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrafine WC–Co tool materials prepared by spark plasma sintering," Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), pp. 1-11.
Cho KS, Kim YW, Choi HJ, Lee JG (1996) In S/Yu-toughened silicon carbide-titanium carbide composites. J Am Ceram Soc 79:1711–1713
Evans AG, Langdon T (1976) Structural ceramics. Prog Mater Sci 21:171–285
Gao J, Song J, Lv M, Cao L, Xie J (2018) Microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC0. 7N0. 3-HfC cermet tool materials. Ceram Int 44:17895–17904
Ai T, Wang F, Feng X, Ruan M (2014) Microstructural and mechanical properties of dual Ti3AlC2–Ti2AlC reinforced TiAl composites fabricated by reaction hot pressing. Ceram Int 40:9947–9953
Liu C, Lin N, He YH (2016) Influence of Mo2C and TaC additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti (C, N)-based cermets. Ceram Int 42:3569–3574
Liversage JH, McLachlan DS, Sigalas I, Herrmann M (2007) Microstructure, phase and thermoelastic properties of laminated liquid-phase-sintered silicon carbide–titanium carbide ceramic composites. J Am Ceram Soc 90:2189–2195
An H-G, Kim Y-W, Lee J-G (2001) Effect of initial α-phase content of SiC on microstructure and mechanical properties of SiC–TiC composites. J Eur Ceram Soc 21:93–98
Niihara K, Morena R, Hasselman DPH (1982) Evaluation ofK Ic of brittle solids by the indentation method with low crack-to-indent ratios. J Mater Sci Lett 1:13–16
Endo H, Ueki M, Kubo H (1991) Microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-pressed SiC-TiC composites. J Mater Sci 26:3769–3774
Cheng L, Xie Z, Liu G (2013) Spark plasma sintering of TiC-based composites toughened by submicron SiC particles. Ceram Int 39:5077–5082
Biasini V, Guicciardi S, Bellosi A (1992) Silicon nitride-silicon carbide composite materials. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 11:213–221
Wang L, Jiang W, Qin C, Chen L (2006) Effect of starting SiC particle size on in situ fabrication of Ti5Si3/TiC composites. Mater Sci Eng A 425:219–224
Wei GC, Becher PF (1984) Improvements in mechanical properties in SiC by the addition of TiC particles. J Am Ceram Soc 67:571–574
Asl MS, Ahmadi Z, Namini AS, Babapoor A, Motallebzadeh A (2019) Spark plasma sintering of TiC–SiCw ceramics. Ceram Int 45:19808–19821
Kachenyuk MN, Somov OV, Astashina NB, Andrakovskaya KE, Morozova NV (2017) A study of the wear resistance of a TiC–SiC composite ceramic material prepared by spark plasma sintering. Surf Eng Appl Electrochem 53:401–406
Kim H-C, Kim D-K, Woo K-D, Ko I-Y, Shon I-J (2008) Consolidation of binderless WC–TiC by high frequency induction heating sintering. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 26:48–54
Yang M, Guo Z, Xiong J, Liu F, Qi K (2017) Microstructural changes of (Ti, W) C solid solution induced by ball milling. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 66:83–87
Mas-Guindal MJ, Contreras L, Turrillas X, Vaughan GBM, Kvick Å, Rodriguez MA (2006) Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of TiC–WC composite materials. J Alloys Compd 419:227–233
Vasanthakumar K, Bakshi SR (2018) Effect of C/Ti ratio on densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of TiCx prepared by reactive spark plasma sintering. Ceram Int 44:484–494
Fattahi M, Pazhouhanfar Y, Delbari SA, Shaddel S, Namini AS, Asl MS (2020) Influence of TiB2 content on the properties of TiC–SiCw composites. Ceram Int 46:7403–7412
Li S-B, Xie J-X, Zhang L-T, Cheng L-F (2004) In situ synthesis of Ti3SiC2/SiC composite by displacement reaction of Si and TiC. Mater Sci Eng A 381:51–56
Stobierski L, Gubernat A (2003) Sintering of silicon carbideI. Effect of carbon. Ceram Int 29:287–292
Zhang X, Hilmas GE, Fahrenholtz WG, Deason DM (2007) Hot pressing of tantalum carbide with and without sintering additives. J Am Ceram Soc 90:393–401
Wang X-G, Guo W-M, Kan Y-M, Zhang G-J, Wang P-L (2011) Densification behavior and properties of hot-pressed ZrC ceramics with Zr and graphite additives. J Eur Ceram Soc 31:1103–1111
Bao Y-W, Liu C-C, Huang J-L (2006) Effects of residual stresses on strength and toughness of particle-reinforced TiN/Si3N4 composite: theoretical investigation and FEM simulation. Mater Sci Eng A 434:250–258
Qu J, Xiong W, Ye D, Yao Z, Liu W, Lin S (2010) Effect of WC content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti (C0. 5N0. 5)–WC–Mo–Ni cermets. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 28:243–249
Jung J, Kang S (2007) Sintered (Ti, W) C Carbides. Scr Mater 56:561–564
Acicbe RB, Goller G (2013) Densification behavior and mechanical properties of spark plasma-sintered ZrC–TiC and ZrC–TiC–CNT composites. J Mater Sci 48:2388–2393
Teber A, Schoenstein F, Têtard F, Abdellaoui M, Jouini N (2012) The effect of Ti substitution by Zr on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the cermet Ti1-xZrxC sintered by SPS. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 31:132–137
Zhu X, Zhao K, Cheng B, Lin Q, Zhang X, Chen T, Su Y (2001) Synthesis of nanocrystalline TiC powder by mechanical alloying. Mater Sci Eng C 16:103–105
Nisar A, Ariharan S, Balani K (2016) Synergistic reinforcement of carbon nanotubes and silicon carbide for toughening tantalum carbide based ultrahigh temperature ceramic. J Mater Res 31:682–692
Mukherjee B, Rahman OSA, Sribalaji M, Bakshi SR, Keshri AK (2016) Synergistic effect of carbon nanotube as sintering aid and toughening agent in spark plasma sintered molybdenum disilicide-hafnium carbide composite. Mater Sci Eng A 678:299–307
Schaedler TA, Leckie RM, Krämer S, Evans AG, Levi CG (2007) Toughening of nontransformable t′-YSZ by addition of titania. J Am Ceram Soc 90:3896–3901
Availability of data and materials
Data and materials are available
Funding
This work is based on the research supported wholly/in part by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Number: 117867).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
This work was achieved in partnership with all authors. Mr. S. D Oguntuyi, Prof. O. T. Johnson, and Dr. M. B. Shongwe. These authors all worked together in the novelty and editing of this review work.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
This review is solely submitted to this journal and has not been published elsewhere. Proper acknowledgement/reference has been accorded to other works.
Consent to participate
Yes
Consent for publication
This review is open for publication.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oguntuyi, S.D., Johnson, O.T. & Shongwe, M.B. Spark plasma sintering of ceramic matrix composite of TiC: microstructure, densification, and mechanical properties: a review. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 116, 69–82 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07471-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07471-y