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Tumor-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs as diagnostic biomarkers in cancer

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Abstract

Almost all clinical oncologists agree that the discovery of reliable, accessible, and non-invasive biomarkers is necessary to decrease cancer mortality. It is possible to employ reliable biomarkers to diagnose cancer in the early stages, predict the patient prognosis, follow up the response to treatment, and estimate the risk of disease recurrence with high sensitivity and specificity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes, have been the focus of translational research to develop such biomarkers over the past decade. The abundance and distribution of exosomes in bodily fluids, including serum, saliva, and urine, as well as their ability to transport various biomolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) derived from their parent cells, make exosomes reliable, accessible, and potent biomarkers for diagnosis and follow-up of solid and hematopoietic tumors. In addition, exosomes play a vital role in various cellular processes, including tumor progression, by participating in intercellular communication. Although these advantages underline the high potential of tumor-derived exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers, the lack of standardized effective methods for their isolation, identification, and precise characterization makes their application challenging in clinical settings. We discuss the importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in cellular processes, and the role of tumor-derived exosomes containing ncRNAs as potential biomarkers in several types of cancer. In addition, the advantages and challenges of these studies for translation into clinical applications are covered.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all of those whose fruitful research has contributed in any way to the elucidation of tumor-derived exosomes roles and their ncRNA expression profiles as diagnostic biomarkers in oncology. The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

    Nasim Ebrahimi

  2. Medical Campus, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China

    Ferdos Faghihkhorasani

  3. Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Campus, Hamar, Norway

    Siavash Seifollahy Fakhr

  4. Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Science, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Mazandaran, Iran

    Parichehr Roozbahani Moghaddam

  5. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

    Elnaz Yazdani

  6. Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran

    Elnaz Yazdani

  7. Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University Maragheh Branch, Maragheh, Iran

    Zahra Kheradmand

  8. Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi

  9. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

    Samaneh Adelian

  10. Clinical Pathologist, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Halimeh Mobarak

  11. Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa

    Michael R. Hamblin

  12. Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Amir Reza Aref

  13. Translational Medicine Group, Xsphera Biosciences, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA

    Amir Reza Aref

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  1. Nasim Ebrahimi
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Contributions

NE, FF, and SSF contributed to conceptualization, writing, and original draft preparation; PRM, EY, ZK, FR-T, and SA performed data curation and writing; MR. H and ARA performed supervision and writing—reviewing and editing.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Michael R. Hamblin or Amir Reza Aref.

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Ebrahimi, N., Faghihkhorasani, F., Fakhr, S.S. et al. Tumor-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs as diagnostic biomarkers in cancer. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 79, 572 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-022-04552-3

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