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Visual Prostheses: Neuroengineering Handbook

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Handbook of Neuroengineering

Abstract

Visual prostheses are devices that aim to provide artificial vision to those with vision loss by stimulating surviving functional neurons in the visual pathway. Since the first report of a functional retinal stimulator in the 1950s, clinical trials using more sophisticated devices, such as microelectrode arrays (MEAs) and micro-photodiode arrays (MPDAs), have continued to demonstrate that partial visual function can be restored even after long periods of blindness. These devices work by stimulating the retina, optic tract, and visual cortex. In the last 15 years, significant research efforts have also focused largely on developing novel electrode materials and alternative stimulation methods to address issues caused by bulk metallic electrodes used in conventional devices. This chapter begins with a discussion surrounding developments in electrical and photovoltaic visual prosthetic devices, commercial entities, and their latest clinical or preclinical reports and ends with an outlook on the future of the visual prostheses field. Key areas that have been reviewed include recently developed wire-free engineered photoreceptors, novel materials for improving the performance of electrical stimulation, and conceptual visual prostheses based on chemical, mechanical, photothermal, ultrasonic, optogenetic, and micromagnetic neurostimulation.

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Abbreviations

AMD:

Age-related macular degeneration

ASR:

Artificial silicon retina

AV-DONE:

Artificial vision by direct optic nerve electrode

BVT:

Bionic Vision Technologies

CMOS:

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CRX:

Cone-rod homeobox

ERG:

Electroretinogram

HAR:

High-resolution artificial retina

HDE:

Humanitarian Device Exemption

IMI:

Intelligent Medical Implants

IR:

Infrared radiation

IRIS:

Intelligent Retinal Implant System

LCD:

Liquid crystal display

LED:

Light-emitting diode

LGN:

Lateral geniculate nucleus

LogMAR:

Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution

μMS:

Micromagnetic stimulation

MEA:

Microelectrode array

MPDA:

Micro-photodiode arrays

NASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NR:

Nanorod

NW:

Nanowire

PEDOT:

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

RCS:

Royal College of Surgeons

RD:

Retinal degeneration

RGC:

Retinal ganglion cell

RP:

Retinitis pigmentosa

TiN:

Titanium nitride

TRPV:

Transient receptor potential vanilloid

VEP:

Visual evoked potential

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Tianruo Guo, Mohit N. Shivdasani, David Tsai & Nigel H. Lovell

  2. Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Mohit N. Shivdasani

  3. Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

    Lauren N. Ayton

  4. Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA

    Daniel L. Rathbun

  5. Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany

    Daniel L. Rathbun

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    Nitish V. Thakor

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    Andrei Dragomir

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Guo, T., Shivdasani, M.N., Tsai, D., Ayton, L.N., Rathbun, D.L., Lovell, N.H. (2021). Visual Prostheses: Neuroengineering Handbook. In: Thakor, N.V. (eds) Handbook of Neuroengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_31-2

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