Zusammenfassung
In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde die In-vitro-Erzeugung (IVP) von Rinderembryonen erheblich verbessert, und insbesondere die IVP von Rindern wird jetzt in großem Umfang unter Feldbedingungen angewendet. Diese In-vitro-Technik bietet den Rinderzüchtern, insbesondere in der Milchwirtschaft, neue Möglichkeiten, die Unfruchtbarkeit zu überwinden und die Verbreitung von Tieren mit hohem genetischem Wert zu steigern. Die Verbesserungen bei OPU/IVP führten zu einer groß angelegten internationalen Vermarktung. Jährlich werden mehr als eine halbe Million IVP-Embryonen erzeugt, was das enorme Potenzial dieser Technologie zeigt. Diese Fortschritte und die Tatsache, dass die frühe Entwicklung von Rindern und Menschen bemerkenswert ähnlich ist, haben dazu geführt, dass Rinderembryonen als Modellsystem für die Untersuchung der frühen Embryogenese von Säugetieren einschließlich des Menschen verwendet werden. Bei Pferden ist die OPU/IVP ebenfalls ein etabliertes Verfahren für die ganzjährige Zucht unfruchtbarer und Sport-Stuten. Es erfordert ICSI, da die herkömmliche IVF bei dieser Tierart nicht funktioniert. Bei kleinen Wiederkäuern ist die Anwendung der IVP auf kommerzieller und wissenschaftlicher Basis im Vergleich zu anderen Nutztierarten gering.
Trotz aller Verbesserungen unterscheiden sich in vitro erzeugte Embryonen nach wie vor von ihren in vivo gezeugten Gegenstücken. Embryonen müssen sich in den Präimplantationsstadien an verschiedene Mikroumgebungen anpassen. Folglich wird die Beibehaltung oder Nachahmung der In-vivo-Situation in vitro dazu beitragen, die Qualität und Entwicklungsfähigkeit des entstehenden Embryos zu verbessern.
Die erfolgreiche klinische Anwendung der Techniken der Reproduktionsbiotechnologie erfordert sowohl artspezifische klinische Kenntnisse als auch umfangreiche Laborerfahrung.
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Wrenzycki, C. (2023). In-vitro-Produktion von Nutztier-Embryonen. In: Niemann, H., Wrenzycki, C. (eds) Biotechnologie bei Nutztieren 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33918-9_12
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