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Biotechnological Advances in Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) Breeding

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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Industrial and Food Crops

Abstract

The aim of Hevea breeding is to provide new varieties/clones which are genetically superior in terms of yield, disease tolerance, better adaptability to climatic fluctuations and good timber quality. Although traditional breeding strategies could achieve a substantial increase in yield, breaking the current yield plateau is possible only with the aid of nonconventional breeding strategies. In addition to large-scale propagation, tissue culture holds unique advantages for crop improvement and this has been utilized successfully in many crops for specific purposes. Various tissue-culture techniques like somatic embryogenesis, embryo rescue, culture of protoplast, anther, pollen and embryo sac are practiced in Hevea. Interventions were also made in the area of molecular breeding through the development of molecular markers and through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic manipulation. The present chapter gives an overview on the constraints in Hevea breeding and reviews the progress of in vitro techniques comprehensively towards complementing conventional breeding. A road map to effectively combine the traditional and non-traditional methods for future Hevea breeding is presented. This takes on importance in the present scenario of unprecedented climatic vagaries and resource constraints. Progress made in the advancement of biotechnological applications in the natural rubber-producing tree Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. worldwide and its implications in breeding are described in detail.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. James Jacob (Director of Research) for the encouragement and advice, Dr. P. Kumari Jayasree for providing literature support, Dr. T. Meenakumari and Dr. Deepthy Antony for their critical comments during the manuscript preparation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Rubber Research Institute of India (Retd), Kerala, India

    Sankaran Sobha

  2. Advance Centre for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board, Kottayam, Kerala, India

    Karumamkandathil Rekha & Thomas K. Uthup

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  1. Sankaran Sobha
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Correspondence to Sankaran Sobha .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendices

Appendices

1.1 Appendix 1 Research Institutes Actively Involved in Rubber Tree Research

Institutes involved in rubber research

Area of specialization and research activities

Contact information

Rubber Research Institute of India (RRII)

Rubber Research Institute of India (RRII)

Rubber Board, Kottayam-686009, Kerala, India rrii@rubberboard.org.in

The major areas of research in the following disciplines: Agronomy and Soils; Biotechnology and Genome Analysis, Botany and Germplasm conservation , Plant Pathology, Plant Physiology and exploitation, Rubber Technology and Agricultural Economics. Involved in the improvement in production and productivity through conventional and molecular approaches. Devising integrated approaches to reduce cost of production and improve quality to combat against diseases. Studies on modification of NR and on polymer blends.

Malaysian Rubber Board (MRB)

Agronomy, exploitation techniques, integrated farming, agroforestry, Crop protection, Biotechnology. To develop technologies to achieve sustainable production of rubber, crop improvement by Hevea tissue culture and genetic transformation, molecular markers and genetics, physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, transcriptomics and latex allergy, develops methods and procedures to manage every economically important disease of rubber.

RRIM Research Station, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia irpecm@lgm.gov.my

The Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre (TARRC) MRB

Genomics of rubber, scientific research into natural rubber, technological developments in the compounding and processing of rubbers, the design of rubber products and the improvement of service lifetime of rubber products. Development of new polymer materials with enhanced properties, genomics and proteomics of natural rubber, development of molecular markers that can be used to enable the rapid identification of rubber tree clones in the field, key areas: i) diagnostics for latex allergens and, ii) comprehensive characterization of foreign proteins in transgenic rubber trees.

Brickendonbury, Hertford, United Kingdom, SG13 8NL, T: + 44 (0)1992 584966 F: +44 (0)1992 554837 general@tarrc.co.uk

CIRAD

Agro-industrial cropping systems; Socioeconomic analyses; assessment of carbon balances and fluxes on a plantation ecosystem scale; micropropagation: cloning of whole plants and rootstocks; soil analyses; analyses of natural rubber structure and quality; analyses of genome and transcroptome of rubber. Development of planting material suited to growing conditions, appropriate crop management sequences; Adapting rubber growing to future climate change; Proposing disease control methods; Determining the qualities of natural rubbers suited to different uses (tires, industrial rubber, health, aeronautics).

Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France jerome.sainte-beuve@cirad.fr

Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka

Specializes in rubber research, both in the biology of the crop and the chemistry of the natural rubber and technology of the product. Research and development on all aspects of rubber cultivation and processing for the benefit of the rubber industry.

Dartonfield, Agalawatta, Sri Lanka, 12200 dirrri@sltnet.lk

Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam

Agronomy, exploitation techniques, integrated farming, agroforestry, crop protection, crop improvement. Breeding and selection of elite rubber clones, cultivation practices for rubber planting sectors, studying the characteristics, fertilizer application. Studies on latex diagnosis and tapping systems for mature rubber plantations.

177, Hai ba trung st., District 3, Hochiminh – Viet Nam rriv@hcm.vnn.vn

The Rubber Authority of Thailand (RAOT)

Enhancing the production capacity, from plantation, harvest, primary and secondary processing to produce industrial rubber products. Engaged in breeding for crop improvement.

67/25 Bang Khun Non Road, Bang Khun Non sub-district, Bang Kok Noi district, Bangkok province 10700 orf2008@rubber.mail.go.th

Rubber Research Institute of Cambodia

Breeding for crop improvement.

09, Street 289 , Beung Kak 1, Tuol Kork, P.O. Box 1337, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. RRICAM@Bigpond.com.kh

Rubber Research Institute, CATAS

Research and development on all aspects of rubber cultivation.

No.4, Xueyuan Road, Longhua District, Haikou, Hainan Province, Chinahttp://www.catas.cnEmail:catasgjhzc@126.com

1.2 Appendix 2 A Few Popular Hevea Clones

Clone

Parentage

Country

Characters

RRII105

Tjir1 X Gl 1

India

Branching good with strong unions, canopy dense, foliage dark green, leaflets long and glossy. Wintering and refoliation are early and partial. High yielder.

PB 260

PB 5/51 X PB 49

Malaysia

Trees have tall and straight trunk, branching light and balanced with strong union. Canopy dense, foliage pale green. Vigor before initiation of tapping high and after tapping average. Thickness of virgin bark and renewed bark below average. The clone has moderate tolerance to pink, powdery mildew and abnormal leaf fall. High incidence of tapping panel dryness. Wind damage below average.

RRII414

RRII 105 X RRIC 100

India

Trunk is tall, straight and cylindrical with open, broad canopy of heavy dark green leaves, restricted to the top. Girth, at opening is high and girth increment on tapping, average. Moderately tolerant to Pink disease and abnormal leaf fall. Incidence of Corynespora leaf fall is low and powdery mildew is high.

RRII430

RRII 105 X RRIC 100

India

Canopy is open, broad and heavy with broad glossy leaves. Thickness of virgin hark is average and renewed hark is high. Maintains better yield than RRII 105 in the on farm trial also. Tolerant to pink disease, abnormal leaf fall and Corynespora leaf fall, but susceptible to powdery mildew.

RRII417

RRII 105 X RRIC 100

India

Canopy is broad, open and heavy with semi glossy leaves. Girth at opening is above average. Thickness of virgin bark is average and of renewed bark is high. This clone has above average tolerance to wind. Susceptible to powdery mildew and moderately tolerant to pink disease, abnormal leaf fall and Corynespora leaf fall.

RRII422

RRII 105 X RRIC 100

India

Stem is crooked with high branching. Canopy is open narrow with dark green glossy leaves. Girth at opening is above average. Tolerant to pink disease and abnormal leaf fall, but susceptible to powdery mildew. Moderately tolerant to Corynespora leaf fall.

RRIM600

Tjir 1 X PB 86

Malaysia

Tall, straight trunk, moderate to fairly heavy branching and branch unions rather weak. Young plants show spindly growth and late branching with occasional leaning. Narrow, broom shaped crown, foliage sparse with small yellowish green leaves, normal wintering and refoliation. Highly susceptible to diseases caused by Phytophthora. Incidence of pink disease mild to severe. Requires effective control measures when planted in areas where these diseases are prevalent. Incidence of powdery mildew is mild.

GT1

Primary clone

Indonesia

Trunk upright hut slightly kinked. Variable branching habit. Main branches long and acute angled, secondary branches light. Narrow globular crown, dense dark green glossy foliage. Wintering and refoliation late and often partial. Girth at opening medium to high. Girth increment on tapping medium. Virgin and renewed bark thickness medium. Fairly wind fast. Occurrence of tapping panel dryness and incidence of pink disease mild. Abnormal leaf fall mild to medium and powdery mildew medium to severe.

RRIM703

RRIM 600 X RRIM 500.

Malaysia

It has an upright hut slightly kinked trunk with a few heavy branches. The canopy is open and narrow. Wintering and refoliation occur early in the season. Girth at opening is high to average and girth increment on tapping low. Virgin bark thickness is high and renewed bark thickness average to high. Wind damage as well as tapping panel dryness high. Abnormal leaf fall is severe in India though reported to be only mild in Malaysia. Occurrence of powdery mildew is mild. The clone is susceptible to pink disease.

RRll 429

RRII 105 X RRIC 100

India

This clone with tall, straight and cylindrical trunk has a dense, heavy canopy with dark green leaves. Girth at opening is high and girth increment on tapping average. Occurrence of TPD is above average. The incidence of Corynespora leaf fall and abnormal leaf fall are low. The clone is highly susceptible to pink disease.

IRCA130

PB5/51X IR22

Côte d’Ivoire

Tall and straight with strong union, Above average vigor, moderately heavy branching, and small canopy with foliage confined to the top, moderate tolerance to powdery mildew, leaf spot and high yielding.

IRCA111

PB 5/51 X RRIM 600

Côte d’Ivoire

This clone shows a very good vegetative vigor in immature period and an average annual increase after opening. It has a sensitivity to tapping panel dryness that increases with the latex harvest period.

RRIM 2020

PB 5/51 X IAN 873

Malaysia

Dense and high set crown. Open and balanced canopy. Persistent main leader but with moderate branchlets on main and secondary branching. Color of latex appeared to be cream in color.

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Sobha, S., Rekha, K., Uthup, T.K. (2019). Biotechnological Advances in Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Industrial and Food Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23265-8_7

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