Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a novel promising technology based on 3D imaging and layer-by-layer additive fabrication. It has a profound influence on all aspects of our lives and is playing an increasing important role in many areas including engineering, manufacturing, art, education and medicine. “3D bioprinting” has been put forward with the technical progress in 3D printing and might be a possible way to solve the serious problem of human organ shortage in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Many research groups flung them into this area and have already made some gratifying achievements. However, it is a long way to fabricate a live organ. Many elements lead to the limitation of 3D bioprinting. This review introduces the background and development history of 3D bioprinting, compares different approaches of 3D bioprinting and illustrates the key factors of the printing process. Meanwhile, this review also points out existing challenges of 3D bioprinting and has a great prospect. Some points proposed in this review might be served as reference for the research of this field.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ozbolat IT, Yu Y (2013) Bioprinting toward organ fabrication: challenges and future trends. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 60(3):691–699
Langer R, Vacanti JP (1993) Tissue engineering. Science 260(5110):920–926
Griffith LG, Naughton G (2002) Tissue engineering—current challenges and expanding opportunities. Science 295(5557):1009–1014
Mikos AG, Herring SW, Ochareon P et al (2006) Engineering complex tissues. Tissue Eng 12(12):3307–3339
Drury JL, Mooney DJ (2003) Hydrogels for tissue engineering: Scaffold design variables and applications. Biomaterials 24(24):4337–4351
Lannutti J, Reneker D, Ma T et al (2007) Electrospinning for tissue engineering scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng C-Biomimetic Supramol Syst 27(3):504–509
Bersini S, Yazdi IK, Talo G et al (2016) Cell-microenvironment interactions and architectures in microvascular systems. Biotechnol Adv 34(6):1113–1130
Gao W, Zhang YB, Ramanujan D et al (2015) The status, challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in engineering. Comput Aided Des 69:65–89
Mironov V, Kasyanov V, Drake C et al (2008) Organ printing: promises and challenges. Regen Med 3(1):93–103
Kolesky DB, Truby RL, Gladman AS et al (2014) 3D bioprinting of vascularized heterogeneous cell-laden tissue constructs. Adv Mater 26(19):3124–3130
Bergmann C, Lindner M, Zhang W et al (2010) 3D printing of bone substitute implants using calcium phosphate and bioactive glasses. J Eur Ceram Soc 30(12):2563–2567
Ozbolat IT, Peng WJ, Ozbolat V (2016) Application areas of 3D bioprinting. Drug Discov Today 21(8):1257–1271
Gudapati H, Dey M, Ozbolat I (2016) A comprehensive review on droplet-based bioprinting: past, present and future. Biomaterials 102:20–42
Ávila HM, Schwarz S, Rotter N, Gatenholma P (2016) 3D bioprinting of human chondrocyte-laden nanocellulose hydrogels for patient-specific auricular cartilage regeneration. Bioprinting 1–2:22–35
Lee JS, Hong JM, Jung JW et al (2014) 3D printing of composite tissue with complex shape applied to ear regeneration. Biofabrication 6(2):1–12
Gao GF, Schilling AF, Hubbell K et al (2015) Improved properties of bone and cartilage tissue from 3D inkjet-bioprinted human mesenchymal stem cells by simultaneous deposition and photocrosslinking in PEG-GelMA. Biotechnol Lett 37(11):2349–2355
Muller M, Ozturk E, Arlov O et al (2017) Alginate sulfate-nanocellulose bioinks for cartilage bioprinting applications. Ann Biomed Eng 45(1):210–223
Nguyen D, Hagg DA, Forsman A et al (2017) Cartilage tissue engineering by the 3D bioprinting of iPS cells in a nanocellulose/alginate bioink. Sci Rep 7:658
Cui XF, Breitenkamp K, Finn MG et al (2012) Direct human cartilage repair using three-dimensional bioprinting technology. Tissue Eng Part A 18(11–12):1304–1312
Schon BS, Hooper GJ, Woofield TBF (2016) Modular tissue assembly strategies for biofabrication of engineered cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 45(1):1–15
Kanitakis J (2002) Anatomy, histology and immunohistochemistry of normal human skin. Eur J Dermatol 12(4):390–400
Vijayavenkataraman S, Lu WF, Fuh JYH (2016) 3D bioprinting of skin: a state-of-the-art review on modelling, materials, and processes. Biofabrication 8(3):032001
Peck MD (2011) Epidemiology of burns throughout the world. Part I: distribution and risk factors. Burns 37(7):1087–1100
Simon M (2016) Active leptospermum honey: a strategy to prevent chronic wounds. Jnp—J Nurse Pract 12(5):339–345
Ng WL, Wang S, Yeong WY et al (2016) Skin bioprinting: impending reality or fantasy? Trends Biotechnol 34(9):689–699
Abaci HE, Guo ZY, Doucet Y et al (2017) Next generation human skin constructs as advanced tools for drug development. Exp Biol Med 242(17):1657–1668
Lee W, Debasitis JC, Lee VK et al (2009) Multi-layered culture of human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes through three-dimensional freeform fabrication. Biomaterials 30(8):1587–1595
Lee V, Singh G, Trasatti JP et al (2014) Design and fabrication of human skin by three-dimensional bioprinting. Tissue Eng Part C Method 20(6):473–484
Min D, Lee W, Bae I-H, Lee TR, Croce P, Yoo S-S (2017) Bioprinting of biomimetic skin containing melanocytes. Exp Dermatol 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.13376
Skardal A, Mack D, Kapetanovic E et al (2012) Bioprinted amniotic fluid-derived stem cells accelerate healing of large skin wounds. Stem Cells Transl Med 1(11):792–802
Pourchet LJ, Thepot A, Albouy M et al (2017) Human skin 3D bioprinting using Scaffold-free approach. Adv Healthcare Mater 6(4):1601101
Kim BS, Lee JS, Gao G et al (2017) Direct 3D cell-printing of human skin with functional transwell system. Biofabrication 9(2):025034
Abaci HE, Guo ZY, Coffman A et al (2016) Human skin constructs with spatially controlled vasculature using primary and ipsc-derived endothelial cells. Adv Healthcare Mater 5(14):1800–1807
Huang S, Yao B, Xie JF et al (2016) 3D bioprinted extracellular matrix mimics facilitate directed differentiation of epithelial progenitors for sweat gland regeneration. Acta Biomater 32:170–177
Liu NB, Huang S, Yao B et al (2016) 3D bioprinting matrices with controlled pore structure and release function guide in vitro self-organization of sweat gland. Sci Rep 6:34410
Lee VK, Dai GH, Zou HY, et al (2015) Generation of 3-D Glioblastoma-Vascular Niche using 3-D Bioprinting. In: 2015 41st Annual Northeast Biomedical Engineering Conference (Nebec)
Dai X, Liu L, Ouyang J et al (2017) Coaxial 3D bioprinting of self-assembled multicellular heterogeneous tumor fibers. Sci Rep 7(1):1457
Zhao Y, Yao R, Ouyang L et al (2014) Three-dimensional printing of Hela cells for cervical tumor model in vitro. Biofabrication 6(3):035001
Xu F, Celli J, Rizvi I et al (2011) A three-dimensional in vitro ovarian cancer coculture model using a high-throughput cell patterning platform. Biotechnol J 6(2):204–212
Grolman JM, Zhang D, Smith AM et al (2015) Rapid 3D extrusion of synthetic tumor microenvironments. Adv Mater 27(37):5512–7
Zhou X, Zhu W, Nowicki M et al (2016) 3D bioprinting a cell-laden bone matrix for breast cancer metastasis study. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(44):30017–30026
Zhang XY, Zhang YD (2015) Tissue engineering applications of three-dimensional bioprinting. Cell Biochem Biophys 72(3):777–782
Melchels FPW, Domingos MAN, Klein TJ et al (2012) Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs. Prog Polym Sci 37(8):1079–1104
Guillotin B, Souquet A, Catros S et al (2010) Laser assisted bioprinting of engineered tissue with high cell density and microscale organization. Biomaterials 31(28):7250–7256
Koch L, Deiwick A, Schlie S et al (2012) Skin tissue generation by laser cell printing. Biotechnol Bioeng 109(7):1855–1863
Ali M, Pages E, Ducom A et al (2014) Controlling laser-induced jet formation for bioprinting mesenchymal stem cells with high viability and high resolution. Biofabrication 6(4):045001
Nahmias Y, Schwartz RE, Verfaillie CM et al (2005) Laser-guided direct writing for three-dimensional tissue engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 92(2):129–136
Odde DJ, Renn MJ (1999) Laser-guided direct writing for applications in biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 17(10):385–389
Wang ZJ, Abdulla R, Parker B et al (2015) A simple and high-resolution stereolithography-based 3D bioprinting system using visible light crosslinkable bioinks. Biofabrication 7(4):045009
Xu F, Celli J, Rizvi I et al (2011) A three-dimensional in vitro ovarian cancer coculture model using a high-throughput cell patterning platform. Biotechnol J 6(2):204–212
Faulkner-Jones A, Fyfe C, Cornelissen DJ et al (2015) Bioprinting of human pluripotent stem cells and their directed differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells for the generation of mini-livers in 3D. Biofabrication 7(4):044102
Gao Q, Liu Z, Lin Z, Qiu J, Liu Y, Liu A, Wang Y, Xiang M, Chen B, Fu J, He Y (2017) 3D bioprinting of vessel-like structures with multilevel fluidic channels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 3(3):399–408
Ozbolat IT, Chen H, Yu Y (2014) Development of ’Multi-arm Bioprinter’ for hybrid biofabrication of tissue engineering constructs. Robot Comput Integr Manuf 30(3):295–304
Zhang B, Gao L, Gu L, Yang H, Luo Y, Ma L (2017) High-resolution 3D bioprinting system for fabricating cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds with high cellular activities. Procedia Cirp 65:219–224
Khalil S, Nam J, Sun W (2005) Multi-nozzle deposition for construction of 3D biopolymer tissue scaffolds. Rapid Prototyp J 11(1):9–17
Kang HW, Lee SJ, Ko IK et al (2016) A 3D bioprinting system to produce human-scale tissue constructs with structural integrity. Nat Biotechnol 34(3):312–319
Norotte C, Marga FS, Niklason LE et al (2009) Scaffold-free vascular tissue engineering using bioprinting. Biomaterials 30(30):5910–5917
Lind JU, Busbee TA, Valentine AD et al (2017) Instrumented cardiac microphysiological devices via multimaterial three-dimensional printing. Nat Mater 16(3):303
Choi YJ, Kim TG, Jeong J et al (2016) 3D cell printing of functional skeletal muscle constructs using skeletal muscle-derived bioink. Adv Healthcare Mater 5(20):2636–2645
Devillard R, Pages E, Correa MM et al (2014) Cell patterning by laser-assisted bioprinting. Micropattern Cell Biol Pt A. 119:159–174
Catros S, Guillotin B, Bacakova M et al (2011) Effect of laser energy, substrate film thickness and bioink viscosity on viability of endothelial cells printed by laser-assisted bioprinting. Appl Surf Sci 257(12):5142–5147
Boland T, Xu T, Damon B, Cui X (2006) Application of inkjet printing to tissue engineering. Biotechnol J 1(9):910–917
Calvert P (2007) Printing cells. Science 318(5848):208–209
Cui X, Booland T, D’Lima DD, Lotz MK (2012) Thermal inkjet printing in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Recent Patents Drug Deliv Formul 6(2):149–155
Sumerel J, Lewis J, Doraiswamy A, Deravi LF, Sewell SL, Gerdon AE, Wright DW, Narayan RJ (2006) Piezoelectric ink jet processing of materials for medical and biological applications. Biotechnol J 1(9):976–987
Cui XF, Boland T (2009) Human microvasculature fabrication using thermal inkjet printing technology. Biomaterials 30(31):6221–6227
Weiss LE, Amon CH, Finger S et al (2005) Bayesian computer-aided experimental design of heterogeneous scaffolds for tissue engineering. Comput Aided Des 37(11):1127–1139
Campbell PG, Weiss LE (2007) Tissue engineering with the aid of inkjet printers. Expert Opin Biol Therapy 7(8):1123–1127
Saunders RE, Derby B (2014) Inkjet printing biomaterials for tissue engineering: bioprinting. Int Mater Rev 59(8):430–448
Setti L, Fraleoni-Morgera A, Ballarin B et al (2005) An amperometric glucose biosensor prototype fabricated by thermal inkjet printing. Biosens Bioelectron 20(10):2019–2026
Chen FM, Lin LY, Zhang J et al (2016) Single-cell analysis using drop-on-demand inkjet printing and probe electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 88(8):4354–4360
Chung JHY, Naficy S, Yue ZL et al (2013) Bio-ink properties and printability for extrusion printing living cells. Biomater Sci 1(7):763–773
Pati F, Shim JH, Lee J-S, Cho D-W (2013) 3D printing of cell-laden constructs for heterogeneous tissue regeneration. Manuf Lett 1(1):49–53
Yan YN, Wang XH, Pan YQ et al (2005) Fabrication of viable tissue-engineered constructs with 3D cell-assembly technique. Biomaterials 26(29):5864–5871
Nair K, Yan KC, Sun W (2007) A multilevel numerical model quantifying cell deformation in encapsulated alginate structures. J Mech Mater Struct 2(6):1121–1139
Ozbolat IT, Hospodiuk M (2016) Current advances and future perspectives in extrusion-based bioprinting. Biomaterials 76:321–343
Mironov V (2003) Printing technology to produce living tissue. Expert Opin Biol Therapy 3(5):701–704
Skardal A, Atala A (2015) Biomaterials for Integration with 3-D Bioprinting. Ann Biomed Eng 43(3):730–746
Censi R, van Putten S, Vermonden T et al (2011) The tissue response to photopolymerized PEG-p(HPMAm-lactate)-based hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 97a(3):219–229
Schuurman W, Levett PA, Pot MW et al (2013) Gelatin-methacrylamide hydrogels as potential biomaterials for fabrication of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs. Macromol Biosci 13(5):551–561
Skardal A, Zhang JX, McCoard L et al (2010) Dynamically crosslinked gold nanoparticle—hyaluronan hydrogels. Adv Mater 22(42):4736
Chia HN, Wu BM (2015) Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials. J Biol Eng 9:4
Lee M, Dunn JCY, Wu BM (2005) Scaffold fabrication by indirect three-dimensional printing. Biomaterials 26(20):4281–4289
Zopf DA, Mitsak AG, Flanagan CL et al (2015) Computer aided-designed, 3-dimensionally printed porous tissue bioscaffolds for craniofacial soft tissue reconstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 152(1):57–62
Wu W, DeConinck A, Lewis JA (2011) Omnidirectional printing of 3D microvascular networks. Adv Mater 23(24):H178–H183
Marga F, Jakab K, Khatiwala C et al (2012) Toward engineering functional organ modules by additive manufacturing. Biofabrication 4(2):022001
Song SJ, Choi J, Park YD et al (2011) Sodium alginate hydrogel-based bioprinting using a novel multinozzle bioprinting system. Artif Organs 35(11):1132–1136
Gao Q, He Y, Fu JZ et al (2015) Coaxial nozzle-assisted 3D bioprinting with built-in microchannels for nutrients delivery. Biomaterials 61:203–215
Colosi C, Shin SR, Manoharan V, Massa S, Costantini M, Barbetta A, Dokmeci MR, Dentini M, Khademhosseini A (2016) Microfluidic bioprinting of heterogeneous 3D tissue constructs using low-viscosity bioink. Adv Mater 28(4):677–684
Shanjani Y, Pan CC, Elomaa L et al (2015) A novel bioprinting method and system for forming hybrid tissue engineering constructs. Biofabrication 7(4):045008
Smith CM, Christian JJ, Warren WL et al (2007) Characterizing environmental factors that impact the viability of tissue-engineered constructs fabricated by a direct-write bioassembly tool. Tissue Eng 13(2):373–383
Ananthanarayanan B, Kim Y, Kumar S (2011) Elucidating the mechanobiology of malignant brain tumors using a brain matrix-mimetic hyaluronic acid hydrogel platform. Biomaterials 32(31):7913–7923
Buyukhatipoglu K, Jo W, Clyne AM (2009) The role of printing parameters and scaffold biopolymer properties in the efficacy of a new hybrid nano-bioprinting system. Biofabrication 1(3):035003
Chen C, Bang S, Younghak C, Lee S, Lee I, Zhang S, Noh I (2016) Research trends in biomimetic medical materials for tissue engineering: 3D bioprinting, surface modification, nano/micro-technology and clinical aspects in tissue engineering of cartilage and bone. Biomater Res 20(1):1–7
Visconti RP, Kasyanov V, Gentile C et al (2010) Towards organ printing: engineering an intra-organ branched vascular tree. Expert Opin Biol Therapy 10(3):409–420
Kolesky DB, Homan KA, Skylar-Scott MA et al (2016) Three-dimensional bioprinting of thick vascularized tissues. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 113(12):3179–3184
Holzl K, Lin SM, Tytgat L et al (2016) Bioink properties before, during and after 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 8(3):032002
Rutz AL, Hyland KE, Jakus AE et al (2015) A multimaterial bioink method for 3D printing tunable, cell-compatible hydrogels. Adv Mater 27(9):1607
Skardal A, Zhang JX, McCoard L et al (2010) Photocrosslinkable hyaluronan-gelatin hydrogels for two-step bioprinting. Tissue Eng Part A 16(8):2675–2685
Lee VK, Kim DY, Ngo HG et al (2014) Creating perfused functional vascular channels using 3D bio-printing technology. Biomaterials 35(28):8092–8102
Miller JS, Stevens KR, Yang MT, Baker BM, Nguyen DH, Cohen DM, Toro E, Chen AA, Galie PA, Yu X, Chaturvedi R, Bhatia SN, Chen CS (2012) Rapid casting of patterned vascular networks for perfusable engineered 3D tissues. Nat Mater 11(9):768–774
Zhang YH, Yu Y, Akkouch A et al (2015) In vitro study of directly bioprinted perfusable vasculature conduits. Biomater Sci 3(1):134–143
Mercado-Pagan AE, Stahl AM, Shanjani Y et al (2015) Vascularization in bone tissue engineering constructs. Ann Biomed Eng 43(3):718–729
Mandrycky C, Wang ZJ, Kim K et al (2016) 3D bioprinting for engineering complex tissues. Biotechnol Adv 34(4):422–434
Yoo SS (2015) 3D-printed biological organs: medical potential and patenting opportunity. Expert Opin Ther Pat 25(5):507–511
Arealis G, Nikolaou VS (2015) Bone printing: new frontiers in the treatment of bone defects. Inj Int J Care Inj 46:S20–S22
Michalski MH, Ross JS (2014) The shape of things to come 3D printing in medicine. Jama J Am Med Assoc 312(21):2213–2214
Jose RR, Rodriguez MJ, Dixon TA et al (2016) Evolution of bioinks and additive manufacturing technologies for 3D bioprinting. Acs Biomater Sci Eng 2(10):1662–1678
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the support from National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 81501607 and 51475419, Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China under Grant LY15H160019, Key Research and Development Projects of Zhejiang Province under Grant 2017C1054.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
B. Zhang, Y. Luo, and L. Ma have contributed equally to this work.
Huayong Yang and Zhanfeng Cui jointly supervised this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, B., Luo, Y., Ma, L. et al. 3D bioprinting: an emerging technology full of opportunities and challenges. Bio-des. Manuf. 1, 2–13 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42242-018-0004-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42242-018-0004-3