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Replacement of traditional seawater-soluble pigments by starch and hydrolytic enzymes in polishing antifouling coatings

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Abstract

The use of starch and hydrolytic enzymes as replacement for traditional polishing pigments (e.g., Cu2O and ZnO) in antifouling coatings has been investigated. The enzymes facilitate a slow conversion of water-insoluble starch into water-soluble glucose, and dissolution of glucose causes the development of a leached (porous) layer in the wetted, outermost part of the coating. Subsequent water–binder interaction at the pore walls gives rise to polishing, in a manner similar to that of conventional antifouling coatings. Different starch types have been evaluated and classified as potential coating ingredients, and the impact of the addition of starch on the functional properties of the coating is described. Starches from rice, corn, and tapioca have been tested, and due to a smaller amount of water-soluble content and lesser tendency to agglomerate, corn starch is preferred. Leaching occurs in all the starch-enzyme coatings tested; however, polishing is only detected for two out of four binder systems investigated. Suitable polishing rates of 7–10 μm/month, based on the enzymatic starch-degradation, have been measured. Controls containing only starch (no enzyme) did not polish.

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Abbreviations

Ci:

Starch type number i originating from corn

C s :

Seawater solubility (mol/m3)

M :

Molar mass (kg/mol)

Ri:

Starch type number i originating from rice

T:

Starch type originating from tapioca

α:

Seawater solubility (dimensionless)

ρ:

Density (kg/m3)

CPVC:

Critical pigment volume concentration (vol%)

DFT:

Dry film thickness (μm)

LLT:

Leached layer thickness (μm)

OA:

Oil absorption

PSD:

Particle size distribution

PVC:

Pigment volume concentration (vol%)

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Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the Danish Ministry of Science, it is part of the CHEC Research Center funded a.o. by the Technical University of Denmark, the Danish Technical Research Council, the European Union, the Nordic Energy Research, Dong Energy A/S, Vattenfall A.B., F L Smidth A/S, J.C. Hempel’s Foundation, and Public Service Obligation funds from Energinet.dk and the Danish Energy Research program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hempel A/S, Lundtoftevej 150, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

    S. M. Olsen & L. T. Pedersen

  2. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

    S. M. Olsen, K. Dam-Johansen & S. Kiil

  3. Genencor, Danisco A/S, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220, Brabrand, Denmark

    J. B. Kristensen

Authors
  1. S. M. Olsen
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  2. L. T. Pedersen
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  3. K. Dam-Johansen
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  4. J. B. Kristensen
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  5. S. Kiil
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Correspondence to S. Kiil.

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Olsen, S.M., Pedersen, L.T., Dam-Johansen, K. et al. Replacement of traditional seawater-soluble pigments by starch and hydrolytic enzymes in polishing antifouling coatings. J Coat Technol Res 7, 355–363 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-009-9191-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-009-9191-3

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