Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Investigating the post-mining subsidence and the long-term stability of old mining excavations: case of Cow Pasture Limestone Mine, West Midlands, UK

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Assessing the long-term stability of abandoned mine workings is a challenging problem in geo-mechanical engineering. There are several factors contributing to the long-term behaviour of excavations. Creep and the gradual deterioration of rocks are, in particular, among the dominant factors affecting the long-term stability of abandoned mine workings. In this paper, the mechanism of post-mining subsidence over old room-and-pillar mine workings is investigated. A case history of post-mining subsidence over Cow Pasture abandoned limestone mine in the West Midlands of the UK is presented. The geological and geotechnical characteristics of the mining site are explained. Empirical and analytical approaches are then used to study the mechanisms of post-mining subsidence. Outcomes of the analyses show that the bearing capacity failure of the roof strata and the gradual punching of pillars into the moisture-sensitive roof layers have been the key mechanisms initiating failure and leading to the formation of post-mining subsidence in the Cow Pasture Mine.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11:
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abel J Jr (1988) Soft rock pillars. Int J Min Geol Eng 6:215–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Heib M, Duval C, Theoleyre F, Watelet J-M, Gombert P (2014) Analysis of the historical collapse of an abandoned underground chalk mine in 1961 in Clamart (Paris, France). Bull Eng Geol Environ 74:1001–1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0677-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al Heib MM, Didier C, Masrouri F (2010) Improving short- and long-term stability of underground gypsum mine using partial and total backfill. Rock Mech Rock Eng 43:447–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Aydan O, Tokashiki N, Tano H (2013) An experimental study on the supporting effect of back- filling on abandoned room and pillar mines, quarries and karstic caves, and its in-situ verification. Paper presented at the The 47th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, San Francisco, California 2013/1/1/

  • Aydan Ö et al (2014) ISRM suggested methods for determining the creep characteristics of rock. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47:275–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Aydan O, Sakamoto A, Yamada N, Sugiura K, Kawamoto T The characteristics of soft rocks and their effect on the long term stability of abandoned room and pillar lignite mines. In: Proceedings of the Post-mining 2005 Symposium, Nancy, 2005. vol Paper No2. The Research Group for the Impact and Safety of Underground Works (GISOS), pp 1–14

  • Aydan Ö, Ulusay R (2013) Geomechanical evaluation of Derinkuyu antique underground city and its implications in geoengineering. Rock Mech Rock Eng 46:731–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0301-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahuguna PP (1995) Subsidence studies in Indian coalfields by a semi-empirical approach (https://iahs.info/uploads/dms/iahs_234_0127.pdf). Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Land Subsidence, The Hague, The Netherlands,

  • Bahuguna PP, Singh B, Srivastava AMC, Saxena NC (1991) An empirical method for calculation of maximum subsidence. Paper presented at the The 32nd US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS) - Rock Mechanics as a Multidisciplinary Science, Norman, Oklahoma

  • Bahuguna PP, Singh B, Srivastava AMC, Saxena NC (1993) Semi-empirical method for calculation of maximum subsidence in coal mines. Geotech Geol Eng 11:249–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell FG (1975) Site investigations in areas of mining subsidence. Transatlantic Arts,

  • Bell FG (1986) Location of abandoned workings in coal seams. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology 33:123–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell FG, Culshaw MG, Moorlock BSP, Cripps JC (1992) Subsidence and ground movements in chalk. Bull Eng Geol Environ 45:75–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell FG, De Bruyn I (1999) Subsidence problems due to abandoned pillar workings in coal seams. Bull Eng Geol Environ 57:225–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell FG, Donnelly LJ (2006) Mining and its impact on the environment. CRC Press - Taylor & Franci, London and New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry DS (1964) A theoretical elastic model of the complete region affected by mining a thin seam. Paper presented at the The 6th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), Rolla, Missouri, U.S.

  • Bhattacharya S, Singh MM, Huck PJ The time relationship of mine subsidence and its impications on subsidence legislation. In: Proceedings of the 27th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), Tuscaloosa, 1986. American Rock Mechanics Association, pp 291–296

  • Bomboe P, Marunteanu C (1993) Mining subsidence forecasting by structural and geomechanical analysis. Bull Eng Geol Environ 47:71–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady BHG, Brown ET (2005) Rock mechanics for underground mining. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow

  • Braithwaite P, Seago K (1988) Regional study of the West Midlands area to locate old limestone mine workings. Geol Soc, London, Eng Geol Spec Public 5:279–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite P, Sklucki T (1987) The infilling of limestone mines with rock paste Reclamation, treatment and utilization of coal mining wastes Elsevier, Amsterdam:615–638

  • Braithwaite PA, Phillips A (2000) The bulk infilling of mines with rock paste to allow surface development. Paper presented at the The -- Conference on Coal Mine Subsidence,

  • Brook D Abandoned limestone mines in the West Midlands of England - A strategy for action. In: Johnson AI (ed) Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Land Subsidence, Houston, 1991. The International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), pp 215–223

  • Brook D, Cole KW (1984) Subsidence of abandoned limestone mines in the West Midlands of England. In: Johnson AI, Carbognin L, Ubertini L (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Land Subsidence. The International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), Venice, pp 675–685

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandrashekhar K, Nath R, Tandon S (1987) Design of coal pillars under weak floor conditions. Paper presented at the The 28th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), ucson, Arizona 1987/1/1/

  • Chekan GJ, Matetic RJ (1988) Loading characteristics of pillars in multiple-seam mining operations. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Chugh YP (1990) Application of short term time-dependent plate loading tests for estimation of in-situ elastic and viscous parameters of weak floor strata. Paper presented at the The 9th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, Morgan Town, West Virginia, U.S.

  • Chugh YP (2018) Personal Communication and Discussion on the Mechanisms of Subsidence at the Cow Pasture Mine.

  • Chugh YP, Chandrashekhar K, Caudle R A field geotechnical study of the effects of weak floor strata on underground coal mining in Illinois. In: The 29th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), Minneapolis, Minnesota 1988. American Rock Mechanics Association, pp 681–690

  • Chugh YP, Missavage RA (1981) Effects of moisture on strata control in coal mines. Eng Geol 17:241–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Chugh YP, Pula O, Pytel W (1990) Ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of coal pillar sub-strata. Int J Min Geol Eng 8:111–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke BG, Welford M, Hughes DB (2006) The threat of abandoned mines on the stability of urban areas. Paper presented at the The 2006 Conference of the International Association of Engineering Geology, IAEG2006, UK,

  • Colman SM (1981) Rock-weathering rates as functions of time. Quat Res 15:250–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(81)90029-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Graff JV, Romesburg HC (1981) Subsidence crack closure: rate, magnitude, and sequence. Bull Eng Geol Environ 23:123–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Dearman WR, Strachan A, Roche DP, Vincett C (1982) Influence of mining subsidence on pipelines. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geology 25:19–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Deaves AP, Cripps JC (1995) Investigation and treatment of abandoned mine workings for underground excavations: an example from the Don Valley Intercepting Sewer scheme. Sheffield, England Engineering Geology of Construction, Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 10:269–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Economopoulos JN, Sofianos AI, Koronakis NJ (1994) Voussori beam response of bedded limestone roof in Greek underground mining excavations. Paper presented at the International Congress on Tunnelling and Ground Conditions, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

  • Edmonds C, Green C, Higginbottom I (1987) Subsidence hazard prediction for limestone terrains, as applied to the English Cretaceous Chalk. Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 4:283–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmonds C, Green C, Higginbottom I (1990) 42. Review of underground mines in the English chalk: form, origin, distribution and engineering significance. In: Chalk. Thomas Telford Publishing, pp 511–519

  • Esterhuizen GS, Dolinar DR, Ellenberger JL (2011) Pillar strength in underground stone mines in the United States. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 48:42–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujii Y, Kiyama T, Ishijima Y, Kodama J (1998) Examination of a rock failure criterion based on circumferential tensile strain. Pure Appl Geophys 152:551–577

    Google Scholar 

  • Gale WJ (1999) Experience of field measurement and computer simulation methods for pillar design. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Coal Pillar Mechanics and Design,

  • Garrard G, Taylor RK (1988) Collapse mechanisms of shallow coal-mine workings from field measurements. Geol Soc, London, Eng Geol Spec Public 5:181–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrard GFG (1981) The collapse of shallow coal mine workings. Durham University

  • Gil H (1991) The theory of strata mechanics vol 63. Developments in Geotechnical Engineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York and Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Gombert P, Thoraval A, Watelet J-M (2018) Geomechanical response of an abandoned chalk mine to multi-annual water table fluctuations Bull Eng Geol Environ:1–17

  • González-Nicieza C, Alvarez-Fernandez M, Menéndez-Díaz A, Alvarez-Vigil A (2006) A comparative analysis of pillar design methods and its application to marble mines. Rock Mech Rock Eng 39:421–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman R, Korbay S, Buchignani A (1980) Evaluation of collapse potential over abandoned room and pillar mines. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists 17:27–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman RE (1989) Introduction to rock mechanics. Vol. 2. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore

  • Gray RE, Bruhn RW, Knott DL (1996) Subsidence misconceptions and myths. Paper presented at the Proceeding of the 15th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, Golden, Colorado

  • Hejmanowski R (2015) Modeling of time dependent subsidence for coal and ore deposits. Int J Coal Sci Technol 2:287–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-015-0092-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huisman M, Hack HRGK, Nieuwenhuis JD (2006) Predicting rock mass decay in engineering lifetimes: the influence of slope aspect and climate. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience 12:39–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Hustrulid W (1976) A review of coal pillar strength formulas. Rock Mech 8:115–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanniganti R, Haycocks C, Karmis M (1995) Optimising Pillar Design in a Multi-Seam Environment. Paper presented at the 14th Conference on Ground Control in Mining. West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, US

  • Karfakis MG (1986) Chimney subsidence - A case study. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 27th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), Tuscaloosa, Alabama

  • King PW (2007) Black Country Mining before the Industrial Revolution Mining History - Bulletin of Peak District Mining History Society 16:34–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohli KK (1992) Investigation of subsidence event over multiple seam mining area. Paper presented at the The 11th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, The University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia,

  • Kohli KK (1999) Investigation of subsidence events over multiple seam mining area. Paper presented at the The 16th Annual National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation - Mining and Reclamation for the Next Millennum

  • Kotyrba A, Kortas Ł (2016) Sinkhole hazard assessment in the area of abandoned mining shaft basing on microgravity survey and modelling—Case study from the Upper Silesia Coal Basin in Poland. J Appl Geophys 130:62–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Kratzsch H (1983) Mining subsidence engineering. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauland N, Soder PE (1987) Determining pillar strength from pillar failure observations. Eng Min J 188:34–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma WM, Zhu WY (1984) Effect of multi-seam mining on subsidence. International Journal of Mining Engineering 2:171–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Mabry RE (1972) An evaluation of mine subsidence potential. Paper presented at the The 14th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), University Park, Pennsylvania,

  • Malgot J, Baliak F, Mahr T (1986) Prediction of the influence of underground coal mining on slope stability in the Vtacnik Mountains. Bull Eng Geol Environ 33:57–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Malinowska A (2011) A fuzzy inference-based approach for building damage risk assessment on mining terrains. Eng Struct 33:163–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Malinowska A, Hejmanowski R (2010) Building damage risk assessment on mining terrains in Poland with GIS application. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47:238–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Marino GG (1990) Progresive failure of the V-Day mine and a comparison with other similar failures in Illinois. Paper presented at the The 9th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, Morgantown, West Virginia, U.S,

  • Marino GG (1998) The siting of a prison complex above an abandoned underground coal mine. J Geotech Geoenviron 124:954–964

    Google Scholar 

  • Marino GG (2001) Long-term floor stability of an Indiana coal mine. Paper presented at the The --th Annual National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation, Albuquerque, New Mexico,

  • Marino GG, Cording EJ (1985) Geotechnical aspects of subsidence over room and pillar mines in Illinois. Paper presented at the The 4th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, Morgantown, West Virginia,

  • Marino GG, Osouli A (2012) Influence of softening on mine floor-bearing capacity: Case history Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

  • Matetic RJ, Chekan GJ, Galek JA (1987) Design considerations for multiple-seam mining with case studies of subsidence and pillar load transfer. Paper presented at the The 28th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Tucson, US,

  • McNally GH (2000) Geology and mining practice in relation to shallow subsidence in the Northern Coalfield, New South Wales. Aust J Earth Sci 47:21–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills KW, Edwards JL (1997) Review of pillar stability in claystone floor strata. Paper presented at the Symposium on Safty in Mines: The Role of Geology,

  • NCB (1966) Subsidence Engineer's Handbook. Production Department, National Coal Board (NBC), London

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilfanion (2019) Sandwell UK Locator Map. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sandwell_UK_locator_map.svg.

  • Nishida T, Esaki T, Aoki K, Kameda N (1984) Evaluation and prediction of subsidence in old working areas and practical and preventive measures against mining damage to new structures. In: Johnson AI, Carbognin L, Ubertini L (eds) Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Land Subsidence. International Association of Hydraulic Sciences (IAHS), Venice, Italy, pp 717–725

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Connor KM, Siekmeier JA, Powell LR (1996) Using a computer spreadsheet to characterize rock masses prior to subsidence prediction and numerical analysis.

  • O'Riordan NJ, Cole KW, Henkel DJ, eds (1984) 48 Collapses of abandoned limestone mines in the West Midlands of England. In: Brown ET, Hudson JA (eds) Proceedings of the ISRM Symposium - Design and Performance of Underground Excavations. British Geotechnical Society, London, Cambridge, pp 401–408

  • Pariseau W, Eitani I. Comparisons between finite element calculations and field measurements of room closure and pillar stress during retreat mining. In: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1981. Elsevier, pp 305–319

  • Polyakov Y (2015) GeoBeam, Ver. 2015.1, (www.yakpol.net).

  • Poulsen BA, Shen B (2013) Subsidence risk assessment of decommissioned bord-and-pillar collieries. Int J Rock Mech Mining Sci 60:312–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Preusse A, Kateloe H-J, Sroka A (2012) Subsidence and uplift prediction in German and Polish hard coal mining. Paper presented at the The 31st International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, Morgantown, WV, U.S,

  • Pritchard CJ, Hedley DGF Progressive pillar failure and rockbursting at Denison Mine. In: Young RP (ed) Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines,. Kingston, Canada, 1993. Rotterdam: AA Balkema, pp 111–116

  • Pytel WM, Chugh YP Simplified three-dimensional roof-pillar-floor interaction analysis including time effect In: Roegiers (ed) The 32nd US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS) - Rock Mechanics as a Multidisciplinary Science, Norman, Oklahoma 1991. American Rock Mechanics Association, pp 781–790

  • Pytel WM, Chugh YP, Zabel B, Caudle RD (1988) A simplified two-dimensional analysis of the roof-pillar-floor interaction problem in coal mines. Paper presented at the. In: The 7th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, Morgantown, West Virginia, US

  • Salmi EF (2016) A numerical investigation of the mechanisms of post-mining subsidence. The University of, Newcastle

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmi EF, Karakus M, Nazem M (2019) Assessing the effects of rock mass gradual deterioration on the long-term stability of abandoned mine workings and the mechanisms of post-mining subsidence – A case study of Castle Fields mine. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 88:169–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmi EF, Nazem M, Giacomini A (2013) Analytical and numerical studies on the mechanism of mining subsidence. In: Paper presented at the International Symposium on Computational Geomechanics, ComGeo III, Krakow, Poland

  • Salmi EF, Nazem M, Karakus M (2017) The effect of rock mass gradual deterioration on the mechanism of post-mining subsidence over shallow abandoned coal mines. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 91:59–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Seedsman RW (1988) Mining in proximity to the Awaba tuff. Paper presented at the The Fifth Australia - New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, Sydney, Australia,

  • Smith GJ, Rosenbaum MS (1993a) Abandoned mineworkings in chalk: approaches for appraisal and evaluation. J Eng Geol Hydroge 26:281–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith GJ, Rosenbaum MS (1993b) Abandoned shallow mineworkings in chalk: a review of the geological aspects leading to their destabilisation. Bull Eng Geol Environ 48:101–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith GJ, Rosenbaum MS (1993c) Recent underground investigations of abandoned chalk mine workings beneath Norwich City, Norfolk. Eng Geol 36:67–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Speck RC (1981) The influence of certain geologic and geotechnical factors on coal mine floor stability a case study. Paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, Morgantown, West Virginia,

  • Stephansson O (1971) Stability of single openings in horizontally bedded rock. Eng Geol 5:5–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Styles P, Toon S, Branston M, Ebgland R, Thomas E, McGrath R (2005) High resolution microgravity investigations for the detection and characterisation of subsidence associated with abandoned, coal, chalk and salt mines. Paper presented at the Post-mining 2005, Nancy, France,

  • Swift G, Reddish D (2002) Stability problems associated with an abandoned ironstone mine. Bull Eng Geol Environ 61:227–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift GM, Reddish DJ (2005) Underground excavations in rock salt. Geotech Geol Eng 23:17–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-003-3159-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor J, Fowell R, Wade L (2000) Effects of abandoned shallow bord-and-pillar coal workings on surface development. Min Technol 109:140–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Tong L, Leo L, Amatya B, Liu S (2016) Risk assessment and remediation strategies for highway construction in abandoned coal mine region: lessons learned from Xuzhou, China. Bull Eng Geol Environ 75:1045–1066

    Google Scholar 

  • Tong L, Liu L, Yu Q (2014) Highway construction across heavily mined ground and steep topography in southern China. Bull Eng Geol Environ 73:43–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulusay R, Aydan Ö, Geniş M, Tano H (2013) Stability Assessment of Avanos Underground Congress Centre (Cappadocia, Turkey) in Soft Tuffs Through an Integrated Scheme of Rock Engineering Methods. Rock Mech Rock Eng 46:1303–1321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0363-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waltham AC, Swift GM (2004) Bearing capacity of rock over mined cavities in Nottingham. Eng Geol 75:15–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.04.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker BN, Reddish DJ (1989) Subsidence Occurrence, Prediction and Control. Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 56. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York and Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AH (1980) A method of estimating the closure and strength of lining required in drivages surrounded by a yield zone. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 17:349–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AH (1983) The stability of underground workings in the soft rocks of the coal measures. Int J Min Eng 1:91–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Q, Pang J, Qi S, Li Y, Han C, Liu T, Huang L (2009) Impacts of coal mining subsidence on the surface landscape in Longkou city, Shandong Province of China. Environ Earth Sci 59:783–791

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu W, Haycocks C, Zhou Y (1987) Designing for interaction in close-seam multi-seam mining. Paper presented at the The 28th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Tucson, US,

  • Yang JX, Liu CY, Yu B, Wu FF (2014) The effect of a multi-gob, pier-type roof structure on coal pillar load-bearing capacity and stress distribution Bull Eng Geol Environ

  • Yilmaz I (2010) Influence of water content on the strength and deformability of gypsum. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47:342–347

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments and suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Independent Researcher, Brisbane, Australia

    Ebrahim F. Salmi

  2. Department of Mine Surveying and Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

    Agnieszka Malinowska & Ryszard Hejmanowski

Authors
  1. Ebrahim F. Salmi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Agnieszka Malinowska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ryszard Hejmanowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ebrahim F. Salmi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Salmi, E.F., Malinowska, A. & Hejmanowski, R. Investigating the post-mining subsidence and the long-term stability of old mining excavations: case of Cow Pasture Limestone Mine, West Midlands, UK. Bull Eng Geol Environ 79, 225–242 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01575-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01575-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation