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Alloys on the Nanoscale

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Springer Handbook of Nanomaterials

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

An overview is provided of nanostructured alloy materials as both isolated particles with nanoscale diameter (nanoalloys) and bulk materials with nanoscale structure. The methods for preparing and characterizing these systems from both experimental and theoretical modeling points of view are presented, and the basic knowledge on their structural, catalytic, mechanical, optical, and magnetic properties is reviewed. It is shown that, due to the increased freedom associated with composition and chemical ordering, new physical phenomena appear in metal multicomponent nanosystems, as well as novel or profoundly modified properties: For example, new structural motifs can arise depending on the structural and energetic characteristics of the metal components, and the size of the system. Hence, the catalytic activity, mechanical strength, plasmonic and nonlinear optical, as well as magnetic responses exhibit features in multicomponent nanostructured systems which are different and can in principle be finely tuned with respect to their pure counterparts. The challenges associated with full exploitation of these possibilities are outlined.

The chapter starts by defining some concepts and principles specific to the field of nanoalloys which are then used in the next sections (Sect. 11.1). A brief overview of the methods for preparing (Sect. 11.2) and characterizing (Sect. 11.3) nanostructured alloys then follows. The core of the chapter (Sect. 11.4) presents a discussion of the properties of these materials, distinguished into: structural, catalytic, optical, and magnetic. Section 11.5 is devoted to nanostructured bulk alloys. A brief section on applications (Sect. 11.6) and an outlook (Sect. 11.7) conclude the chapter.

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Abbreviations

0-D:

zero-dimensional

1-D:

one-dimensional

2-D:

two-dimensional

3-D:

three-dimensional

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

APPES:

ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy

APS:

3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane

APT:

atom probe tomography

BEP:

Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi relations

BF:

bright field

CALPHAD:

calculation of phase diagrams

CBEV:

coordination-dependent bond-energy variation

CCDB:

Cambridge crystallographic data base

CO:

cuboctahedron

COST:

Cooperation in Science and Technology

CPS:

collected photo signal

CS:

cross section

CVD:

chemical vapor deposition

DDA:

discrete dipole approximation

DFT:

density functional theory

DNA:

deoxyribonucleic acid

DT:

decanethiol

ECELL:

environmental cell

EPR:

electron paramagnetic resonance

ETEM:

environmental TEM

EXAFS:

extended x-ray absorption fine structure

FFT:

fast Fourier transform

HAADF:

high-angle annular dark field

HP:

Hall–Petch

HRTEM:

high-resolution transmission electron microscopy

INCO:

International Nickel Company

IR:

infrared

Ih:

icosahedron

LB94:

van Leeuwen–Baerends

LDA:

local density approximation

LMP:

Larson–Miller plot

LSPR:

localized surface plasmon resonance

MA:

mechanical alloying

MAE:

magnetic anisotropy energy

MD:

molecular dynamics

ML:

monolayer

MR:

magnetic resonance

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

NC:

nanocrystalline

NF:

nanofeatures

NFA:

nanostructured ferritic alloy

NTS:

nanostructured transformable steel

ODS:

oxide dispersion strengthened

Oh:

octahedron

PDOS:

phonon density of states

PES:

potential energy surface

PM:

dipropylene glycol monomethylether

PSD:

photo signal detector

PVD:

physical vapor deposition

QEXAFS:

quick EXAFS

SANS:

small -angle neutron scattering

SEIRA:

surface-enhanced infrared absorption

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

SERS:

surface-enhanced Raman scattering

SFG:

sum-frequency generation

SFM:

scanning force microscopy

SPR:

surface plasmon resonance

STEM:

scanning transmission electron microscopy

STM:

scanning tunneling microscopy

SXRD:

surface x-ray diffraction

TDDFT:

time-dependent density-functional-theory

TEM:

transmission electron microscopy

TO:

truncated octahedron

UHV:

ultrahigh vacuum

UV:

ultraviolet

VSFG:

vibrational sum-frequency generation

Van:

vancomycin

XANES:

x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy

XAS:

x-ray absorption spectroscopy

XPS:

x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XRD:

x-ray diffraction

YAM:

Y4Al2O9

bcc:

body-centered cubic

cp:

close packed

dpa:

displacements per atom

fcc:

face-centered cubic

fct:

face-centered tetragonal

hcp:

hexagonal close packed

nc-AFM:

noncontact AFM

pIh:

polyicosahedron

xc:

exchange–correlation

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for the Physical and Chemical Processes, Italian National Research Council, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Barcaro

  2. Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87544, Los Alamos, NM, USA

    Alfredo Caro

  3. IPCF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Alessandro Fortunelli

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  1. Giovanni Barcaro
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  3. Alessandro Fortunelli
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Correspondence to Giovanni Barcaro , Alfredo Caro or Alessandro Fortunelli .

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, 6100 Main MS-321, 77005-1827, Houston, USA

    Robert Vajtai

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Barcaro, G., Caro, A., Fortunelli, A. (2013). Alloys on the Nanoscale. In: Vajtai, R. (eds) Springer Handbook of Nanomaterials. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20595-8_11

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