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Microbiome and Human Health: From Dysbiosis to Therapeutic Interventions

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Role of Microbes in Sustainable Development

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Abstract

Human body is a complex system housing multiple biomes such as virome, microbiome, and eukaryome which governs human health. Unicellular archaea, bacteria, virus, and multicellular eukaryotes together regulate the physiological functions along with the internal homeostatic mechanisms. With the next-generation sequencing technology, the composition of the “internal biome” and its role in health and disease has become much clearer. Joshua Lederberg coined the term “microbiome” in 2001, which defines the full complement of microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa), their genes, and genomes in or on the human body. Human Microbiome Project was launched in 2007 through 2016 by the National Institutes of Health to characterize the genomic makeup of all microbes inhabiting the human body and analyze its role in health and disease. Bacteria outnumber the human cells tenfold and make up about 1–3% of body mass. The composition of the microbiome changes during the lifetime, impacting human physiology in healthy and diseased state by modulating the metabolic and immune functions. The current chapter provides an introduction to the “human microbiome” and also compares the bacterial diversity in healthy and diseased state. A comparison of microbiome of Indian and Western population has also been added. Gut bacteria play a regulatory role in the metabolism and have a strong connection with brain, influencing behavior. Some bacterial species are found to be either abnormally abundant or reduced in certain diseases. Dysbiosis or imbalance in microbial flora has been recognized as a cause or consequence. Therefore there is a need to adopt certain therapeutic strategies for restoring the balance of microbiome.

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Acknowledgments

RL thanks INSA for providing INSA Senior Scientist Position. RK acknowledges SERB International Research Experience (SIRE) for providing the fellowship (SIR/2022/000474).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Gauri Garg Dhingra & Utkarsh Sood

  2. Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India

    Roshan Kumar

  3. Department of Zoology, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Princy Hira

  4. Department of Zoology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Jasvinder Kaur

  5. Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Rup Lal

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  1. Gauri Garg Dhingra
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  2. Roshan Kumar
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  3. Utkarsh Sood
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  5. Jasvinder Kaur
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. INSA Senior Scientist and Professor Emeritus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India

    R.C. Sobti

  2. Former Vice Chancellor, Central University, Haryana, India

    Ramesh Chander Kuhad

  3. Professor Emeritus, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Rup Lal

  4. Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India

    Parveen Rishi

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Dhingra, G.G., Kumar, R., Sood, U., Hira, P., Kaur, J., Lal, R. (2023). Microbiome and Human Health: From Dysbiosis to Therapeutic Interventions. In: Sobti, R., Kuhad, R.C., Lal, R., Rishi, P. (eds) Role of Microbes in Sustainable Development. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3126-2_13

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