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Halophilic, Acidophilic, Alkaliphilic, Metallophilic, and Radioresistant Fungi: Habitats and Their Living Strategies

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Extremophilic Fungi

Abstract

The magnificent stress-resistant mechanism, capacity to transform extreme abiotic factors as triggers for genetic modulation and physiological evolution, synced speciation in response to altered environment, and highly innovative succession cum resource management skill have crowned the microorganisms as the “specialist messenger of life” that thrive under extreme conditions. However, in recent decade, the ubiquitous fungi have gathered attention after archaea and bacteria for their versatile ecological adaptation, morphological resilience, and biochemical flexibility that allowed them to sustain and flourish under nature’s deadliest environmental conditions. The inhospitable temperature, pressure, radiation, desiccation, salinity, and pH (both acidic and basic)-induced stress has capacitated a large number of extremophilic fungi with better sustainability factors. The “extraterrestrial” type of existence has been reported from hostile and lethal niches like frozen world of Antarctic and Arctic, deep sea ice and hydrothermal vents, hot springs, areas of high salt concentration, barren desert with extreme climate, toxic heavy metal and organic matter polluted regions, ocean trenches with high pressure, radiation contaminated zones, etc. The phylogenetic diversity of extremophilic fungi is highly complex exactly as their multidimensional mechanism of primary and secondary resource management, niche utilization, and physiological metabolism. From the bed of life-enriched rainforests to barren worlds full of toxic materials and fluctuating climate, this eukaryotic group has manifested great evolutionary plasticity and molecular strategies that are the center of interdisciplinary research that connects evolutionary biology, astrobiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, ecology, and many related fields of science. The modification of genetic make-up and introduction of specialized survival technique controlled via manipulation of metabolic pathways are not only associated with successful colonization of these fungal members but also important in terms of exploration of natural products from unexplored sources.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are extremely thankful to UGC, Government of India, for financial assistance. The authors are highly grateful to Presidency University-FRPDF fund, Kolkata, for providing needed research facilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Science, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Tuyelee Das & Abhijit Dey

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Maan, Jordan

    Abdel Rahman Al-Tawaha

  3. Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India

    Devendra Kumar Pandey

  4. Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India

    Potshangbam Nongdam

  5. Biotechnology Unit, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, India

    Mahipal S. Shekhawat

  6. Department of Biotechnology, Barkarullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Kanak Choudhary

  7. Sarojini Naidu Government Postgraduate Girl’s (Autonomous) College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Sanjay Sahay

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    Sanjay Sahay

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Das, T. et al. (2022). Halophilic, Acidophilic, Alkaliphilic, Metallophilic, and Radioresistant Fungi: Habitats and Their Living Strategies. In: Sahay, S. (eds) Extremophilic Fungi. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4907-3_9

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