Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) falls under the family Enterobacteriaceae with the genus Escherichia. They are facultative anaerobic bacteria mostly at 37 °C and due to the presence of peritrichous flagella; they can be motile or nonmotile. They are enteric bacteria belonging to naturally beneficial flora of humans as well as gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. The pathotypes of pathogenic enteric E. coli strains have been classified into six groups which include Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), and diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC). Another pathotype, adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) which is the seventh group is observed along with Crohn’s disease. E. coli infection in humans is usually observed while consuming food products that are contaminated that may belong to either animal origin foods, fresh vegetables, water meant for drinking contaminated by animal or human wastes. Some of the infections include UTI, gastrointestinal infections, neonatal meningitis, colorectal cancer, etc. Besides, multidrug resistance in E. coli is being increasingly observed across the world, which leads to a fearing issue both in humans and also in veterinary medicine field. The highly resistant drugs include tetracycline, quinolones, and carbapenemase. The ability of E. coli to form biofilm also makes the organisms resistant to different antimicrobial drugs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aarestrup FM, Wegener HC, Collignon P (2008) Resistance in bacteria of the food chain: epidemiology and control strategies. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 6:733–750. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.6.5.733
Abigail F, Macdonald-Wallis C, Tilling K, Boyd A, Golding J, Smith GD, Henderson J et al (2012) Cohort profile: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort. Int J Epidemiol 42(1):97–110
Anderson KL, Whitlock JE, Harwood VJ (2005) Persistence and differential survival of fecal indicator bacteria in subtropical waters and sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:3041–3048. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.6.3041-3048.2005
Andrade JRC, Daveiga VF, De santa rosa M, Suassuna I (1989) An endocytic process in HEp-2 cells induced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol 28:49–57. https://doi.org/10.1099/00222615-28-1-49
Arampatzi SI, Giannoglou G, Diza E (2011) Aristotle University medical journal scientific annals of the Medical School of Thessaloniki. Aristotle Univ Med J 38:21–29
Barbau-Piednoir E, Denayer S, Botteldoorn N et al (2018) Detection and discrimination of five E. coli pathotypes using a combinatory SYBR® green qPCR screening system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102:3267–3285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8820-0
Bauer RJ, Zhang L, Foxman B et al (2002) Molecular epidemiology of 3 putative virulence genes for Escherichia coli urinary tract infection— usp, iha, and iroN E. coli. J Infect Dis 185:1521–1524. https://doi.org/10.1086/340206
Buc E, Dubois D, Sauvanet P et al (2013) High prevalence of mucosa-associated E. coli producing cyclomodulin and genotoxin in colon cancer. PLoS One 8:e56964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056964
Burdett V (1986) Streptococcal tetracycline resistance mediated at the level of protein synthesis. J Bacteriol 165:564–569. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.165.2.564-569.1986
Burdett V (1991) Purification and characterization of Tet(M), a protein that renders ribosomes resistant to tetracycline. J Biol Chem 266:2872–2877
Burdett V (1996) Tet(M)-promoted release of tetracycline from ribosomes is GTP dependent. J Bacteriol 178:3246–3251. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.178.11.3246-3251.1996
Burdett V, Inamine J, Rajagopalan S (1982) Heterogeneity of tetracycline resistance determinants in Streptococcus. J Bacteriol 149:995–1004
Campos LC, Whittam TS, Gomes TA et al (1994) Escherichia coli serogroup O111 includes several clones of diarrheagenic strains with different virulence properties. Infect Immun 62:3282–3288
Chandran A, Herbert H, Misurski D, Santosham M (2011) Long-term sequelae of childhood bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 30:3–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ef25f7
Chopra I, Roberts M (2001) Tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 65:232–260. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001
Clarke SC, Haigh RD, Freestone PPE, Williams PH (2002) Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection: history and clinical aspects. Br J Biomed Sci 59:123–127
Clements A, Young JC, Constantinou N, Frankel G (2012) Infection strategies of enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Gut Microbes 3:71–87. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.19182
Cole BK, Scott E, Ilikj M et al (2017) Route of infection alters virulence of neonatal septicemia Escherichia coli clinical isolates. PLoS One 12:e0189032. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189032
Coque TM, Novais Â, Carattoli A et al (2008) Dissemination of clonally related Escherichia coli strains expressing extended-Spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-15. Emerg Infect Dis 14:195–200. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1402.070350
Croxen MA, Law RJ, Scholz R et al (2013) Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 26:822–880. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00022-13
Da Re S, Valle J, Charbonnel N et al (2013) Identification of commensal Escherichia coli genes involved in biofilm resistance to pathogen colonization. PLoS One 8:e61628. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061628
Davies J (1994) Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes. Science 264:375–382. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8153624
Drlica K, Zhao X (1997) DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61:377–392
Dubreuil JD, Isaacson RE, Schifferli DM (2016) Animal enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. EcoSal Plus 7:ESP-0006-2016. https://doi.org/10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0006-2016
DuPont HL, Formal SB, Hornick RB et al (1971) Pathogenesis of Escherichia coli Diarrhea. N Engl J Med 285:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197107012850101
Ejrnaes K, Sandvang D, Lundgren B et al (2006) Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of Escherichia coli strains from samples collected before and after pivmecillinam or placebo treatment of uncomplicated community-acquired urinary tract infection in women. J Clin Microbiol 44:1776–1781. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.44.5.1776-1781.2006
Estrada-Garcia T, Navarro-Garcia F (2012) Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathotype: a genetically heterogeneous emerging foodborne enteropathogen. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 66:281–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.01008.x
Farshad S, Ranjbar R, Japoni A et al (2012) Microbial susceptibility, virulence factors, and plasmid profiles of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from children in Jahrom, Iran. Arch Iran Med 15:312–316
Flemming H-C, Wingender J, Griebe T, Mayer C (2000) Physico-chemical properties of biofilms. In: Evans LV (ed) Biofilms: recent advances in their study and control. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 19–34
Gomes TAT, Elias WP, Scaletsky ICA et al (2016) Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Braz J Microbiol 47:3–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.015
Grossman TH, Fyfe C, O’Brien W et al (2017) Fluorocycline TP-271 is potent against complicated community-acquired bacterial pneumonia pathogens. mSphere 2:e00004-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00004-17
Grossman TH, Starosta AL, Fyfe C et al (2012) Target- and resistance-based mechanistic studies with TP-434, a novel fluorocycline antibiotic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:2559–2564. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.06187-11
Hale TL, Sansonetti PJ, Schad PA et al (1983) Characterization of virulence plasmids and plasmid-associated outer membrane proteins in Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, and Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 40:340–350
Harris JR, Wachsmuth IK, Davis BR, Cohen ML (1982) High-molecular-weight plasmid correlates with Escherichia coli enteroinvasiveness. Infect Immun 37:1295–1298
Hooton TM, Scholes D, Hughes JP et al (1996) A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women. N Engl J Med 335:468–474. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199608153350703
Jacoby GA (2005) Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones. Clin Infect Dis 41:S120–S126. https://doi.org/10.1086/428052
Jaffe A, Chabbert YA, Semonin O (1982) Role of porin proteins OmpF and OmpC in the permeation of beta-lactams. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 22:942–948. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.22.6.942
Jenner L, Starosta AL, Terry DS et al (2013) Structural basis for potent inhibitory activity of the antibiotic tigecycline during protein synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110:3812–3816. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1216691110
Kabiru L, Bello M, Kabir J et al (2015) Detection of pathogenic Escherichia coli in samples collected at an abattoir in Zaria, Nigeria and at different points in the surrounding environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:679–691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120100679
Kalliopi M (2013) Quality of life in chronic disease patients. Health Psychol Res 1:3
Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HLT (2004) Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:123–140. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro818
Lane DR, Takhar SS (2011) Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis. Emerg Med Clin North Am 29:539–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2011.04.001
LeCuyer TE, Byrne BA, Daniels JB et al (2018) Population structure and antimicrobial resistance of canine uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 56:e00788-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00788-18
Leila C, Whittam TS, Gomes TA, Andrade JR, Trabulsi LR (1994) Escherichia coli serogroup O111 includes several clones of diarrheagenic strains with different virulence properties. Infect Immun 62(8):3282–3288
Lippolis JD, Holman DB, Brunelle BW et al (2017) Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of Escherichia coli strains associated with persistent and transient bovine mastitis and the role of colanic acid. Infect Immun 86:e00566-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00566-17
Maelle PH, Friswell MK, Alswied A, Roberts CL, Song F, Flanagan PK, Knight P et al (2014) Colonic mucosa-associated diffusely adherent afaC+ Escherichia coli expressing lpfA and pks are increased in inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Gut 63(5):761–770
Maity TK, Kumar R, Misra AK (2010) Prevalence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from Chhana based Indian sweets in relation to public health. Indian J Microbiol 50:463–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-011-0102-9
Momtaz H, Karimian A, Madani M et al (2013) Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Iran: Serogroup distributions, virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance properties. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 12:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-12-8
Moore IF, Hughes DW, Wright GD (2005) Tigecycline is modified by the flavin-dependent monooxygenase TetX. Biochemistry 44:11829–11835. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi0506066
Nataro JP, Kaper JB (1998) Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:142–201. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.11.1.142
Nordmann P, Naas T, Poirel L (2011) Global spread of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae. Emerg Infect Dis 17:1791–1798. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1710.110655
O’Brien AD, Gentry MK, Thompson MR et al (1979) Shigellosis and Escherichia coli diarrhea: relative importance of invasive and toxigenic mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 32:229–233. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/32.1.229
Okeke IN, Macfarlane-Smith LR, Fletcher JN, Snelling AM (2011) IS3 profiling identifies the enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O-island 62 in a distinct enteroaggregative E. coli lineage. Gut Pathog 3:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-4749-3-4
Phillips AD (2000) Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 target peyer’s patches in humans and cause attaching/effacing lesions in both human and bovine intestine. Gut 47:377–381. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.47.3.377
Prüß BM, Besemann C, Denton A, Wolfe AJ (2006) A complex transcription network controls the early stages of biofilm development by Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 188:3731–3739. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01780-05
Qadri F, Svennerholm A-M, Faruque ASG, Sack RB (2005) Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in developing countries: epidemiology, microbiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:465–483. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.18.3.465-483.2005
Raeispour M, Ranjbar R (2018) Antibiotic resistance, virulence factors and genotyping of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 7:118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-018-0411-4
Ramana J, Tamanna (2012) dbDiarrhea: the database of pathogen proteins and vaccine antigens from diarrheal pathogens. Infect Genet Evol 12:1647–1651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.002
Ricci KA, Girosi F, Tarr PI et al (2006) Reducing stunting among children: the potential contribution of diagnostics. Nature 444:29–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05444
Sandvig K (2001) Shiga toxins. Toxicon 39:1629–1635. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00150-7
Sansonetti PJ, Kopecko DJ, Formal SB (1982) Involvement of a plasmid in the invasive ability of Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 35:852–860
Servin AL (2005) Pathogenesis of Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:264–292. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.18.2.264-292.2005
Servin AL (2014) Pathogenesis of human diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing Afa/Dr Adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC): current insights and future challenges. Clin Microbiol Rev 27:823–869. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00036-14
da Silva ZN, da Cunha AS, Lins MC et al (2001) Isolation and serological identification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in pasteurized milk in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 35:375–379. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102001000400007
Sixma TK, Kalk KH, van Zanten BAM et al (1993) Refined structure of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, a close relative of cholera toxin. J Mol Biol 230:890–918. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1993.1209
Soto SM, Guiral E, Bosch J, Vila J (2009) Prevalence of the set-1B and astA genes encoding enterotoxins in uropathogenic Escherichia coli clinical isolates. Microb Pathog 47:305–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2009.09.007
Stamm WE (2006) Theodore E. Woodward award: host-pathogen interactions in community-acquired urinary tract infections. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 117:75–83; discussion 83–4
Stapleton PD, Shannon KP, French GL (1999) Carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli associated with plasmid-determined CMY-4 beta-lactamase production and loss of an outer membrane protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:1206–1210
Stromberg ZR, Johnson JR, Fairbrother JM et al (2017) Evaluation of Escherichia coli isolates from healthy chickens to determine their potential risk to poultry and human health. PLoS One 12:e0180599. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180599
Tajbakhsh E, Khamesipour F, Ranjbar R, Ugwu IC (2015) Prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from aquaculture water in Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province, Iran. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 14:37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-015-0096-y
Tanaka SK, Steenbergen J, Villano S (2016) Discovery, pharmacology, and clinical profile of omadacycline, a novel aminomethylcycline antibiotic. Bioorg Med Chem 24:6409–6419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.029
Taylor DN, Echeverria P, Sethabutr O et al (1988) Clinical and microbiologic features of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infections detected by DNA hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 26:1362–1366
Theodoridou K, Vasilopoulou VA, Katsiaflaka A et al (2013) Association of treatment for bacterial meningitis with the development of sequelae. Int J Infect Dis 17:e707–e713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2013.02.009
Trabulsi LR, Keller R, Gomes TAT (2002) Typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Emerg Infect Dis 8:508–513. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0805.010385
Veziant J, Gagnière J, Jouberton E et al (2016) Association of colorectal cancer with pathogenic Escherichia coli: focus on mechanisms using optical imaging. World J Clin Oncol 7:293. https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v7.i3.293
Vidal JE, Canizález-Román A, Gutiérrez-Jiménez J, Navarro-García F (2007) Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology and diagnosis of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Salud Publica Mex 49:376–386
Vidal JE, Navarro-Garcia F (2006) Efficient translocation of EspC into epithelial cells depends on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and host cell contact. Infect Immun 74:2293–2303. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.74.4.2293-2303.2006
Walker RI, Steele D, Aguado T (2007) Analysis of strategies to successfully vaccinate infants in developing countries against enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) disease. Vaccine 25:2545–2566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.12.028
Wijetunge DSS, Gongati S, DebRoy C et al (2015) Characterizing the pathotype of neonatal meningitis causing Escherichia coli (NMEC). BMC Microbiol 15:211. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-015-0547-9
World Health Organization (WHO) (2006) Weekly epidemiological record. http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8111.pdf
Wright G (2005) Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: enzymatic degradation and modification. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57:1451–1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2005.04.002
Xu J-G, Cheng B-K, Jing H-Q (1999) Escherichia Coli O157 H7 and Shiga-like-toxin-producing Escherichia Coli in China. World J Gastroenterol 5:191–194. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v5.i3.191
Zhanel GG, Cheung D, Adam H et al (2016) Review of eravacycline, a novel fluorocycline antibacterial agent. Drugs 76:567–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-016-0545-8
Zhanel GG, Wiebe R, Dilay L et al (2007) Comparative review of the carbapenems. Drugs 67:1027–1052. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200767070-00006
Zhao W-D, Liu D-X, Wei J-Y et al (2018) Caspr1 is a host receptor for meningitis-causing Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 9:2296. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04637-3
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sharma, I., Yaiphathoi, S., Hazarika, P. (2020). Pathogenic Escherichia coli: Virulence Factors and Their Antimicrobial Resistance. In: Siddhardha, B., Dyavaiah, M., Syed, A. (eds) Model Organisms for Microbial Pathogenesis, Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Drug Discovery. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1695-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1695-5_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-1694-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-1695-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)