Abstract
Characteristics of planting stock which reflect quality (defined here as performance potential) are categorized as either “performance” attributes or “material” attributes. Performance attributes, such as root-growth potential, cold hardiness, and stress resistance, are assessed by subjecting whole seedlings to certain environmental regimes and evaluating their response. Because performance attributes are integrators of all or many seedling subsystems, they often correlate well with seedling performance potential; however, they tend to require laborious and time-consuming procedures. Material attributes, such as dormancy status, water relations, nutrition, and morphology, are assessed by measuring the attribute in question by any number of direct or indirect methods. Although material attributes are often more easily and rapidly measured than performance attributes, the former generally yield little definitive information on seedling quality unless values fall well outside of some established range. Of the Northwest nurseries responding to the OSU Nursery Survey, many reported using various methods to assess seedling conditions. However, most methods were used to indicate the desirability of carrying out certain cultural operations, such as irrigation or lifting, rather than to measure seedling quality itself.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Askren, C. A., and R. K. Hermann. 1979. Is the oscilloscope technique suitable for predicting survival of planting stock? Tree Planters ’ Notes 30: 7–12.
Aston, M. J., and D. M. Paton. 1973. Frost room design for radiation frost studies in Eucalyptus. Australian J. Botany 21: 193–199.
Becwar, M. R., C. Rajashekar, K.). Hansen Bristow, and M. J. Burke. 1981. Deep undercooling of tissue water and winter hardiness limitations in timberline flora. Plant Physiology 68: 111–114.
Bixby, J. A., and G. N. Brown. 1974. Rapid determination of cold hardiness in black locust seedlings using a pressure chamber. 3rd North American Forest Biology workshop. Boulder, Colorado. Abstr. No. 12.
Blazich, F. A., D. R. Evert, and D. E. Bee. 1974. Comparison of three methods of measuring winter hardiness of internodal stem sections of Forsytfiia intermedia “Lynwood.” I. American Societyfor Horticultural Sci. 9: 211–214.
Brown, G. N. 1980. Control of frost hardiness in tree shoots. Pages 297–304 in IUFRO Proc., Joint workshop on xylem and shoot growth physiology (C. H. A. Little, ed.). Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.
Bunting, W. R. 1980. Seedling quality: growth and developmentsoil relationships, seedling growth and development, density control relationships. Pages 21–42 in Proc., North American forest tree nursery soils workshop (L. P. Abrahamson and D. H. Bickelhaupt, eds.). State Univ. New York, Coll. Environ. Sci. and Forestry, Syracuse.
Burdett, A. N. 1979. New methods for measuring root growth capacity: their value in assessing lodgepole pine stock quality. Can. J. Forest Res. 9: 63–67.
Burdett, A. N. 1981. Personal communication, B. C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria.
Campbell, R. K. 1978. Regulation of bud–burst timing by temperature and photoregime during dormancy. Pages 19–33 in Proc., V. North American forest biology workshop (C. A. Hollis and A. E. Squillace. eds.). Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.
Campbell, R. K., and A. I. Sugano. 1975. Phenology of bud-burst in Douglas-fir related to provenance, photoperiod, chilling, and flushing temperature. Botanical Gazette 136: 290–298.
Campbell. R. K.. and A. I. Sugano. 1979. Genecoiogy of bud-burst phenology in Douglas-fir: response to flushing temperature and chilling. Botanical Gazette 140: 223–231.
Carlson. W. C., W. D. Binder, C. O. Feenan, and C. L. Preisig. 1980. Changes in mitotic index during onset of dormancy in Douglas-fir seedlings. Can. J. Forest Res. 10: 371–378.
Cary, J. W., and H. D. Fisher. 1969. Plant moisture stress: a portable freezing point meter compared with the psychrometer. Agronomy J. 61: 302–305.
Chavasse, C. G. R. 1980. Planting stock quality: a review of factors affecting performance. New Zealand J. Forestry 2 5: 144–171.
Cheung. Y. N. S.. M. T. Tyree, and J. Dainty. 1975. Water relations parameters on single leaves obtained in a pressure bomb and some ecological interpretations. Can. J. Botany 53: 1342–1346.
Childs, S. (Date unknown.) Evaluation of a rapid technique to estimate plant water potential for applications in forestry. Unpublished manuscript, Washington State Univ.. Pullman. 7 p.
Cleary. B. D., R. D. Greaves, and P. W. Owston. 1978. Seedlings. Pages 63–97 in Regenerating Oregon’s forests (B. D. Cleary, R. D. Greaves, and R. K. Hermann, eds.). Oregon State Univ. Ext. Serv., Corvallis.
Cleary. B. D.. and J. B. Zaerr. 1980. Pressure chamber techniques for monitoring and evaluating seedling water status. New Zealand J. Forestry Sci. 10: 133–141.
Davis. W., A. Shigo, and R. Weyrick. 1979. Seasonal changes in electrical resistance of inner bark in red oak, red maple, and eastern white pine. Forest Sci. 25: 282–286.
Dexter, S. T., W. E. Tottingham, and L. F. Graber. 1930. Preliminary results in measuring the hardiness of plants. Plant Physiology 5: 2 1 5–223.
Dexter, S. T., W. E. Tottingham. and L. F. Graber. 1932. Investigations of the hardiness of plants by measurement of electrical conductivity. Plant Physiology 7: 63–78.
Dickson, A., A. L. Leaf, and J. F. Hosner. 1960. Quality appraisal of white spruce and white pine seedling stock in nurseries. Forestry Chronicle 36: 10–13.
Dobbs, R. C. 1976. Effect of-initial mass of white spruce and lodgepole pine planting stock on field performance in the British Columbia interior. Can. Forestry Serv., Dep. Environ. Rep. BC-X-149. 14 p.
Edgren, J. W. 1980. The reforestation system-a team effort. Pages 12–20 in Proc., North American forest tree nursery soils workshop (L. P. Abrahamson and D. H. Bickelhaupt, eds.). State Univ. New York, Coll. Environ. Sci. and Forestry, Syracuse.
Ehlig, C. F. 1962. Measurement of energy status of water in plants with a thermocouple psychrometer. Plant Physiology 37: 288–290.
Erez, A., G. A. Couvillon, and C. H. Hendershott. 1979. The effect of cycle length on chilling negation by high temperatures in dormant peach leaf buds. J. American Society for Horticultural Sci. 104: 573–576.
Farmer, R. E., Jr. 1978. Seasonal carbohydrate levels in roots of Appalachian hardwood planting stock. Tree Planters ’ Notes 29: 22–24.
Ferguson, R. B., R. A. Ryker, and E. D. Ballard. 1975. Portable oscilloscope technique for detecting dormancy in nursery stock. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., lntermountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Ogden, Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-26. 16 p.
Fisher, H. D. 1972. An inexpensive method of determining plant moisture stress using freezing-point depression. Soil Sci. 11 3: 383–385.
Flint, H. L., B. R. Boyce, and D. J. Beattie. 1967. Index of injury-a0 useful expression of freezing injury to plant tissues as determined by the electrolytic method. Can. J. Plant Sci. 47: 229–230.
Gilmore, A. R. 1962. Root growth of transplanted loblolly pine (Pmus taeda L.) seedlings in relation to chemical root reserves. Illinois State Academy of Sci. Trans. 55: 38–41.
Glerum, C. 1970. Vitality determinations of tree tissue with kilocycle and megacycle electrical impedance. Forestry Chronicle 46: 63–64.
Glerum, C. 1976. Frost hardiness of forest trees. Pages 403–420 in Tree physiology and yield improvement (M. G. R. Cannell and F. T. Last, eds.). Academic Press, New York.
Glerum, C., J. L. Farrar, and R. L. McLure. 1966. A frost hardiness study of six coniferous species. Forestry Chronicle 42: 69–75.
Green, L. M., and I. J. Warrington. 1978. Assessment of frost damage in radiata pine seedlings using the diffusate conductivity technique. New Zealand J. Forestry Sci. 8: 344–350.
Gross, K. 1980. The pressure-volume technique as an aid to the characterization of freshness of forest planting stock. Pages 137–151 in Proc., Characterization of plant material (H. Schmidt-Vogt, ed.). IUFRO meeting, Div. 1, Freiburg i. Br., Federal Republic of Germany.
Hatch. A. H„ and D. R. Walker. 1969. Rest intensity of dormant peach and apricot leaf buds as influenced by temperature, cold hardiness and respiration. J. American Society for Horticultural Sci. 94: 304–307.
Havis, J. R. 1976. Root hardiness of woody ornamentals. Hort-Science 11: 385–386.
Hellkvist, J., G. P. Richards, and P. G. Jarvis. 1974. Vertical gradients of water potential and tissue water relations in S itka spruce trees measured with the pressure chamber. J. Applied Ecology 11: 637–667.
Hellmers, H. 1962. Physiological changes in stored pine seedlings. Tree Planters ’ Notes 53: 9–10.
Hermann, R. K. 1962. The effect of short-term exposure of roots on survival of 2-0 Douglas-fir stock. Tree Planters ’ Notes 52: 28–30.
Hermann, R. K. 1964. Effects of prolonged exposure of roots on survival of 2-0 Douglas-fir seedlings, j. Forestry 62: 401–403.
Hermann, R. K. 1967. Seasonal variation in sensitivity of Douglas-firseedlings to exposure of roots. Forest Sci. 13: 140–149.
Hermann, R. K., and D. P. Lavender. 1976. Large stock: is it really superior? IUFRO, 14th World Congress. Contributed paper. Working Group 1.05.04. Mimeo. 8 p.
Hermann, R. K., and D. P. Lavender. 1979. Testing the vigor of coniferous planting stock. Oregon State Univ.. Forest Res. Lab., Corvallis. Res. Note 63. 3 p.
Hermann, R. K.. D. P. Lavender, and J. B. Zaerr. 1972. Lifting and storing western conifer seedlings. Oregon State Univ., Forest Res. Lab., Corvallis. Res. Pap. 17. 8 p.
Hocking, D., and R. D. Nyland. 1971. Cold storage of coniferous seedlings: a review. State Univ. New York, Coll. Forestry, Syracuse. Applied Forestry Res. Institute Rep. 6. 70 p.
Hofler, K. 1920. Ein Schema fur die osmotische Leistung der Pflanzenzelle. Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft, Berlin 38: 288–298.
Holbo, H. R., C. A. Askren, and R. K. Hermann. 1981. Does the oscilloscope technique reveal the dormancy status of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine? Forest Sci. 27: 405–412.
Hsaio, T. C., E. Acevedo, E. Fereres, and D. W. Henderson. 1976. Stress metabolism: water stress, growth and osmotic adjustment. Philosophical Trans, of the Royal Society of London 273: 479–500.
Incoll, L. D., S. P. Long, and M. R. Ashmore. 1977. SI units in publications in plant science. Current Advances in Plant Sci. 28: 331–343.
Jaramillo, A. 1980. Review of techniques used to evaluate seedling quality. Pages 84–95 in Proc., lntermountain Nurseryman’s Assoc. and Western Forest Nursery Association. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., lntermountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Ogden, Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-109.
Johnson, N. E.. and D. G. Nielson. 1969. Pressure chamber measurements of water stress in individual pine fascicles. Forest Sci. 15: 452–453.
Knipling, E. B. 1967. Measurement of leaf water potential by the dye method. Ecology 48: 1038–1040.
Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.). 1968. Water deficits and plant growth. Vol. I. Development, control, and measurement. Academic Press, New York. 390 p.
Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.). 1968. Water deficits and plant growth. Vol. II. Plant water consumption and response. Academic Press, New York. 333 p.
Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.). 1972. Water deficits and plant growth. Vol. III. Plant responses and control of water balance. Academic Press, New York. 368 p.
Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.). 1976. Water deficits and plant growth. Vol. IV. Soil water measurement, plant responses, and breeding for drought resistance. Academic Press, New York. 383 p.
Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.). 1978. Water deficits and plant growth. Vol. V. Water and plant disease. Academic Press, New York. 323 p.
Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.). 1981. Water deficits and plant growth. Vol. VI. Woody plant communities. Academic Press, New York. 582 p.
Kramer, P. J., and T. T. Kozlowski. 1979. Physiology of woody plants. Academic Press, New York. 811 p.
Lavender. D. P.. and R. K. Hermann. 1970. Regulation of the growth potential of Douglas-fir seedlings during dormancy. New Phytologist 69: 675–694.
Lavender. D. P.. and P. F. Wareing. 1972. Effects of daylength and chilling on the responses of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii ( Mirb.) Franco) seedlings to root damage and storage. New Phytologist 71: 1055–1067.
Levitt,). 1980. Responses of plants to environmental stresses. Vol. I. Chilling, freezing and high temperature stresses. Academic Press, New York. 497 p.
Levitt, I. 1980. Responses of plants to environmental stresses. Vol. II. Water, radiation, salt and other stresses. Academic Press, New York. 607 p.
Li, P. H. 1978. Plant cold hardiness research. HortScience 13: 222–224.
Mazur, P. 1969. Freezing injury in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 20: 419–448.
McCracken, I. 1978. Carbon dioxide uptake of pine seedlings after cool storage. Forest Sci. 24: 17–2 5.
McCreary, D. 1982. Personal communication. Department of Forest Science’, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.
McMinn, R. G. 1980. Root growth capacity and field performance of various types and sizes of white spruce stock following outplanting in the central interior of British Columbia. Pages 37–41 in Proc., Characterization of plant material (H. Schmidt- Vogt, ed.). IUFRO meeting, Div. 1. Freiburg i. Br., Federal Republic of Germany.
Menzies, M. 1. 1980. Effect of nursery conditioning on the water relations of two year old Douglas-fir seedlings after lifting and outplanting. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Washington. Seattle. 208 p.
Menzies, M. I., and D. G. Holden. 1981. Seasonal frost tolerance of Pinus radiata, Pinus muricata and Pseudotsuga menziesii. New Zealand J. Forestry Sci. 11: 92–99.
Nelson, E. A., and D. P. Lavender. 1979. The chilling requirement of western hemlock seedlings. Forest Sci. 2 5: 485–490.
Nienstaedt. H. 1966. Dormancy and dormancy release in white spruce. Forest Sci. 12: 374–384.
Nienstaedt. H. 1967. Chilling requirements in seven Picea species. Silvae Genetica 16: 65–68.
Owens. 1. N. 1968. Initiation and development of leaves in Douglasfir.Can. I. Botany 46: 271–278.
Owens, 1. N., and M. Molder. 1973. A study of DNA and mitotic activity in the vegetative apex of Douglas-fir during the annual growth cycle. Can. J. Botany 51: 1395–1409.
Parmelee, K. 1979. The relationship of electrical impedance to vegetative maturity and dormancy in red-osier dogwood. M.S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 87 p.
Pellett. N. E., and D. B.White. 1969. Soil-air temperature relationships and cold acclimation of container-grown)uniperus cfiinensis “Hetzi.” J. American Society for Horticultural Sci. 94: 453–456.
Perry. T. O. 1971. Dormancy of trees in winter. Science 171: 29–36.
Puttonen. P. 1980. Effect of temporary storage temperature on carbohydrate levels in Scots pine seedlings and planting success. Pages 169–179 in Proc.. Characterization of plant material (H. Schmidt-Vogt. ed.). IUFRO meeting. Div. 1. Freiburg i. Br., Federal Republic of Germany.
Richardson. E. A.. S. D. Seeley. and D. R. Walker. 1974. A model for estimating the completion of rest for “Redhaven” and “Elberta” peach trees. HortScience 9: 331–332.
Ritchie, G. A. 1982. Carbohydrate reserves and root growth potential in Douglas-fir seedlings before and after cold storage. Can. J. Forest Res. 12: 905–912.
Ritchie. G. A., and I. R. Dunlap. 1980. Root growth potential: its development and expression in forest tree seedlings. New Zealand I. Forestry Sci. 10: 218–248.
Ritchie, G. A., and T. M. Hinckley. 1971. Evidence for error in pressure-bomb estimates of stem xylem potentials. Ecology 52: 534–536.
Ritchie, G. A., and T. M. Hinckley. 1975. The pressure chamber as an instrument for ecological research. Advances in Ecological Res. 9: 165–254.
Ritchie, G. A., and R. G. Shula. 1983. Seasonal changes of tissue water relations in shoots and root systems of Douglas-fir seedlings. Forest Sci. (in press).
Robotham, R, W., J. Lloyd, and I. I. Warrington. 1978. A controlled environment room for producing advective white or black frost conditions. J. Agric. Engineering Res. 23: 301–311.
Romberger, J. A. 1963. Meristems. growth and development in woody plants. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Washington, D.C. Tech. Bull. 1293. 214 p.
Rosvail-Ahnebrink, G. 1982. Personal communication, Institution for Skogsforyngring Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Garpenberg, Sweden.
Rowley, J. A., C. G. Tunnicliffe. and A. O. Taylor. 1975. Freezing sensitivity of leaf tissue of C4 grasses. Australian J. Plant Physiology 2: 447–451.
Sakai, A. 1978. Low temperature exotherms of winter buds of hardy conifers. Plant and Cell Physiology 19: 1439–1446.
Salisbury. F. B. and C. W. Ross. 1978. Plant physiology. Wadsworth Publishing Co.. Inc.. Belmont, California. 438 p.
Samish, R. M. 1954. Dormancy in woody plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 5: 183–204.
Sandvik, M. 1980. Environmental control of winter stress tolerance and growth potential in seedlings of Picea abies (L.) Karst. New Zealand J. Forestry Sci. 10: 97–104.
Schmidt-Vogt. H. (ed.). 1980. Characterization of plant material. Proc.. IUFRO meeting, Div. 1. June 23–26. Freiburg i. Br.. Federal Republic of Germany. 193 p.
Schmidt-Vogt. H. 1981. Morphological and physiological characteristics of planting stock: present state of research and research tasks for the future. Pages 433–446 in Proc., IUFRO X VII World Congress. Kyoto, Japan.
Scholander, P. F„ H. T. Hammel, E. D. Bradstreet, and E. A. Hemmingsen. 1965. Sap pressure in vascular plants. Science 148: 339–346.
Shardkov, V. W. 1948. New field method for the determination of the suction pressure of plants (in Russian). Doklady Akademii Nauk. SSSR 60: 169–172.
Shepherd, K. R. 1980. The use of controlled environments in forestry research. New Zealand J. Forestry Sci. 10: 105–115.
Siminovitch, D. 1963. Evidence from increase in ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis in autumn for increase in protoplasm during the first frost hardening of black locust bark cells. Can. J. Botany 41: 1301–1308.
Slatyer, R. O. 1967. Plant-water relationships. Academic Press, New York. 366 p.
Slavik, B. 1974. Methods of studying plant water relations. Springer- Verlag. New York. 449 p.
Spanner, D. C. 1951. The Peltier effect and its use in the measurement of suction pressure. J. Experimental Botany 11: 145–168.
Steponkus, P. L.. and F. O. Lanphear. 1967. Refinement of the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride method of determining cold injury. Plant Physiology 42: 1423–1426.
Stergios. B. G., and G. S. Howell, Jr. 1973. Evaluation of viability tests for cold stressed plants. J. American Society for Horticultural Sci. 98: 325–330.
Stone, E. C. 1955. Poor survival and the physiological condition of planting stock. Forest Sci. 1: 90–94.
Stone, E. C. 1970. Variation in the root-growth capacity of ponderosa pine transplants. Pages 40–46 in Regeneration of ponderosa pine (R. K. Hermann, ed.). Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.
Stone. E. C. 1980. Unpublished data, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Stone, E. C., and J. L. Jenkinson. 1970. Influence of soil water on root growth capacity of ponderosa pine transplants. Forest Sci. 16: 230–239.
Stone. E. C.. J. L. Jenkinson. and S. L. Krugman. 1962. Root regenerating potential of Douglas-fir seedlings lifted at different times of the year. Forest Sci. 8: 288–297.
Stone, E. C.. G. H. Schubert. R. W. Benseler. F. J. Baron, and S. L. Krugman. 1963. Variation in the root regenerating potentials of ponderosa pine from four California nurseries. Forest Sci. 9: 217–225.
Sutton. R. F. 1979. Planting stock quality and grading. Forest Ecology and Management 2: 123–132.
Thompson, B. E., and R. Timmis. 1978. Root regeneration potential in Douglas-fir seedlings: effect of photoperiod and air temperature on its evaluation and control. Pages 86–109 in Proc., IUFRO symp. on root physiology and symbiosis (A. Riedacker and J. Gagnaire-Michard, eds.). Nancy, France.
Timmis, K. A., L. H. Fuchigami, and R. Timmis. 1981. Measuring dormancy: the rise and fall of square waves. Hort Science 16: 200–202.
Timmis, R. 1976. Methods of screening tree seedlings for frost hardiness. Pages 421–435 in Tree physiology and yield improvement (M. G. R. Cannell and F. T. Last, eds.). Academic Press, New York.
Timmis, R. 1980. Stress resistance and quality criteria for tree seedlings: analysis, measurement and use. New Zealand J. Forestry Sci. 10: 21–53.
Timmis, R. 1980. Unpublished data, Weyerhaeuser Technology Center, Tacoma. Washington.
Timmis, R. 1981. Unpublished data, Weyerhaeuser Technology Center, Tacoma, Washington.
Timmis, R., and J. G. Worrall. 1974. Translocation of dehardening and bud-break promoters in climatically ‘split’ Douglas-fir. Can. J. Forest Res. 4: 229–237.
Truelove, B.. D. E. Davis, and L. R. Jones. 1974. A new method for detecting photosynthesis inhibitors. Weed Sci. 22: 15–17.
Turner, N. C.. and P. J. Kramer (eds.). 1980. Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 482 p.
Tyree. M. T.. and H. T. Hammel. 1972. The measurement of the turgor pressure and the water relations of plants by the pressurebomb technique. J. Experimental Botany 23: 267–282.
van den Driessche. R. 1969. Influence of moisture supply, temperature, and light on frost-hardiness changes in Douglas-fir seedlings. Can. J. Botany 47: 1765–1772.
van den Driessche, R. 1973. Prediction of frost hardiness in Douglas-fir seedlings by measuring electrical impedance in stems at different frequencies. Can. J. Forest Res. 3: 2 56–264.
van den Driessche, R. 1975. Flushing response of Douglas-fir buds to chilling and to different air temperatures after chilling. B.C. Forest Serv., Victoria. Res. Note 71. 22 p.
van den Driessche, R. 1976. Prediction of cold hardiness in Douglas-fir seedlings by index of injury and conductivity methods. Can. J. Forest Res. 6: 511–515.
van den Driessche, R. 1980. Health, vigor and quality of conifer seedlings in relation to nursery soil fertility. Pages 100–120 in Proc., North American forest tree nursery soils workshop (L. P. Abrahamson and D. H. Bickelhaupt, eds.). State Univ. New York, Coll. Environ. Sci. and Forestry, Syracuse.
van den Driessche, R. 1980. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on Douglas-fir nursery growth and survival after out-planting. Can. J. Forest Res. 10: 65–70.
Vegis, A. 1964. Dormancy in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 1 5: 185–224.
Venn, K. 1980. Winter vigor in Picea abies (L.) Karst. VII. Development of injury to seedlings during overwinter cold storage. A literature review. Reports of the Norwegian Forest Res. Institute 35.9: 485–529.
Wareing, P. F. 1969. The control of bud dormancy in seed plants. Symposia of the Society of Experimental Biology 23: 241–262.
Warrington, I. J., and D. A. Rook. 1980. Evaluation of techniques used in determining frost tolerance of forest planting stock: a review. New Zealand J. Forestry Sci. 10: 116–132.
Weatherley. P. E. 1950. Studies in the water relations of the cotton plant. I. The field measurement of water deficits in leaves.New Phytologist 49: 81–97.
Weiser. C. J. 1970. Cold resistance and injury in woody plants. Science 169: 1269–1278.
Wells, S. P. 1979. Chilling requirements for optimal growth of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir seedlings. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Intermountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Ogden, Utah. Res. Note INT-2 54. 9 p.
Wiebe. H. H. G. S. Campbell, W. R. Gardner, S. L. Rawlins. I. W. Cary, and R. W. Brown. 1971. Measurement of plant and soil water status. Utah Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 484. 71 p.
Wilner, J. 1960. Relative and absolute electrolytic conductance tests for frost hardiness of apple varieties. Can. I. Plant Sci. 40: 630–637.
Winjum, J. K. 1963. Effects of lifting date and storage on 2+0 Douglas-fir and noble fir. J. Forestry 61: 648–654.
Wommack, D. E. 1964. Temperature effects on the growth of Douglas-fir seedlings. Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State Univ.. Corvallis. 176 p.
Wright, S. T. C. 1975. Seasonal changes in the levels of free and bound abscisic acid in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) buds and beech (Fagus sylvatica) buds. J. Experimental Botany 26: 161–174.
Zaerr, J. B. 1972. Early detection of dead plant tissue. Can. J. Forest Res. 2: 105–110.
Zaerr, J. B., and D. P. Lavender. 1980. Analysis of plant growth substances in relation to seedling and plant growth. New Zealand J. Forestry Sci. 10: 186–195.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ritchie, G.A. (1984). Assessing Seedling Quality. In: Duryea, M.L., Landis, T.D., Perry, C.R. (eds) Forestry Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Forestry Sciences, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6110-4_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6110-4_23
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-6112-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-6110-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive