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Theorien der Stressentstehung und -bewältigung

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Handbuch Stressregulation und Sport

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Zusammenfassung

In diesem Kapitel werden der Begriff Stress und verwandte Begriffe erläutert und physiologische und psychologische Theorien des Stressprozesses, insbesondere in Hinblick auf Appraisal und Coping, dargestellt. Verschiedene Theorien beschäftigen sich mit Stressoren, die sich negativ auf die Gesundheit auswirken und stellen diesen Anforderungen bzw. Ressourcen gegenüber, die positive Wirkungen haben und bedeutsam für den Umgang mit Stress sind. Stressoren und Ressourcen ergeben sich aus den zu bewältigenden Aufgaben und deren Rahmenbedingungen sowie den sozialen Beziehungen; eine große Rolle spielen dabei Fairness und Anerkennung.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Im Folgenden werden, je nach Kontext, für das englische Wort „appraisal“ die deutschen Begriffe „Bewertung“, „Wahrnehmung“, „Einschätzung“ oder „Interpretation“ verwendet.

  2. 2.

    Warr spricht von „Happiness“, aber dieser Begriff ist im Deutschen doch sehr grundsätzlich und bedeutungsgeladen. Warr bezieht sich dabei einerseits auf das Konzept des psychischen Wohlbefindens (psychological well-being), das durch verschiedene Kombinationen von Arousal und Valenz gekennzeichnet ist; dabei unterscheidet er, in Anlehnung an den emotional cirumplex (Posner et al. 2005), drei Achsen. Die erste verläuft von „feeling bad“ zu „feeling good“ und ist neutral in Bezug auf Arousal. Zufriedenheit ist hier ein typischer Indikator. Die zweite verläuft von Angst zu Komfort, d. h. von high-arousal displeasure zu low-arousal pleasure. Die dritte verläuft von Depression zu Enthusiasmus, also von low-arousal displeasure zu high-arousal pleasure. Warr postuliert teilweise unterschiedliche Beziehungen zwischen diesen drei Achsen und Merkmalen der Umgebung. Dieses Konzept ist nahe an Dieners Konzept des psychological well-being (Diener et al. 1999); Ryan und Deci (2001) bezeichnen es als „hedonic well-being“. Der zweite Aspekt von Happiness ist die Selbstvalidierung; hier geht es um Sinn, um moralische Angemessenheit, um Entwicklung. Dieses Konzept steht Konzepten des eudaimonischen Befindens näher (Ryan und Deci 2001; Ryff und Singer 2008).

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  1. Institut für Psychologie, Universität Bern, Fabrikstr. 8, 3012, Bern, Schweiz

    Norbert K. Semmer

  2. Institut für Psychologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 6, 60629, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland

    Dieter Zapf

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    Reinhard Fuchs

  2. Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Markus Gerber

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Semmer, N.K., Zapf, D. (2018). Theorien der Stressentstehung und -bewältigung. In: Fuchs, R., Gerber, M. (eds) Handbuch Stressregulation und Sport. Springer Reference Psychologie . Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49322-9_1

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