Abstract
Consider the orbital motion of an electron of mass, m, and charge, e, about a nucleus of charge Z e. Equating the Coulomb force of attraction to the force from centripetal acceleration we obtain
where r is the radius of the orbit, and v is the velocity of the electron. Solving for r,
where the classical electron radius
.
“They (atoms) move in the void and catching each other up jostle together, and some recoil in any direction that may chance, and others become entangled with one another in various degrees according to the symmetry of their shapes and sizes and position and order, and they remain together and thus the coming into being of composit things is effected.”
Simplicus (6th Century A. D.)
“I write about molecules with great diffidence, having not yet rid myself of the tradition that atoms are physics, but molecules are chemistry, but the new conclusion that hydrogen is abundant seems to make it likely that the above-mentioned elements H, O, and N will frequently form molecules.”
Sir Arthur Eddington, 1937
“Modern improvements in optical methods lend additional interest to an examination of the causes which interfere with the absolute homogeneity of spectrum lines. So far as we know these may be considered under five heads, and it appears probable that the list is exhaustive.”
(I) The translatory motion of the radiating particles in the line of sight, operating in accordance with Doppler’s principle.
(II) A possible effect of the rotation of the particles.
(III) Disturbance depending on collisions with other particles either of the same or another kind.
(IV) Gradual dying down of the luminous vibrations as energy is radiated away.
(V) Complications arising from the multiplicity of sources in the line of sight. Thus if the light of a flame be observed through a similar one, the increase of illumination near the centre of the spectrum line is not so great as towards the edges and the line is effectively widened.”
Lord Rayleigh, 1915
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Lang, K.R. (1974). Monochromatic (Line) Radiation. In: Astrophysical Formulae. Springer Study Edition. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11188-8_2
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