Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Defense Reactions in the Xylem of Angiosperm Trees

  • Chapter
Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plants Against Fungi

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Wood Science ((SSWOO))

Abstract

The xylem of woody angiosperms comprises the great majority of the biomass on earth (Lieth and Whittaker 1975, Woodwell et al. 1978, Duchesne and Larson 1989). Understandably, a wide array of living organisms have evolved mechanisms to acquire and metabolize the different components of tree xylem. On the other hand, the xylem of trees is critical for mechanical support, food reserve, and sap conduction, and therefore trees have evolved several mechanisms that allow them to preserve the integrity of their woody tissues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Al-Mousavi AH, Richardson PE, Essenberg M, Johnson WM 1983 Specificity on the envelopment of bacteria and other particles in cotton cotyledons. Phytopathology 73: 44844489

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamber RK 1987 Sapwood and heartwood. Tech Publ For Corn NSW 2, Aust, 7 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckman CH 1971 The plasticizing of plant cell walls and tyloses formation. Physiol Plant Pathol 1: 1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bekkaoui F, Datla RSS, Pilon M, Tautorus TE, Crosby WL, Dunstan DI 1990 The effects of promoter on transient expression in conifer cell lines. Theor Appl Genet 79: 353–359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell AA 1981 Biochemical mechanisms of disease resistance. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 32: 21–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell AA, Stipanovic RD 1978 Biochemistry of disease and pest resistance in cotton. Mycopathologia 65: 91–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolwell GP, Robbins MP, Dixon RA 1985 Metabolic changes in elicitor-treated bean cells. Enzymatic responses associated with rapid changes in cell wall components. Eur J Biochem 148: 571–578

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkeroff LA, Verhalen LM, Johnson WM, Essenberg M, Richardson PE 1984 Development of immunity to bacterial blight of cotton and its implications for other diseases. Plant Dis 68: 168–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Burden RS, Kemp MS 1983 (—)-7-Hydroycalamenene, a phytoalexin from Tillia europea. Phytochemistry 22: 1039–1040

    Google Scholar 

  • Burden RS, Kemp MS 1984 Sesquiterpene phytoelexins from Ulmus glabra. Phytochemistry 23: 383–385

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callow JA 1983 Biochemical plant pathology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 484 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Varner JE 1985 An extracellular matrix protein in plants: characterization of a genomic clone for carrot extensin. EMBO J 4: 2145–2151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collinge DB, Slusarenko AJ 1987 Plant gene expression in response to pathogens. Plant Mol Biol 9: 389–410

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corbin DR, Sauer N, Lamb CJ 1987 Differential regulation of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein gene family in wounded and infected plants. Mol Cell Biol 7: 4337–4344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cote WA 1976 Wood ultrastructure in relation to chemical composition. In: Loewus FA, Runeckles VC (eds) The structure, biosynthesis and degradation of wood. Recent advances in biochemistry, vol 11. Plenum, New York, 1–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Coxon DT 1982 Phytoalexins from other plant families. In: Bailey JA, Mansfield JW (eds) Phytoalexins. Blackie, London, 106–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Darvill AG, Albersheim P 1984 Phytoelexins and their elicitation — a defense against microbial infection in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 35: 243–275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deverall BJ 1982 Introduction. In: Bailey JA, Mansfield JW (eds) Phytoalexins. Blackie, London, 1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Deverall BJ 1988 Molecular bases of fungal parasitism. Aust J Plant Pathol 18: 79–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Wit PJGM, Toma INJ, Joosten MHAJ 1988 Race specific elicitors and pathogenicity factors in the Cladosporium fulvum-tomato interaction. In: Keen NT, Kosuge T, Walling LL (eds) Physiology and biochemistry of plant-microbial interactions. Am Soc Plant Physiol, New York, 184 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Diner AM, Karnosky DF 1987 Tissue culture application to forest pathology and pest control. In: Bonga JM, Durzan DJ (eds) Cell and tissue culture in forestry, vol 2. Specific principles and methods: growth and developments. Nijhoff, Boston, 351–373

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon RA, Lamb CJ 1990 Molecular communication in interactions between plants and microbial pathogens. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 41: 339–367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doke N, Chai HB, Kawaguchi A 1987 Biochemical basis of triggering and suppression of hypersensitive cell response. In: Nishimura S (ed) Molecular determinants of plant diseases. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 235–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne LC 1988 Resistance mechanisms to Dutch elm disease: a review. Can Nat 115: 163167

    Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne LC 1989 Protein synthesis in Pinus resinosa and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus prior to ectomycorrhiza formation. Trees 3: 73–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne LC, Hubbes M, Jeng RS 1986 Mansonone E and F accumulation in Ulmus pumila, resistant to Dutch elm disease. Can J For Res 16: 410–412

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne LC, Jeng RS, Hubbes M 1985 Accumulation of phytoalexins in Ulmus americana in response to infection by a non-aggressive and an aggressive strain of Ophiostoma ulmi. Can J Bot 63: 678–680

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne LC, Jeng RS, Hubbes M, Sticklen MB 1990 The accumulation of mansonones E and F in seedling and callus cultures of elms in response to infection by Ophiostoma ulmi. Trees 4: 187–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne LC, Campbell SE, Koehler H, Peterson RL, Ellis BE 19896 Pine species influence suppression of Fusarium root rot by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. Symbiosis 7: 139–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne LC, Larson DW 1989 Cellulose and the evolution of plant life. BioScience 39: 238241

    Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne LC, Peterson RL, Ellis BE 1988a Interaction between the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus and Pinus resinosa induces resistance to Fusarium oxysporum. Can J Bot 66: 558–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne LC, Peterson RL, Ellis BE 19886 Pine root exudate stimulates antibiotic synthesis by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. New Phytol 106: 558–562

    Google Scholar 

  • Duchesne LC, Peterson RL, Ellis BE 1989a The time course of disease suppression and antibiosis by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. New Phytol 111: 693–698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dumas MT, Strunz GM, Hubbes M, Jeng RS 1983 Isolation and identification of six mansonones from Ulmus americana infected by Ceratocystis ulmi. Experientia 39: 10891090

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumas MT, Strunz GM, Hubbes M, Jeng RS 1984 Inhibition of Ceratocystis ulmi by mansonones A, C, D, E, F, and G isolated from Ulmus americana. Eur J For Pathol 4: 217–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Edreva AM, Georgieva ID, Cholakova NI 1989 Pathogenic and non-pathogenic stress effects on peroxidases in leaves of tobacco. Environ Exp Bot 3: 365–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elgersma DM 1969 Resistance mechanisms to Dutch elm disease. Meded Phytopathol Lab Willie Commelin Scholten. Baarn 77, 84 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Elgersma DM, Overeem JC 1971 The relation of mansonones to resistance against Dutch elm disease and their accumulation as induced by several agents. Neth J Plant Pathol 79: 218220

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellingboe AH 1981 Changing concepts in host-pathogen genetics. Annu Rev Phytopathol 19: 125–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis BE 1984 Probing secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures. Can J Bot 62: 2912–2917

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson KEL 1990 Biotechnology in the pulp and paper industry. Wood Sci Technol 24: 79101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galeffi C, Casinovo CG, Monache EMD, Mirini-Bettolo GB 1968 A new method for the isolation of chloroform-soluble constituents of Mansonia wood. Ann Ist Super Sanata 4: 305–316

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman RN, Kiraly Z, Wood KR 1986 The biochemistry and physiology of plant disease. Univ Missouri Press, Columbia, 433 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Grand C, Boudet AM, Ranjeva R 1982 Natural variations and controlled changes in lignification process. Holzforschung 36: 217–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart JH 1981 Role of phytostilbenes in decay and disease resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 19: 437–458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann G, Nienhaus F 1974 The isolation of xanthoxylin from the bark of Phytophthora and Hendersonula-infected Citrus limon and its fungitoxic effect. Phytopathol Z 81: 97–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedrick SA, Bell JN, Boller T, Lamb CJ 1988 Chitinase cDNA cloning and mRNA induction by fungal elicitor, wounding and infection. Plant Physiol 86: 182–186

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinstein PF, Widmaier R, Wegner P, Howe J 1979 Biosynthesis of gossypol. Rev Adv Phytochem 12: 313–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Higuchi T 1990 Lignin biochemistry: biosynthesis and biodegradation. Wood Sci Technol 24: 23–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis WE 1962 The distribution and formation of polyphenols within the tree. In: Hillis WE (ed) Wood extractives. Academic Press, New York London, 60–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillis WE 1977 Secondary changes in wood. Recent Adv Phytochem 2: 247–309

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillis WE 1987 Heartwood and tree exudates. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 268 pp Hubbes M 1990 Development of biotechnology programmes for energy forestry. Biomass 22: 75–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbes M, Jeng RS 1981 Aggressiveness of Ceratocystis ulmi strains and resistance in Ulmus americana. Eur J For Pathol 11: 257–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingham JL 1982 Phytoalexins from the Leguminosae. In: Bailey JA, Mansfield JW (eds) Phytoalexins. Blackie, London, 21–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeng RS, Alfenas AC, Hubbes M, Dumas MT 1983 Presence and accumulation of fungitoxic substances against Ceratocystis ulmi in Ulmus americana: possible relation to induced resistance. Eur J For Pathol 3: 239–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen E, Kondo ES 1967 Measurement of gas exchange in woody plants. Nature (London) 213: 413–414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kauffmann S, Legrand M, Geoffroy P, Lamb CJ 1987 Biological function of pathogenesis-related proteins-4 PR proteins of tobacco have 1,3-beta-glucanase activity. EMBO J 6: 32093212

    Google Scholar 

  • Keen NT 1981 Evaluation of the role of phytoalexins. In: Staples RC (ed) Plant disease control. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 155–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp MS, Burden RS 1984 Isolation and structure of y-pyrufuran, a third induced antifungal benzofuran from the wood of Pyrus communis L. infected with Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers. ex Fr.) Pouzar. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I: 1441–1443

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp MS, Burden RS, Loeffler RST 1983 Isolation, structure determination, and total synthesis of the dibenzofurans a-and b-pyrufuran, new phytoalexins from the wood of Pyrus communis. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1: 2267–2272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klimaszewska K 1989 Plantlet development from immature zygotic embryos of hybrid larch through somatic embryogenesis. Plant Sci 63: 95–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuc J 1976 Phytoalexins. In: Heitefuss RH, Williams PH (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, vol 4. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 632–652

    Google Scholar 

  • Langcake P, Cornford CA, Pryce RJ 1979 Identification of pterostilbene as phytoalexin from Vitis vinifera leaves. Phytochemistry 18: 1025–1027

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legrand M, Kauffmann S, Geoffroy P, Fritig B 1987 Biological function of pathogenesis-related proteins: four tobacco pathogenesis-related proteins are chitinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 6750–6754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leguay JJ, Piecoup M, Puckett J, Jouanneau JP 1988 Common responses of cultured soybean cells to 2,4-D starvation and fungal elicitor treatment. Plant Cell Rep 7: 19–22

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesney MS 1990 Effect of elicitor on extracellular peroxidase activity on suspension-cultured slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 20: 173–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis NG, Yamamoto E 1990 Lignin: occurrence, biogenesis and degradation. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 41: 455–496

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieth H, Whittaker RH 1975 The primary production of the biosphere. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 350 pp

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Manion PD 1985 Tree disease concepts. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 399 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield JW 1982 The role of phytoalexins in disease resistance. In: Bailey JA, Mansfield JW (eds) Phytoalexins. Blackie, London, 106–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Marini-Bettolo GB, Casinovo CG, Galeffi C 1965 A new class of quinones: sesquiterpenoid quinones of Mansonia altissima Chev. Tetrahedron Lett 52: 4852–4864

    Google Scholar 

  • Moerschbacher BM, Noll U, Gorrichon L, Reisener HJ 1990 Specific inhibition of lignification breaks hypersensitive resistance of wheat to stem rust. Physiol Plant 93: 465–470

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nebert DW, Peterson DD, Fornace AJ 1990 Cellular responses to oxidative stress: the [Ah] gene battery as a paradigm. Environ Health Perspect 88: 13–25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nienhaus F, Castello JD 1989 Viruses in forest trees. Annu Rev Phytopathol 27:165–186 Otani H, Takai S, Richards WC, Kohmoto K, Nishimura S 1986 Effect of cerato-ulmin (CU) on electrolyte loss from elm leaf cells. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 52: 133 (Abstr)

    Google Scholar 

  • Overeem JC, Elgersma DM 1970 Accumulation of mansonones E and F in Ulmus hollandica infected with Ceratocystis ulmi. Neth J Plant Pathol 9: 1949–1952

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons JP, Bradshaw HD Jr, Gordon MP 1989 Systemic accumulation of specific mRNAs in response to wounding in poplar trees. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 7895–7899

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paxton JD 1980 A new working definition of the term phytoalexin. Plant Dis 64: 734

    Google Scholar 

  • Pena-Cortes H, Sanchez-Serrano J, Rocha-Sosa M, Willmitzer L 1988 Systemic induction of proteinase inhibitor II gene expression in potato plants by wounding. Planta 174: 84–89

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor RH, Smalley EB 1988 Localized accumulation of mansonones E and F in elms following inoculation with Ophiostoma ulmi. Can J Plant Pathol 10: 371

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao TA, Suresh PV, Sherieff AN 1987 Little known attributes of some mangrove plants of the Karnataka coast. Curr Sci India 56: 725–727

    Google Scholar 

  • Rioux D, Ouellette GB 1989 Light microscope observations of histological changes induced by

    Google Scholar 

  • Ophiostoma ulmi in various nonhost trees and shrubs. Can J Bot 67:2335–2351

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe JW 1989 Natural products of woody plants, vols 1 and 2. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1243 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe JW, Seikel MK, Roy DN, Jorgensen E 1972 Chemotaxonomy of Ulmus. Phytochemistry 11: 2513–2517

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan CA 1990 Protease inhibitors in plants: genes for improving defenses against insects and pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 28: 425–449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaya T 1987 Distribution and accumulation of extractives in tree trunks. I. Distribution of flavonoids in Katsura, Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieh. et Lucc. wood. Res Bull College Exp For Hokkaido Univ 44: 381–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffer RP 1983 Toxins as chemical determinants of plant diseases. In: Daly JM, Deverall BJ (eds) Toxins in plant pathogenesis. Academic Press, New York London, 1–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlosser EW 1980 Preformed internal chemical defenses. In: Horsfall JG, Cowling EB (eds) Plant disease, vol 5. Academic Press, New York London, 161–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Shain L 1967 Resistance of sapwood in stems of loblolly pine to infection by Fomes annosus. Phytopathology 57: 1034–1045

    Google Scholar 

  • Shigo AL 1984 Compartmentalization: a conceptual framework for understanding how trees grow and defend themselves. Annu Rev Phytopathol 22: 189–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh D, Smalley EB 1969 Nitrogenous and carbohydrates compounds in the xylem sap of Ulmacea species varying in resistance to Dutch elm disease. Can J Bot 47: 335–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith DA 1982 Toxicity of phytoalexins. In: Bailey JA, Mansfield JW (eds) Phytoalexins. Blackie, London, 218–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Strobel GA, Van Alfen N, Hapner KD, McNeil M, Albersheim P 1978 Some phytotoxic glycopeptides from Ceratocystis ulmi, the Dutch elm disease pathogen. Biochim Biophys Acta 538: 60–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki H, Yasuda S, Hanzawa M 1971 The extractives of Ohyonire, Ulmus laciniata Mayr. The structure of lacinilene A and B, two new compounds from the heartwood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 17: 221–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Takai S, Hiratsuka Y 1984 Scanning electron microscope observations of internal symptoms of white elm following Ceratocystis ulmi and cerato-ulmin treatment. Can J Bot 63: 1365–1371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Templeton MD, Lamb CJ 1988 Elicitors and defence gene activation. Plant Cell Env iron 11: 395–401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Alfen NK 1989 Reassessment of plant wilt toxins. Annu Rev Phytopathol 27: 533–550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Elzen PJM, Huisman MJ, Willink DPL, Jongedijk E, Hoekema A, Cornelissen BJC 1989 Engineering virus resistance in agricultural crops. Plant Mol Biol 13: 337–346

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Loon LC 1985 Effect of viral pathogenicity-related proteins on virus resistance in tobacco plants. Plant Mol Biol 4: 111–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willemot C, Stumpf PK 1967 Fat metabolism in higher plants. Development of fatty acid synthetase as a function of protein synthesis in aging potato tuber slices. Plant Physiol 42: 391–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson LG, Fry JC 1986 Extensin — a major cell wall glycoprotein. Plant Cell Environ 9: 239–260

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wingender R, Rohrig H, Horicke C, Wing D, Schell J 1989 Differential regulation of soybean chalcone synthase genes in plant defence, symbiosis and upon environmental stimuli. Mol Gen Genet 218: 315–322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wink M 1988 Plant breeding: importance of plant secondary metabolites for protection against pathogens and herbivores. Theor Appl Genet 75: 225–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodwell GM, Whittaker RH, Reiners WA, Likens GE, Delwiche C, Botkin DB 1978 The biota and the world carbon budget. Science 199: 141–146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu WD, Jeng RS, Hubbes M 1989 Toxic effects of elm phytoalexin mansonones on Ophiostoma ulmi, the causal agent of Dutch elm disease. Eur J For Pathol 9: 343–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang D, Jeng RS, Hubbes M 1989 Mansonone accumulation in elm callus cultures induced by elicitors of Ophiostoma ulmi, and general properties of elicitors. Can J Bot 67: 3490–3497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang SF, Hoffman NE 1984 Ethylene biosynthesis and its regulation in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 35: 155–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuda S, Kinoshita Y, Hanzawa M 1973 Phenolic constituents of Akinire, Ulmus parviflora Jacq. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 19: 593–598

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. L. C. Duchesne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Hubbes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. S. Jeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, 495 Borlaug Hall 1991 Upper Buford Circle, 55108, St. Paul, MN, USA

    Robert A. Blanchette

  2. Fruit Research Laboratory, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 609, 25430, Kearneyville, WV, USA

    Alan R. Biggs

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Duchesne, L.C., Hubbes, M., Jeng, R.S. (1992). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Defense Reactions in the Xylem of Angiosperm Trees. In: Blanchette, R.A., Biggs, A.R. (eds) Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plants Against Fungi. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01642-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01642-8_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-01644-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-01642-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation