Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Therapeutische Kontroverse

  • Chapter
Aktuelle Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms

  • 20 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Beim fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinom ist seit den grundlegenden Arbeiten von Huggins u. Hodges (1941) die endokrine Behandlung die Therapie der Wahl. Die Prinzipien dieser Therapie haben sich in den letzten 50 Jahren nicht wesentlich verändert, sie beruhen auf der Senkung des Testosterons. Dieser Testosteronabfall wird erreicht durch Orchiektomie, gegengeschlechtliche Hormone oder neuerdings durch die Applikation von LH-RH Analoga, mit denen eine chemische Kastration erzielt wird. Die Testosteronwerte fallen mit allen 3 Maßnahmen auf etwa 1/10 des Ausgangswertes (Tabelle 1). Die Bedeutung dieser Restandrogene, die überwiegend aus der Nebennierenrinde stammen, ist zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt durch den Versuch einer „kompletten Androgenblockade“ beim fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinom wieder aktuell geworden, eine endgültige Beurteilung steht jedoch noch aus.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Alyea EP (1945) Early or late orchiectomy for carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 53: 143–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Aubel OGJM, Hoekstra WJ, Schroeder FH (1985) Early orchiectomy for patients with stage D 1 prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 134: 292–294

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch W, Horst HJ, Becker H, Nehse G (1977) Sex hormone binding globuline capacity, testosterone, 5-dihydrotestosterone, oestradiol and prolactin in plasma of patients with prostatic carcinoma under various types of hormonal treatment. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 85: 650–664

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byar DP (1973) The Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group’s Studies of Cancer of the Prostate. Cancer 32: 1126–1130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catalona WJ Prostate cancer. Endocrine therapy, pp 145-171

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmet JL, Greene LF, Papaution A (1968) Endocrine therapy in carcinoma of the prostate gland: 10-yerar survival studies. J Urol 83: 471–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Grayhack JT, Kozlowski JM (1980) Endocrine therapy in the management of advanced prostatic cancer: the case of early initiation of treatment. Urol Clin North Am 7: 639–643

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins C, Hodges CV (1941) Studies of prostatic cancer: effect of castration, estrogen and androgen injection on serumphosphatase in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1: 293–297

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs JT (1984) The timing of androgen ablation therapy and/or chemotherapy in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Prostate 5: 1–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klosterhalfen H (1985) Tumoren der Prostata. In: Gross R, Schmidt CG (Hrsg) Klinische Onkologie. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, S. 32.1–32.34

    Google Scholar 

  • Klosterhalfen H (1963) Die Behandlungsmethoden des Prostatakarzinoms — Versuch einer medikamentösen Androgenblockade der Nebennierenrinde. Ergeb Chir Orthop 45: 77

    Google Scholar 

  • Klosterhalfen H, Voigt KD, Tamm J (1965) Die Wirkung der Orchiektomie auf die Ausscheidung von Testosteron, 17-Ketosteroiden, Oestrogenen, Pregnandiol, 17-OH-Corticosteroiden und Gonadotropinen. Urol Int 20: 364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klosterhalfen H, Becker H (1987) 10-Jahres-Ergebnisse einer randomisierten Prospektivstudie beim metastasierten Prostatakarzinom. Akt Urol 18: 234–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski JM, Ellis WJ, Grayhack JT (1991) Advanced prostatic carcinoma. EarLy versus late endocrine therapy. Urol Clin North Am 18: 15–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labrie F, Dupont A, Belanger A, Poyet P, Giguere M, Lacourciere Y, Emond J, Monfelte G, Borsauyi JP (1986) Combined treatment with flutamide and surgical or medical (LHRH agonist) castration in metastatic prostatic cancer. Lancet 49

    Google Scholar 

  • Lämmel A, Krieg M, Klosterhalfen H, Bressel M, Voigt KD (1986) Bestimmung von Steroidrezeptoren im Prostatakarzinom: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. Urologe [A] 25: 59–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepor H, Ross A, Walsh PC (1982) The influence of hormonal therapy on survival of men with advanced prostatic cancer. J Urol 128: 335–340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackler MA, Liberti JP, Smith MJV, Koontz WW, Prout GR (1972) The effect of orchiectomy and various doses of stilbestrol on plasma testosterone levels in patients with carcinoma of the prostate. Invest Urol 9: 423–425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukamel E, Nissenkorn I, Servadis C (1980) Early combined hormonal and chemotherapy for metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Urology 16: 257–260

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nesbit RM, Baum WC (1950) Endocrine control of prostatic carcinoma; clinical and statistical survey of 1818 cases. JAMA 143: 1317–1320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker MC, Cook A, Riddle PR, Fryatt I, O’Sullivan J, Shearer RJ (1985) Is delayed treatment justified in carcinoma of the prostate? Br J Urol 57: 724–728

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiner WG, Scott WW, Eggleston JC, Walsh PC (1979) Long-term survival after hormonal therapy for stage D prostatic cancer. J Urol 122: 183–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson MRG, Thomas BS (1971) Effect of hormonal therapy on plasma testosterone levels in prostatic carcinoma. Br Med J 4: 391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shearer RJ, Hendry WF, Sommerville F, Fergusson JD (1973) Plasma testosterone: an accurate monitor of hormone treatment in prostatic cancer. Br J Urol 45: 668–677

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenderoth UK, Jacobi GH (1985) Langzeitergebnisse mit dem Gn-RH-Analogon Buserelin (Suprefact) bei der Behandlung des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms seit 1981. Akt Urol 16: 58–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams G (1985) Endocrine treatment of prostatic cancer. J R Soc Med 78: 797–799

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young HH, Kent JR (1968) Plasma testosterone levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma before and after treatment. J Urol 99: 788–792

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zincke H, Utz DC (1984) Observation on surgical management of the carcinoma of the prostate with limited nodal metastases. Urology 24: 137–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackard CE, Doe RP, Mellinger GT, Byar DP (1970) Incidence of cardiovascular disease and death in patients receiving diethylstilbestrol for carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 26: 249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouffioux C (1979) Le cancer de 1a prostate. Acta Urol Belg 47: 201

    Google Scholar 

  • Byar DP (1973) The Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Studies of Cancer of the Prostate. Cancer 32: 1126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byar DP (1977) VACURG Studies on Prostatic Cancer and its Treatment. In: Tannenbaum M (ed) Urologic pathology: the prostate. Lea Febiger, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartley-Asp B (1984) Estramustine-induced mitotic arrest in two human prostatic carcinoma cell lines DU 145 and PC-3. Prostate 5: 93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harzmann R, Fleischmann R, Flüchter SH, Bichler K-H (1982) Intrahepatic cholestasis as a result of estrogen treatment in prostatic cancer.V. Kongreß der europäischen Vereinigung für Urologie, Wien, 12. bis 15.5.1982

    Google Scholar 

  • Huggins C, Hodges CV (1941) Studies on prostatic cancer: 1. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1: 293

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins C, Clark PJ (1941) Quantitative studies of prostatic secretion. II. The effects of castration on advanced carcinoma of the prostate gland. Arch Surg 43: 209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins C, Sommer JL (1953) Quantitative studies of prostatic secretion. III. Simultaneous measurement of size and secretion of the canine prostate and the interaction of androgenic and estrogenic substances. J Exp Med 97: 663

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs JT, Coffey DS (1981) Adaption vs. selection as the mechanism responsible for the relaps of prostatic cancer to androgen ablation as studied in Dunning R-3327-H adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 41: 5070

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jönsson G, Olsson AM, Luttrop W, Cekan Z, Purvis K, Diczfalusy E (1975) Treatment of prostatic carcinoma with various types of estrogen derivatives. Vitam Horm 33: 351

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klosterhalfen H, Becker H (1987) 10-Jahres-Ergebnisse einer randomisierten Prospektivstudie beim metastasierenden Prostatakarzinom. Akt Urol 18: 234–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menon M, Walsh PC (1972) Hormonal therapy for prostatic cancer. In: Murphy GP (ed) Prostatic cancer. PSG, Littleton/MA, p 175

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy GP, Beckley S, Brady MF et al. (1983) Treatment of newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer patients with chemotherapy agents in combination with hormones versus hormones alone. Cancer 51: 1264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann F, El Etreby MF, Habenicht U-F, Radelmaier A, Bohrmacher K (1987) Möglichkeiten des Androgenentzugs und der totalen Blockade. In: Nagel R (Hrsg) Konservative Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms — eine Standortbestimmung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 61–86

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pavone-Macaluso M (1981) EORTC Urological Group (Palermo). Treatment of prostatic carcinoma with hormones and antihormons. In: Altwein JE, Bartsch G, Jacobi GH (Hrsg) Antihormone, Bedeutung in der Urologie. Zuckschwerdt, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Popeliier G (1973) Behandlung des Prostatacarcinoms mit Gestagen. Urologie [A] 12: 134

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze H, Senge T (1987) Klassische Methoden des Androgenentzuges in der Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms. In: Nagel R (Hrsg) Konservative Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms — Eine Standortbestimmung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 89–98

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Scott WW, Menon M, Walsh PC (1980) Hormonal therapy of prostatic cancer. Cancer 45: 1929

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • The Leuprolide Study Group (1984) Leuprolide versus diethylstilbestrol for metastatic prostatic cancer. N Engl J Med 311: 1281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VACURG (1967) Treatment and survival of patients with cancer of the prostate. Surg Gynecol Obstet 12: 1012

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnhold J, Bingold M, Turin UW (1986) Transrektale Prostatasonographie und Regressionsgrading als prognostisches Kriterium des lokalen Tumorresponse beim Prostatakarzinom. Verhandlungsberichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Urologie, 37. Kongress, Mainz 1985. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Bingold M, Arnhold J, Tunn UW (1987) Cytostase als primäre oder sekundäre Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms? Verh Dtsch Ges Urol, 38. Tagung, Würzburg. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 128–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Boccon-Gibod L, Laudat MH, Dugue MA, Steg A (1986) Cyproterone acetate lead-in prevents initial rise of serum testosterone induced by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs in the treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Eur Urol 12: 400–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bracci U (1979) Antiandrogens in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Eur Urol 5: 303–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruchovsky N (1980) Molecular action of androgens and antiandrogens. In: Hammerstein J, Lachnit-Fixson U, Neumann F, Plewig G (eds) Androgenization in women — acne, seborrhoe, androgenetic alopecia and hirsutism. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam pp 7–20

    Google Scholar 

  • De Voogt HJ (1985) Second-line endocrine management: anti-androgens an anti-estrogens. EORTC Genitourinary Group monograph 2, part A: therapeutic principles in metastatic prostatic cancer pp 351-357

    Google Scholar 

  • De Voogt HJ, EORTC-GU-Group (1986) Cardiovascular side effects of diethylstilbestrol, cyproterone acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate and estramustine phosphate used for the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer: results from European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer — trials 30761 and 30762. J Urol 135: 303–307

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorfman RI (1970) Antiandrogenic substances. In: Dorf man RI (ed) Methods in hormone research

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton AC, McGuire N (1983) Cyproterone acetat in treatment of postorchidectomy hot flushes. Double-blind cross-over trial. Lancet I: 1336–1337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giuliani L, Pescatore D, Gilberti C, Martorana G, Natta G (1980) Treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma with cyproterone acetate and orchiectomy-5-year-follow-up. Eur Urol 6: 145–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habenicht UF, Witthaus E, Neumann F (1986) Antiandrogens and LHRH agonists endocrinology in the initial phase of their use. Akt Urol 17: 10–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs JT (1984) The timing of androgen ablation therapy and/or chemotherapy in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Prostate 5: 1–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs JT (1985) Mechanisms for resistance of prostatic cancers to androgen ablation therapy. In: Bruchovsky N, Chapdelaine A, Neumann F (eds) Regulation of androgen action. pp 71-76

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobi GH (1983) Intramuscular cyproterone acetate treatment for advanced prostatic carcinoma: results of the first multicentric randomized trial. In: Schröder FH (ed) Androgens and antiandrogens. International symposium, June 5th, 1982, Schering Nederland BV, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobi GH, Altwein JE, Kurtz KH, Basting R, Hohenfeller R (1980) Treatment of advanced prostatic cancer with parenteral cyproterone acetate: a phase III randomised trial. Br J Urol 52: 208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson JE, Andersson SO, Beckman KW, Lingardh G, Zador G (1987) Clinical evaluation of flutamide and estramustine as initial treatment of metastatic carcinoma of prostate. Urology 29: 55–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karr JP, Murphy GP (1983) Treatment of prostatic carcinoma with combinations of drugs and hormones. In: Bruchovsky N, Chapdelaine A, Neumann F, Brückner R (eds) Regulation of androgen action. Montreal, Berlin, pp 81–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Klosterhalfen H, Becker H (1987) 10-Jahres-Ergebnisse einer randomisierten Prospektivstudie beim metastasierten Prostatakarzinom. Akt Urol 18: 234–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knuth UA, Hano R, Nieschlag E (1984) Effect of flutamide of cyproterone acetate on pituitary and testicular hormones in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol (Phil) 59: 963–969

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labrie F, Dupont A, Belanger A, Lacouriere Y, Raynaud JP, Husson JM, Gareua J, Fazekas ATA, Sandow J, Monfette G, Girard JG, Emond J, Houle JG (1983) New approach in the treatment of prostate cancer: complete instead of partial withdrawal of androgens. Prostate 4: 579–594

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundgren R (1987) Flutamide as primary treatment for metastatic prostatic cancer. Br J Urol 59: 156–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacFarlane JR, Tolley DA (1985) Flutamide therapy for advanced prostatic cancer. A phase II study. Br J Urol 57: 172–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mainwaring WEP (ed) (1977) The mechanism of action of androgens. Monographs on endocrinology, vol 10. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy GP, Huben RP, Priore R (1986) Results of another trial of chemotherapy with and without hormones in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer. Urology XXVIII: 36–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagel R, Leistenschneider W (1983) Chemotherapie des Prostatakarzinoms. In: Klosterhalfen H (Hrsg) Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms, Med Wiss Buchreihe, Schering AG, S 55–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Navratil H (1987) Double-blind study of anandron versus placebo in Stage D2 prostate cancer patients receiving buserelin. In: Murphy GP, Khoury S, Küss R, Chatelain C, Denis L (eds) Prostate cancer, part A. Liss, New York, pp 401–410

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann F (1983) Pharmacological basis of clinical use of antiandrogens. J Steroid Biochem 19: 391–402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann F (1987) Pharmacology and clinical uses of cyproterone acetate. In: Furr BJA, Wakeling AE (eds) Pharmacology and clinical uses of inhibitors of hormone secretion and action. Bailliéfe Tindall, London, pp 132–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann F, Hümpel M, Senge T, Schenck B, Tunn U (1982) Cyproterone acetate — biochemical and biological basis for treatment of prostatic cancer. In: Jacoby GH, Prostate cancer (book series international perspectives in Hohenfellner RF (eds) urology), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 269–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann F, Etreby MF, Habenicht UT, Radlmeier A, Bormacher K (1987) Möglichkeiten des Androgenentzugs und der totalen Androgenblockade. In: Nagel R (Hrsg) Konservative Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 61–86

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pavone-Macaluso M, EORTC-GU-Group (1982) Medroxyprogesterone acetate, diethylstilboestrol and cyproterone acetate in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Interim report of a prospective study of the European Organization for Research on the Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Genitourinary tract Co-operative Group. Excerpta Med Int Congr Ser 611: 436–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Pescatore D, Giberti C, Mortorana G, Natta G, Giuliani L (1980) The effect of cyproterone acetate and orchiectomy on metastases from prostatic cancer. Eur Urol 6: 149–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prout GR, Irwin RJ, Kliman B, Daly JJ, Maclaughlin R, Griffin PP (1975) Prostatic cancer and Sch-13521. II. Histological alterations and the pituitary gonadal axis. J Urol 113: 834–840

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder FH, Lock TM, Chadha DR, Debruyne FM, Karthaus HF, De-Jong FH, Klijn JG, Matross AW, de-Voogt HJ (1987) Metastatic cancer of the prostate managed with buserelin versus buserelin plus cyproterone acetate. J Urol 137: 912–918

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze H, Issacs J, Senge T (1987) Inability of complete androgen blockade to increase survival of patients with advanced prostatic cancer als compared to standard hormonal therapy. J Urol 137: 909–911

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott WW, Schirmer HK (1966) A new oral progestional steroid effective in treating prostatic cancer. Trans Am Assoc Genitourin Surg 58: 54–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Servadio C, Mukamel E, Lurie H, Nissenkorn I (1983) Early combined hormonal and chemotherapy for metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Urology XXI: 492–495

    Google Scholar 

  • Sogani PC, Vagaiwala MR, Whitmore WF (1984) Experience with flutamide in patients with advanced prostatic cancer without prior endocrine therapy. Cancer 54: 744–750

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay D, Dupront A, Meyer BH, Pottier J (1987) The kinetics of antiandrogens in humans. In: Murphy GP et al (eds) Prostate cancer, part A, Liss

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunn UW (1987) Antiandrogene in der Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms. In: Nagel R (Hrsg) Konservative Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms — eine Standortbestimmung, Schering-Symposium Berlin 1987, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 113–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunn UW, Graff J, Senge T (1983 a) Treatment of inoperable prostatic cancer with cyproterone acetate. In: Schröder FH (ed) Androgens and antiandrogens. Schering Nederland BV, pp 149–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunn UW, Senge T, Jacobi GH (1983 b) Klinische Erfahrungen mit Cyproteroneacetat als Monotherapie beim inoperablen Prostatakarzinom. In: Klosterhalfen H (Hrsg) Symposium Prostatakarzinom, Berlin. S 67-76

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunn UW, Weiglein W, Saborowski J, Senge T (1987) Clinical experience with cyproterone acetate in a randomised and in an open trial. In: Murphy G, Khoury S (eds) Prostate Cancer, A. Liss, New York, pp 365–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunn UW, Radlmeier A, Neumann F (1991) Antiandrogens in cancer treatment. In: Stoll BA (ed) New approaches to hormone modulation in cancer treatment. Karger, Basel (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Varenhorst E, Wallentin L, Risberg B (1981) The effects of orchiectomy, oestrogens and cyproterone acetate on the antithombin-III concentration in carcinoma of the prostate. Urol Res 9: 25–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voigt KD, Bartsch W (1986) Intratussular androgens in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer. J Steroid Biochem 25: 749–757

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adam HK, Barker Y (1986) The pharmakokinetics of Zoladex in man after subcutaneous injection and administration in depotform. 14th International Cancer Congress, Budapest, 21.-27. August, poster

    Google Scholar 

  • Altwein JE (1986) Kritische Wertung der Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms. In: Altwein JE, Ludwig G (Hrsg) Neue Wege in der Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms mit LH-RH Agonisten. pmi, Frankfurt, S 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Beacock CJM (1988) Long-term results of treating advanced prostatic cancer with the LH-RH Analogue Zoladex. Am J Clin Oncol (CCT) 11 [Suppl 2]: 115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belchetz PE, Plant TM, Nakai Y, Keogh EJ, Knobil E (1978) Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone. Science 202: 631

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff Wand German leuprorelin study group (1990) 3,75 und 7,5 mg leuprorelin acetate depot in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer: preliminary report. J Intern Med Res 18 [Suppl 1]: 103

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgmann V, Nagel R, Schmidt-Gollwitzer M, Hardt W (1982) Langzeitsuppression der gonadalen Testosteronproduktion durch den LH-RH-Agonisten Buserelinacetat (Hoe 766) beim fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinom — eine neue Therapieform? Akt Urol 13: 200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton RN (1982) Gonadotropon-releasing hormone modulation of its own pituitary receptors: evidence for biphasic regulation. Endocrinology 111: 152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford ED, Eisenberger MA, McLeod DG, Spaulding JT, Benson R, Dorr FA, Blumenstein BA, Davis MA, Goodman PJ (1989) A controlled trial of leuprolide with and without flutamide in prostatic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 321: 419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Debruyne FMJ (1988) Results of a dutch trial with the LHRH agonist Buserelin in patients with metastatic prostatic cancer and results of EORTC Studies in prostatic cancer. Am J Clin Oncol (CCT) 11 [Suppl 1]: 33

    Google Scholar 

  • Debruyne FMJ, Denis L, Lunglmayr G, Mahler C, Newling DWW, Richards B, Robinson MRG, Smith PhH, Weil EHJ, Whelan P (1988) Long-term therapy with a depot luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue (Zoladex) in patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 140: 775

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donabauer HH, Kramer M, Krieg H, Meyer D, Rechenberg W v, Sandow J, Schütz E (1987) Investigations of carcinogenity of the LH-RH analogue buserelin (HOE 766) in rats using the subcutaneous route of administration. Fundam Appl Toxicol 9: 738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dupont A, Labrie F, Giguere M, Borsanyi J-P, Lkacourciere Y, Bergeron N, Cusan L, Belanger A, Emond J (1988) Combination therapy with flutamide and [D-Trp6] LHRH ethylamide for stage C prostatic cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 24: 659

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta AS, Furr BJA (1985) Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogues. Ann Rep Med Chem 20: 203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eickenberg HU (1987) Diskussion zum Vortrag Schröder FH: LHRH-Analoga bei der Behandlung des metastasierten Prostatakarzinoms. In: Nagel R (Hrsg) Konservative Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 106

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberger MA, O’Dwyer PJ, Friedman MA (1986) Gonadotropin hormone releasinghormone analogues. A new therapeutic approach for prostatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 4: 414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faure N, Lemay A, Laroche B et al (1983) Preliminary results on the clinical efficacy and safety of androgen inhibition by an LH-RH agonist alone or combined with an antiandrogen in the treatment of prostatic carcinoms. Prostate 4: 601

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez del Moral P, Hoefakker JW, Debruyne FMJ und die urologische Arbeitsgruppe Süd-Ost Niederlande (1988) Langzeitergebnisse der LHRH-Depot-Therapie (Zoladex) zur Behandlung des metastasierenden Prostatakarzinoms. Verhandlungsber Dtsch Gesellsch Urol, 39. Tagung, 14.-17. Oktober 1987, Stuttgart, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York Tokyo, S 211

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujino M, Kobayashi S, Obayashi M et al (1972) Structure-activity relationships in the C-terminal part of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 49: 863

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furr BJA, Woodborn JR (1988) Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues: a review of biological properties and clinical uses. J Endocrinol Invest 11: 535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fontana D, Randone DF, Isaia GC, Dublino M, Colombo M, Giusti M, Bellina M, Valente G, Rolle L, Fasolis G, Porpigli AF (1988) Therapeutic approach to advanced prostatic cancer with the GnRH agonist buserelin: four years of experience. In: Motta M, Serio M (Eds): Hormonal therapy of prostatic diseases: basic and clinical aspects. Proc Int Symp, Milano, Italy (April 6–8, 1987) Medicom, p 234

    Google Scholar 

  • Garnick MB, Glode LM and the Leuprolide Study Group (1984) Leuprolide versus diethylstilbestfol for metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 311: 1281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glode ML, Smith JA jr. and the Leuprolide Study Group (1987) long-term suppression of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone by daily administration of Leuprolide. J Urol 137: 57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzales-Barcena D, Perez-Sanchez PL, Graef A, Gomez AM, Berea H, Comaru-Schally AM, Schally AV (1989) Inhibition of the pituitary-gonadal axis by a single intramuscular administration of D-Trp6-LH-RH (Decapeptyl) in a sustained-release formulation in patients with prostatic carcinoma. Prostate 14: 291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris GW (1955) Neural control of the pituitary gland. In: Bayliss LE, Feldberg W, Hodgkin Al (eds): Monographs of the Physiological Society, No. 3. Arnold, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Huggins C, Hodges CV (1941) Studies on prostatic cancer I, the effects of castration of estrogen and androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of prostate. Cancer Res 1: 293

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson FG, Furr BJA (1985) Biodegradable polymers for the sustained release of peptides. Biochem Soc Transact 13: 520

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobi GH, Wenderoth UK, WaUenberg H v, Gato M, Hohenfellner R (1988) LH-RH-Analogues for palliation of advanced prostatic carcinoma. A critical review after five years of experience. In: Höffken K (Hrsg) LH-RH-Agonists in Oncology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 72

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kahan A, Delrien F, Amor B et al (1984) Disease flare induced by D-Trp6-LHRH analogue in patients with metastatic prostatic cancer. Lancet 1: 971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerle D, Williams G, Ware H, Bloom SR (1984) Failure of long-term luteinising hormone releasing hormone treatment for prostatic cancer to suppress serum Br Med J 289: 468

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koch Y, Baram T, Fridkin M (1977) Resistance to enzymic degradation of LH-RH analogues possessing increased biological activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 74: 488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig W, Sandow J, Geiger R (1975) Structure-function relationship of LH-RH/FSG-RH. In: Walter R, Meienhofer J (eds) Peptides. Chemistry, structure and biology Proceedings of the fourth American Peptide Symposium 1975. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI, p 883

    Google Scholar 

  • Koutsilieris M, Faure N, Tolis G, Laroche B, Robert G, Ackman CFD (1986) Objective response and disease outcome in 59 patients with stage D2 prostatic cancer treated with either Buserelin or orchiectomy. Urology 3: 221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer W, Sandow J, Althoff P-H, Balducci M, Jonas D (1988) Die Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms mit Buserelin-Depot. Verhandlungsber Dtsch Gesellsch Urol, 39.Tagung, 14.-17. Oktober 1987, Stuttgart. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 213

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreis W, Budman DR, Delli Bovi P, Vinciguerra V (1988) Rapid rise of serum testosterone following discontinuation of long-term treatment of prostate carcinoma with an LHRH-Agonist. Onkologie 11: 292

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labile F, Dupont A, Belanger A, Lefebvre FA, Cusan L, Monfette G, Laberge J-G, Edmonds J-P, Raynaud JP, Husson JM, Fazekas ATA (1983) New hormonal treatment in cancer of the prostate: combined administration of an LHRH agonist and an antiandrogen. J Steroid Biochem 19: 999

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig G (1989) Therapie mit Antiandrogenen. In: Nagel R (Hrsg) Aktuelle Standortbestimmung der konservativen Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms. de Gruyter, Berlin New York, S 117

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig G, Sandow J, Pauthner H (1987) Die Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms mit Buserelin-Implantat. Verhandlungsber Dtsch Ges Urol, 38. Tagung, 23-28 Sept 1986, Würzburg. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 281

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahler C, Denis L (1989) Long-term endocrine effects of a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (LH-RH-A) depot formulation. J Urol 141: 507

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazzei T, Mini E, Rizzo M, Periti P (1990) Human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of leuprolin acetate depot in prostatic cancer patients. J Intern Med Res 18 [Suppl 1]:42

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy GP, Greco JM, Chin JL, Huben RP, Scott M, de Haan HA (1987) Zoladex (ICI 118630): Clinical trial of new luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog in metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Urology 29: 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien A, Hibberd M (1990) Clinical efficacy and safety of a new leuprolide acetate-depot formulation in patients with advanced prostatic cancer. J Intern Med Res 18 [Suppl 1]: 57

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa Y, Okada H, Heya T et al (1989) Controlled release of LHRH agonist, leuprolide acetate, from microcapsules: serum drug level profiles and pharmacological effects in animals. J Pharm Pharmacol 41: 439

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos I, Kleinschmidt K, Weissbach L (1986) Behandlung des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms mit der Depotform eines LHRH Analogous (Decapeptyl). Akt Urol 17: 315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parmar H, Lightman SL, Allen L, Phillips RH, Edwards L, Schally AV (1985) Randomised controlled study of orchidectomy vs long-acting D-Trp6-LHRH microcapsules in advanced prostatic carcinoma. Lancet 30: 1201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauthner H (1990) Pharmakokinetik zweier verschiedener Buserelin-Depot-Präparate bei Patienten mit inkurablem Prostatakarzinom. Inaugural-Dissertation. Fakultät für Klinische Medizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Perren TJ, Clayton RN, Blackledge G, Bailey LC, Holder G, Lynch SS, Arkell DG, Cottam J, Farrar G, Young CH (1986) Pharmacokinetic and endocrinological parameters of a slow-release depot preparation of the GnRH analogue ICI 118630 (Zoladex) compared with a subcutaneous bolus and continuous subcutaneous infusion of the same drug in patients with prostatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 18: 39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Presant CA, Soloway MS, Klioze SS, Yakabow A, Present SN, Mendez RG, Kennedy PS, Wyres MR, Naessig VL, Todd B, Wiseman CL, Bouzaglou A, Tanenbaum B, Eventov D (1987) Buserelin treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma. Long-term follow-up of antitumore responses and improved quality of life. Cancer 59: 1713

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson MRG, Denis L, Mahler C, Walker K, Sitich R, Lunglmayr G (1985) An LH-RH analogue (Zoladex) in the management of carcinoma of the prostate: a preliminary report comparing daily subcutaneous injections with monthly depot injections. Europ J Surg Oncol 11: 159

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roger M, Duchier J, Lahlou N, Nahoul K, Schally AV (1985) Treatment of prostatic carcinoma with D-Trp6-LHRH: plasma hormone levels after daily subcutaneous injections and periodic administration of delayed-release preparations. Prostate 7: 271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salewski E (1986) Ergebnisse einer Studie an 31 Kliniken zur Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms mit Suprefact. In: Altwein JE, Ludwig G (Hrsg) Neue Wege in der Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms mit LH-RH-Agonisten. PMI, Frankfurt, S 119

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandow J, Kuhl H, Kraus B (1979) Studies on enzyme stability of LHRH analogues. J Endocrinol 81: 157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandow J, Clayton RN, Kuhl H (1981) Pharmacology of LH-RH and its analogues. In: Crosignani PG, Rubin BL (eds): Endocrinology of human infertility: new aspects. Academic Press, London, p 221

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandow J, Clayton RN, Kuhl H (1981) Pharmacology of LHRH and its analogues. In: Endocrinology of human infertility. New aspects. Academic Press, London, p 221

    Google Scholar 

  • Schally AV, Arimura A, Kastin AJ, Matsuo H, Baba Y, Redding TW, Nair RMG, Debeljuk L (1971) Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone: one polypeptide regulated secretion of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones. Science 173: 1036

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimamoto T (1987) Pharmaceutical aspects nasal and depot formulation of leuprolide. J Androl 8: 14

    Google Scholar 

  • Schröder FH (1987) LHRH-Analoga bei der Behandlung des metastasierenden Prostatakarzinoms. In: Nagel R (Hrsg) Konservative Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 101

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder FH, Lock TMTW, Chadha DR, Debruyne FMJ, Karthaus HFM, de Jong FH, Klijn JGM, Matroos AW, de Voogt HJ (1987) Metastatic cancer of the prostate managed with buserelin versus buserelin plus cyproterone azetate. J Urol 137: 912

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze H, Senge T (1988) A comparison of the concepts of total and partial androgen blockade in treatment of patients with advanced prostatic cancer. Gynecol Endocrinol 2 [Suppl 1]: 129

    Google Scholar 

  • Senge TH, Schulze H (1990) Kombinierte Antiandrogen-Therapie. In: Nagel R (Hrsg) Aktuelle Standortbestimmung der konservativen Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms. de Gruyter, Berlin New York, S 141

    Google Scholar 

  • Seppelt U, Bertermann H, Saerbeck C (1986) Decapeptyl (D-Trp6-LH-RH) zur Therapie von Prostatakarzinomen unter Berücksichtigung eines intramuskulär applizierbaren Depotpräparates. Urologe [A] 25: 298

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith MA, Perrin MH, Vale WW (1983) Desensitization of cultured pituitary cells to gonadotropon releasing hormone evidence for a post receptor mechanism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 30: 85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JA Blode LM Weltlaufer JN Stein BJ Glass AG Max DT Anbar B Jagst CL Murphy GP (1985) Clinical effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue in metastatic carcinoma of prostate. Urology 25: 106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steg A, Chiche R, Boccon-Gibod L, Debre B, Duchiez J, Schally AV (1984) Traitement du cancer de 1a prostate par un agoniste de la LHRH: le D-Trp6-LHRH. Résultats préliminaires Oà propos de 30 observations. Ann Urol 18: 388

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swift AD, Crighton DB (1979) Relative activity, plasma elimination and tissue degredation of synthetic LH-RH and certain of its analogues. J Endocrinol 80: 141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Sy WA, de Wilde G, de Meyer JM, Casselman J, Desmet R, Renders G, Schelfhout W (1988) Long-term experience in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer with decapeptyl, compared to orchiectomy. Act Urol Belg 56: 581

    Google Scholar 

  • Tcholakian RK, Delacruz A, Chowdhury M, Steinberger A, Coy DH, Schally AV (1978) Unusual antireproductive properties of the analogue [D-leu6-des-Gly-NH2 10]-luteinizing hormone releasing hormone ethylamide in male rats. Fertil Steril 30, 600

    Google Scholar 

  • Trachtenberg J (1983) The treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer with a potent luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue. J Urol 129: 1149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Voogt HJ, Soloway MS (1985) Prostate cancer. Emphasis on new treatment modalities. Hoechst Medication Up-Date. Series Hormones. Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Voogt HJ, Robinson MRG, and members of EORTC GU Group and data center, Brussels (1988) EORTC GU Group protocols 30805 and 30843 preliminary results of studies including total androgen blockade. Gynecol Endocrinol 2 [Suppl 1]: 58

    Google Scholar 

  • Waxman J (1986) Die klinische Anwendung von Buserelin bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittenem Prostatakarzinom: Hormonsekretion während der Langzeitbehandlung mit Buserelin-Nasalspray und erste Erfahrungen mit einem Buserelin-Implantat (Diskussion zu obigem Vortrag) In: Altwein JE, Ludwig G (Hrsg) Neue Wege in der Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms mit LH-RH-Agonisten. pmi, Frankfurt, S 112

    Google Scholar 

  • Waxman J (1986) Die klinische Anwendung von Buserelin bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittenem Prostatakarzinom: Hormonsekretion während der Langzeitbehandlung mit Buserelin Nasalspray und erste Erfahrungen mit einem Buserelin-Implantat. In: Altwein JE, Ludwig G (Hrsg) Neue Wege in der Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms mit LH-RH-Agonisten. pmi, Frankfurt, S 103

    Google Scholar 

  • Waxman J (1987) Buserelin and prostatic cancer: pharmacological and endocrino-logical developments. Br J Clin Practice 41 [Suppl 48]: 100

    Google Scholar 

  • Waxman JH, Wass JAH, Hendry WF, Whitfield HN, Besser GM, Malpas JS, Oliver RTD (1983) Treatment with gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue in advanced prostatic cancer. Br Med J 286: 1309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waxmann JH, Sandow J, Abel P, Farah N, O’Donoghue EPN, Fleming J, Cox J, Sikora K, Williams G (1989) Two-monthly depot gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (buserelin) for treatment of prostatic cancer. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 120: 315

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenderoth UK, Jacobi GH (1985) Langzeitergebnisse mit dem Gn-RH-Analogon Buserelin (Suprefact) bei der Behandlung des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms seit 1981. Akt Urol 2: 58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenderoth UK, Jacobi GH (1986) Experience with the GnRH-Analogue Buserelin in the treatment of 122 prostatic cancer patients follows for 4 years. Anticancer Res 6/3A: 378

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenderoth UK, Spindler HW, Jacobi GH (1986) Fünfwöchige intramuskuläre Applikation des GnRH-Analogs Decapeptyl-Depot beim fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinom. Akt Urol 17: 320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woijciechowski NJ, Carter CA, Skoutakis VA, Bess DT, Falbe WJ, Mickle TR (1986) Leuprolide: a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog for the palliative treatment of prostatic cancer. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 20: 746

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams G, Kerle D, Roe SM, Yeo T, Bloom SR (1985) Results obtained in the treatment of prostate cancer patients with Zoladex. In: EORTC Genitourinary Group Monograph 2, part A: therapeutic principles in metastatic prostatic cancer. Liss, New York, p 287

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson L, Berlin T, Boman J et al. (1980) Estramustine versus conventional estrogenic hormones in the initial treatment of highly and moderately differentiated prostate carcinoma, a randomized study. Scand J Urol Nephrol [Suppl] 55: 143–145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson RC, Gill GM (1986) Estramustine phosphate compared with diethylstilbestrol. Am J Clin Oncol 9: 341–351

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beynon LL, Chisholm GD (1984) The stable state is not an objective response in hormone-escaped carcinoma of prostate. Br J Urol 56: 702–705

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm GD, O’Donoghue EPN, Kennedy CL (1977) The treatment of oestrogen-escaped carcinoma of the prostate with estramustine phosphate. Br J Urol 49: 17–720

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Kernion JN, Murphy GP, Priore R (1988) Comparison of flutamide and emcyt in hormone-refractory metastatic prostatic cancer. Urology 31: 312–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edsmyr F, Esposti P-L, Andersson L (1980) Estramustine phosphate therapy in poorly differentiated carcinoma of the prostate. Scand J Urol Nephrol 55: 139–142

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edsmyr F, Andersson L, Könyves I (1984) Estramustine phosphate (Estracyt): experimental studies and clinical experience. In: Jacobi GH, Hohenfellner R (eds) Prostate cancer, Williams & Wilkins Baltimore London

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberger MA, Simon R, O’Dwyer PJ, Wittes RE, Friedman MA (1985) A reevaluatoin of nonhormonal cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 3: 827–841

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elder JS and Gibbons RP (1985) Results of trials of the USA National Prostatic Cancer Project. In: EORTC Genitourinary Group Monograph 2, part A: therapeutic principles in metastatic prostatic cancer, pp 221-242

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsgren B, Gustafsson J-Å, Pousette Å, and Högberg B (1979) Binding characteristics of a major protein in rat ventral prostate cytosol that interacts with estramustine, a nitrogen mustard derivative. Cancer Res 39: 5155–5164

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fosså SD, Fosså J, Aakvaag A (1976) Hormone changes in patients with prostatic carcinoma during treatment with estramustine phosphate. J Urol 118: 1013–1018

    Google Scholar 

  • Fosså SD, Miller A (1975) Treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate with estramustine phosphate. J Urol 406-408

    Google Scholar 

  • Fosså SD, Aaronson NK, Newling D and the members of the EORTC GU Group (1990) Advanced hormone resistant prostatic cancer: preliminary observations on subjective morbidity and palliation. In: Proceedings EAU IXth Congress, Amsterdam, June 13–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Glashan RW, Robinson MRG (1981) Cardiovascular complications in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. Br J Urol 53: 624–627

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnarsson PO, Forshell GP (1984) Clinical pharmacokinetics of estramustine phosphate. Urology 23: 22–27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnarsson PO, Andersson S-B, Johansson S-Å, Nilsson T, Plym-Forshell G (1984) Pharmacokinetics of estramustine phosphate (Estracyt® in prostatic cancer patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 26: 113–119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedlund PD, Gustafsson H, Sjögren S (1980) Cardiovascular complications to treatment of prostate cancer with estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) or conventional estrogen. Scand J Urol Nephrol [Suppl] 55: 103–105

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Höisaeter PÅ, Bakke A (1984) Clinical experience with Estracyt® as primary treatment. In: Denis L, Murphy GP, Prout GR Schröder F (eds) Controlled clinical trials in urologic oncology. Raven, New York, pp 191–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Jönsson G, Högberg B, Nilsson T (1977) Treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma with estramustine phosphate (Estracyt®). Scand J Urol Nephrol 11: 231–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanje M, Deinum J, Wallin M, Ekstrøm P, Edstrøm A, Hartley-Asp B (1985) Effect of estramustine phosphate on the assembly of isolated bovine brain microtubules and fast axonal transport in the frog sciatic nerve. Cancer Res 45: 2234–2239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kühn M, Weissbach L (1990) Primary therapy of metastasized carcinoma with depot Gn RH Analogue (Zoladex) versus estramustine phosphate (EMP; Estracyt). In: Proceedings EAU IXth Congress, Amsterdam, June 13–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Küss R, Khoury S, Richard F, Fourcade F, Frantz P, Capelle JP (1980) Estramustine phosphate in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer. Br J Urol 52: 29–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leistenschneider W, Nagel R (1984) Control of response to estramustine phosphate therapy through cytology and DNA analysis of cell nuclei in prospective study. Urology [Suppl] 6: 23: 81–88

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leistenschneider W, Nagel R (1980) Estracyt therapy of advanced prostatic cancer with special reference to control of therapy with cytology and DNA cytophotometry. Eur Urol 6: 111–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundgren R, Sundin T, Colleen S, Lindstedt E, Wadstrøm L, Carlsson S, Hellsten S, Pompeius R, Holmquist B, Nilsson T, Rubin S, Luttorp W, Jansson H (1986) Cardiovascular complications of estrogen therapy for nondisseminated prostatic carcinoma. Scand J Urol Nephrol 20: 101–105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madajewicz S, Catane R, Mittelman A, Wajsman Z, Murphy GP (1980) Chemotherapy of advanced, hormonally resistant prostatic carcinoma. Oncology 37: 53–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mareel MM, Storme GA, Dragonetti CH, De Bruyne GK, Hartley-Asp B, Segers JL, Rabacy ML (1988) Antiinvasive activity of estramustine on malignant MO4 mouse cell and on DU-145 human prostate carcinoma cells in vitro. Cancer Res 48: 1842–1849

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy GP, Huben RP, Priore R (1986) Results of another trial of chemotherapy with and without hormones in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer. Urol 1: 36–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy GP, Beckley S, Brady MF et al. (1983) Treatment of newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer patients with chemotherapy agents in combination with hormones versus hormones alone. Cancer 51: 1264–1272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newling D, Fosså SD, Tunn U and Kurth KH (1990) The comparison of the effects of high dose estramustine phosphate and Mitomycin C on the time to progression and length of survival of patients with progressive, advanced endocrine independent prostatic cancer: an analysis of EORTC GU Group Study No. 30865. J Steroid Biochem (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson T, Jönsson G (1976) Primary treatment of prostatic carcinoma with estramustine phosphate: Preliminary report. J Urol 115: 168–169

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pousette Å, Björk P, Carlström, Forsgren B, Högberg B, Gustafsson J-Å (1981) Influence of sex hormones on prostatic secretion protein, a major protein in rat prostate. Cancer Res 41: 688–690

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg AA (1983) Metabolic aspects and actions unique to estracyt. Semin Oncol 10: 3–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt J, Gibbons R, Murphy G, Bartolucci A and Investigators of the National Prostatic Cancer Project (NPCP) (1990) Adjuvant treatment of localized prostate cancer following radical surgery and definitive irradiation. Abstract 525, Proc. ASCO 9 135

    Google Scholar 

  • Slack NH, Murphy GP (1984) Clinical toxicity and long-term results of emcyt therapy for prostate cancer. Urology [Suppl 6] 23: 73–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slack NH, Mittelman A, Rady MF, Murphy GP and Investigators in the National Prostatic Cancer Project (1980) The importance of the stable category for chemotherapy treated patients with advanced and relapsing prostate cancer. Cancer 46: 2393–2402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slack NH, Wajsman Z, Mittelman A, Bruno Salvador, Murphy GP (1979) Relationship of prior hormonal therapy to subsequent estramustine phosphate treatment in advanced prostatic cancer. Urology 14: 549–554

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith PH, Suciu S, Robinson MRG, Richards B, Bastable JRG, Glashan RW, Bouffioux C, Lardennois B, Williams RE, de Pauw M, Sylvester R (1986) A comparison of the effect of diethylstilbestrol with low dose estramustine phosphate in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer: Final analysis of a phase III trial of the european organization for research on treatment of cancer. J Urol 136: 619–623

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tannock I, Gospodarowicz, Meakin W, Panzarella T, Stewart L, Rider W (1989) Treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer with low-dose prednisone: evaluation of pain and quality of life as pragmatic indices of response. J Clin Oncol 7: 590–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tew KD, Hartley-Asp B (1984) Cytotoxic properties of estramustine unrelated to alkylating and steroid constituents. Urology [Suppl 6] 23: 28–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tew KD, Stearns ME (1989) Estramustine — A nitrogen mustard/steroid with antimicrotubule activity. Pharmacol Ther 43: 299–319

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walzer Y, Oswalt J, Soloway MS (1984) Estramustine phosphate — hormone, chemotherapeutic agent, or both? Urology 24: 53–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Sarraf M (1980) Combination of cytoxan adriamycin and cis-platinum (CAP) in patients with advanced prostatic cancer. Proc AACR ASCO 21: 198

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansfield FJ, Schroeder J, Curreri AR (1962) Five years clinical experience with 5-fluorouracil. JAMA 181: 295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckley S, Wajsman Z, Slack N, Mittelman A, Murphy G (1980) The chemotherapy of prostatic carcinoma. Scand J Urol Nephrol [Suppl] 55: 151

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson RC, Gill GM, Cummings KB (1983) A randomized double blind crossover trial of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and estramustine phosphate (Emcyt) for stage D prostatic carcinoma. Semin Oncol 10 [Suppl 3]: 43

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benson RC, Gill GM (1986) Estramustine phosphate compared with diethylstilbestrol. Am J Clin Oncol 9: 341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berry WR, Laszlo J, Cox E, Walker N, Paulson D (1979) Prognostic factors in metastatic and hormonally unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 44: 763

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berry J, MacDonald RN (1982) Cisplatin, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone therapy for stage D prostatic cancer. Cancer Treat Rep 66: 1403

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bichler K-H, Flüchter SH (1983) Kriterien in der Progression des Prostatakarzinoms. In: Paul P, Altwein J (Hrsg) Aktuelle Diagnostik und Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms. Erasmusdruck, S 213

    Google Scholar 

  • Buttyan R, Olsson CA (1984) Androgen receptor assays in advanced prostatic cancer. Urol Clin North Am 11: 311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang AY, Bennet JM, Pandya KJ, Asbury R, McCune C (1989) A study of aminoglutethemide and hydrocortisone in patients with advanced and refractory prostate carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 12: 358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chlebowski RT, Hestorff R, Sardoff L, Weiner J, Bateman JR (1978) Cyclophosphamide (NSC 26271) versus the combination of adriamycin (NSC 123127), 5-fluorouracil (NSC 19893), and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer. A randomized trial. Cancer 42: 2546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig J, Crawford E (1989) Phase II trial of amonafide in advanced prostate cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group Study (meeting abstract). Proc Ann Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 8: A573

    Google Scholar 

  • Denis L, Mahler C, Ongena P, Janssen P, De Coster R, Bruynseels J (1990) A phase I/II study with R75251, a novel imdiazole derivate in Ml prostate cancer patients in relapse. Abstracts 98: 187, EAU European Association of Urology, IXth Congress, June 13–16, Amsterdam 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • De Smedt E, Denis L, Mahler C, Van Oosterom A, Bruyn E (1990) Suramin: A phase I/II study in patients with prostatic cancer in relapse. Abstracts 196: 379, EAU European Association of Urology, IXth Congress, June 13-16, Amsterdam 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • De Wys WD, Bauer M, Colsky J, Cooper RA, Creeck R, Carbone PP (1977) Comparative trial of adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil in advanced prostatic cancer — progress report. Cancer Treat Rep 61: 325

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagan RT, Hahn RG, Myers RP (1976) Adriamycin (NSC 127127) versus 5-fluorouracil (NSC 19893) and cyclophosphamid (NSC 26271) in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rep 60: 115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edsmyr F, Adersson L, Könyves J (1982) Estramustine-phosphate: experimental studies and clinical experience. In: Jacobi GH, Hohenfellner R (eds) Prostate cancer. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore London

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberger MA (1988) Chemotherapy for prostate carcinoma. NCI Monogr 7: 151

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fossa SD, Aaronson NK, Newling D and the members of the EORTC GU Group (1990) Advanced hormone resistant prostatic cancer: Preliminary observations on subjective morbidity and palliation. Abstracts 2: 4, EAU European Association of Urology, IXth Congress, June 13–16, Amsterdam 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosn M, Droz JP, Mahjoubi M, Theodore C, Azab M, Ostronoff M (1989) Phase II trial of ifosfamide (IFO) in hormone-refractory metastatic cancer of the prostate (HRMCP) (meeting abstract). Proc Ann Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 8: A549

    Google Scholar 

  • Graf-Dobbdrstein CH, Rübben H, Deutz FJ, Otto U, Block T, Arregui R (1989) Prospektive multizentrische Phase-II-Studie zur Wirksamkeit von Cis platin und Mitomycin in der Therapie des hormonrefraktären Prostatakarzinoms. 4L Kongreß Dtsch Ges Urol 4.-7.10., Freiburg 1989, Abstraktband, S 184

    Google Scholar 

  • Huggins C, Hodges CV (1941) Studies on prostatic cancer: I. The effects of castration, of estrogen, and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1: 293

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ihde CD, Brunn PA, Cohen MH, Dunnick NR, Eddy JL, Minna JD (1986) Effective treatment of hormonally-unresponsive metastatic carcinoma of the prostate with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide. Cancer 45: 1300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs JT (1984) The timing of androgen ablation therapy and/or chemotherapy in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Prostate 5: 1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izbicki RM, Amer MH, Al-Sarraf M (1979) Combination of adriamycin and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 999

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones WG, Fossa SD, Denis L, Coninx P, Glashan RW, Akdas A, De Pauw M (1983) An EORTC phase II study of vindesine in advanced prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 19: 583

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones WG, Bono AV, Verbaeys A, De Pauw M, Sylvester R and members of the EORTC (1986) Can the primary tumour be used as the sole parameter for response in phase II chemotherapy studies in metastatic prostate cancer? An EORTC Genito-urinary Group report. World J Urol 4: 176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones WG, Fossa SD, Bono AV, Croies JJ, Stoter G, De Pauw M, Sylvester R (1986) Mitomycin C in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer: report of an EORTC phase II study. World J Urol 4: 182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasimis B, Miller JB, Kaneshiro CA et al. (1985) Cyclophosphamide versus 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin and mitomycin C (FAM) in the treatment of hormone resistant metastatic carcinoma of the prostate: A preliminary report of a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 3: 385

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keen CW (1980) Half body radiotherapy in the management of metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 123: 713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennealey GT, Marsh JC, Walsh DA et al. (1978) Treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate with estramustine and 5-fluorouracil (FU). Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, ASCO 19: 394

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuss R, Khoury S, Richard F et al. (1980) Estramustine phosphate in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer. Br J Urol 52: 29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kühn M, Weißbach L (1990) Primary therapy of metastasized prostate carcinoma with depot GnRH analogue (Zoladex) versus estramustine phosphate (EMP; Estrazyt), abstracts 132: 254, EAU European Association of Urology, IXth Congress, June 13–16, Amsterdam 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Labrie F, Dupont A, Bélanger A, Cusan L, Brochu M, Turina E, Pinault S, Lacourciere Y, Emond J (1989) Anti-hormone treatment for prostate cancer relapsing after treatment with flutamide and castration — addition of aminoglutethimide and low dose hydrocortisone to combination therapy. Br J Urol 63: 634

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leistenschneider W, Nagel R (1980) Zytologisches Regressionsgrading und seine prognostische Bedeutung beim konservativ behandelten Prostatakarzinom. Act Urol 11: 236

    Google Scholar 

  • Linehan WM, LaRocca R, Stein CY, McClellan W, Cooper M, Weiss G, Choyke P, Cassidy J, Ulrich M, Myers CE (1990) Use of suramin in treatment of patients with prostate carcinoma, abstracts 220A: 131, AUA Eighty-Fifth Annual Meeting, May 13–17, New Orleans 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd RE, Jones SE, Salmon SE et al. (1976) Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin (NSC-123127) and cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) for solid tumors: a phase II trial. Cancer Treat Rep 60: 77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logethetis CJ, Eschenbach AC v, Samuels ML, Trindade A, Johnson DE (1982) Doxorubicin, Mitomycin and 5 FU (DMF) in the treatment of hormone resistant stage D prostate cancer: a preliminary report. Cancer Treat Rep 66: 57

    Google Scholar 

  • Logothetis CJ, Samuels ML, Eschenbach AC v, Trindade A, Ogden S, Grant C, Johnson DE (1983) Doxorubicin, Mitomycin-C, and 5-Fluorouracil (DMF) in the treatment of metastatic hormone refractory-adenocarcinoma of the prostate, with a note on the staging of metastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1: 368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logothetis CJ, Hossan E, Dexeus FH, Sella A, Amato RJ, Kilbourn RG (1990) Primary combinded chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Abstracts 309A: 481, AUA Eighty-Fifth Annual Meeting, May 13–17, New Orleans 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahler C, Keuppens F, Nowé P, Van Erps DL (1988) Prospective study of diethylstilbestroldiphosphate in the treatment of prostatic cancer in relapse. Urol Int 43: 47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merrin C, Etra W, Wajsman Z, Baumgartner G, Murphy G (1976) Chemotherapy of advanced carcinoma of the prostate with 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide and adriamycin. J Urol 115: 86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merrin CE (1979) Treatment of genitourinary tumors with cisdichlorodiamineplatinum (II): experience in 250 patients. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 1579

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mittleman A, Shukla SK, Murphy GP (1976) Extended therapy of stage D carcinoma of the prostate with oral estramustine phosphate. J Urol 115: 409

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore GE, B ross ID J, Ausman R et al. (1968) Effects of 5-fluorouracil (NSC-19893) in patients with cancer. Eastern Clinical Drug Evaluation Program. Cancer Chemother Rep 52: 641

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore MR, Trôner MB, Desimone P et al. (1986) Phase II evaluation of weekly cisplatin in metastatic hormone resistant prostate cancer: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial. Cancer Treat Rep 70: 541

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy G (1978) Management of advanced cancer of the prostate. In: Skinner DF, De Kernion JB (eds) Genitourinary cancer. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy GP, Slack NH and participants in the National Prostatic Cancer Project (1984) Current status of the National Prostatic Cancer Project Treatment Protocols. In: Denis L, Murphy GP, Prout GR, Schröder F (eds) Controlled clinical trial in urologic oncology. Raven, New York, p 13

    Google Scholar 

  • Muss HB, Howard V, Richards F, White DR, Jackson DV, Cooper MR, Stuart JJ, Resnick MI, Brodkin R, Spurr CL (1981) Cyclophosphamide versus cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-flubrouracil in advanced prostatic cancer — a randomized trial. Cancer 47: 1949

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Bryan RM, Luce JK, Talley RW et al. (1973) Phase II evaluation of adriamycin in human neoplasia. Cancer 32: 1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Bryan RM, Baker LH, Gottlieb JF et al. (1977) Dose-response evaluation of adriamycin in human neoplasia. Cancer 39: 1940

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paulson DF, Berry WR, Cox EB et al. (1979) Treatment of metastatic endocrineunresponsive carcinoma of the prostate gland with multiagent chemotherapy: indicators of response to therapy. JNCI 63: 615

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qazi R, Khandekar J (1983) Phase II study of cisplatin for metastatic prostatic carcinoma. An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. Am J Clin Oncol 6: 203

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rübben H (1986) Chemotherapie beim Prostatakarzinom. Onkol Forum Chemother (Schwerpunkt Prostatakarzinome) 2: 11

    Google Scholar 

  • Rübben H, Altwein JE (1987) Das fortgeschrittene Prostatakarzinom — Ein therapeutisches Dilemma? Urologe [A] 26: 7

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossof AM, Talley RW, Stephens RL, Thigpen T, Samson MK, Groppe C, Eyre HJ, Fisher R (1979) Phase II evaluation of cis-dichlorodiamineplatinum (II) in advanced malignancies of the genitourinary and gynecologic organs, Southwest Oncology Groups Study. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 1557

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott WW, Gibbons RP, Johnson DE, Prout GR, Schmidt JD, Saroff J, Murphy GP (1976) The continued evaluation of the effects of chemotherapy in patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 116: 211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seppelt U, Sprenger E (1980) Zellkern-DNS-Analysen durch Einzelzell-Fluoreszenz-Zytophotometrie an Prostatakarzinomen vor und während der Therapie. Verh Dtsch Ges Urol 32: 68

    Google Scholar 

  • Smalley RV, Bartolucci AA, Hemstreet G, Hester M (1981) A phase II evaluation of a 3-drug combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil and or 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced bladder carcinoma or stage D prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 125: 191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soloway MS, Shippel RM, Ikard M (1979) Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, and 5-fluorouracil in advanced carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 122: 637

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soloway MS, De Kernion JB, Gibbons RP, Johnson DE, Leoning SA, Pontes JE et al. (1981) Comparison of estramustine phosphate and vincristin alone or in combination for patients with advanced hormone refractory, previously irradiated carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 125: 664

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soloway MS, Beckley S, Brady MF et al. (1983) A comparison of estramustine phosphate, versus cis-platinum alone versus estramustine phosphate plus cis-platinum in patients with advanced hormone refractory prostate cancer who had extensive irradiation to the pelvis or lumbosacral area. J Urol 129: 56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt JD, Gibbons RP, Johnson DE, Prout GR, Scott WW, Murphy GP (1976) Chemotherapy of advanced prostatic cancer. Urology 6: 602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt JD, Scott WW, Gibbons RP, Johnson DE, Prout GR, Loening SA et al. (1979) Comparison of procarbazine, imidazole-carboxamide and cyclophosphamide in relapsing patients with advanced carcinoma of prostate. J Urol 121: 185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Straus MJ, Farmelee J, Olsson C, De Vere White R (1978) Cytoxan, adriamycin and methotrexate (CAM) therapy of stage D prostate cancer. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, Am Soc Clin Oncol 19: 314

    Google Scholar 

  • Torti F, Aston D, Lum BL et al. (1983) Weekly doxorubicin in endocrine refractory carcinoma of the prostate. J Clin Oncol 1: 477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torti FM, Shortliffe L, Carter SK et al. (1985) A randomized study of doxorubicin versus doxorubicin plus cisplatin in endocrine-unresponsive metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 56: 2580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trachtenberg J, Walsh PC (1982) Correlation of prostatic nuclear androgen receptor content with duration of response and survival following hormonal therapy in advanced prostatic cancer. J Urol 127: 466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tubiana M, Malaise E (1976) Comparison of cell proliferation kinetics in human and experimental tumors: response to irradiation. Cancer Treat Rep 60: 1887

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yagoda A (1979) Phase II trials with cis-diamine-dichloroplatinum (II) in the treatment of urothelial tumors. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 1565

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yagoda A, Watson RC, Natale RB et al. (1979) A critical analysis of response criteria in patients with prostatic cancer treated with cis-diaminedichloride platinum II. Cancer 44: 1553

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckley S, Wajsman LZ, Slack NH, Murphy GP (1981) Chemotherapy in metastatic, hormone refractory prostatic cancer using chlorambucil in combination with prednisolone versus conjugate, prednimustine (Leo 1031). Urology XVII 5: 446–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckley S, Wajsman Z, Maeso E, Pontes E, Murphy G (1981) Estramustine phosphate with multiple cytotoxic agents in treatment of advanced prostatic cancer. Urology XVIII 6: 592–595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bracci U (1979) Antiandrogens in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Eur Urol 5: 303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brendler H, Prout GR Jr (1962) A cooperative group study of prostatic cancer? stilbestrol versus placebo in advanced progressive disease. Cancer Chemo Rep 16: 323–327

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruchovsky N, Brown EM, Coppin CM, Goldenberg SL, Le Riche JC, Murray NC, Rennie PS (1987) The endocrinology and treatment of prostate tumor progression. In: Progress in clinical and biological research. Liss, New York (Current concepts and approaches to the study of prostate cancer), pp 347–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Byar DP (1973) The Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group’s studies of cancer of the prostate. Cancer 32: 1126–1130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Citrin DL, Hogan TF (1982) A phase II evaluation of adriamycin and cis-platinum in hormone resistant prostate cancer. Cancer 50: 201–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Citrin DL, Dies MS, Wallemark CB (1985) A phase II study of high-dose estrogens (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate) in prostate cancer. Cancer 56: 457–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn AG (1983) Carcinoma of the prostate: delayed endocrine therapy is best. Semin Urol 1: 280–287

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coffey DS, Isaacs JT (1981) Prostate tumor biology and cell kinetics — theory. Urology [Suppl] 17: 40–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford ED, Eisenberger MA, McLeod DG, Spaulding JT, Benson R, Dorr FA, Blumenstein BA, Davis MA, Goodman PJ (1989) A controlled trial of leuprolide with and without flutamide in prostatic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 321: 419–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • deKernion JB, Lindner A (1984) Chemotherapy of hormonally unresponsive prostatic carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am 2: 319–326

    Google Scholar 

  • de Voogt HJ, Klein JG, Studer U, Sylvester R, de Pauw M and members of the EORTC GU-group (1990) The use of LHRH-agonist Buserelin, combined with the anti-androgen cyproterone-acetate versus orchidectomy in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer: preliminary results of EORTC-trial 30843. Eur Urol 18 (S1): 98

    Google Scholar 

  • Drago JR (1984) Chemotherapy in prostatic cancer urologic oncology. Nijhoff, Boston, pp 51–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberger MA Simon R O’Dwyer PJ (1985) A réévaluation of nonhormonal cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 3: 827–841

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenkraft S, Huben RP, Pontes JE (1984) Orchiectomy and chemotherapy with estramustine, cis-platinum, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil in newly diagnosed prostate cancer with bone metastases. Urology XXIII: 51–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fauré N, Lemay A, Larode B et al. (1983) Preliminary results on the clinical efficacy and safety of androgen inhibition by an LHRH agonist alone or combined with an antiandrogen in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. Prostate 4: 601–624

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fourcade RO, Cariou G, Coloby P, Colombel P, Coulange C, Grise P, Mangin P, Soret JY, Poterre M (1990) Total androgen blockade in advanced prostatic carcinoma: interim report of a double blind study using Zoladex and Flutamide. J Urol 143: 220A

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler JE, Whitmore Jr WF (1982) Considerations for the use of testosterone with systemic chemotherapy in prostatic cancer. Cancer 49: 1373–1377

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox M, Hammonds JC (1980) Palliative effect of cyproterone acetate in carcinoma of the prostate with widespread metastatic bone disease. Br J Urol 52: 402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukushima DK (1978) Effect of flutamide on cortisol meta bolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47: 488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garnick MB (1986) Leuprolide versus diethylstilbestrol for previously untreated stage D2 prostate cancer. Urology XXVII [Suppl 1]: 21–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons RP, Beckley S, Brady MF (1983) The addition of chemotherapy to hormonal therapy for treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. J Surg Oncol 23: 133–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman HB (1986) Hormonal therapy of prostatic carcinoma: is there a rationale for delayed treatment? Urology XXVII: 199–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herr HW (1982) Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil combination chemotherapy versus chloroethyl-cyclohexyl-nitrosourea in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer. J Urol 127: 462–465

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holdaway I, Altwein JE, Klippel KF, Lunglmayr G, Tyrrell CJ, Varenhorst E (1990) A multicentre randomised trial comparing the LHRH agonist „Zoladex“ with „Zoladex“ in combination with flutamide in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. J Urol 143: 220A

    Google Scholar 

  • Hüben RP, Murphy GP and the investigators of the National Prostatic Cancer Project (1988) A comparison of diethylstilbestrol or orchiectomy with buserelin and with methotrexate plus diethylstilbestrol or orchiectomy in newly diagnosed patients with clinical stage D2 cancer of the prostate. Cancer 62: 1881–1887

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs JT (1984) The timing of androgen ablation therapy and/or chemotherapy in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Prostate 5: 1–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs JT, Coffey DS (1981) Adaptation versus selection as the mechanism responsible for the relapse of prostatic cancer to androgen ablation therapy as studied in the Dunning R-3327-H adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 41: 5070

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klign JGM, de Voogt HJ, Schröder FH, de Jong FH (1985) Combined treatment with buserelin and cyproterone acetate in metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Lancet 2: 493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • The Leuprolide Study Group (1984) Leuprolide versus diethylstilbestrol for metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 311: 1281–1286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Logothetis CJ, Samuels ML, Eschenbach AC v (1983) Doxorubicin, Mitomycin-C, and 5-fluorouracil (DMF) in the treatment of metastatic hormonal refractory adenocarcinoma of the prostate, with a note on the staging of metastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1:368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund F, Rasmussen F (1988) Flutamide versus stilboestrol in the management of advanced prostatic cancer. Br J Urol 61: 140–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merrin CE (1980) Treatment of previously untreated (by hormonal manipulation) stage D adenocarcinoma of prostate with combined orchiectomy, estrogen, and Cis diaminedichloroplatinum. Urology XV: 123–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukamel E, Nissenkorn I, Servadio C (1980) Early combined hormonal and chemotherapy for metastatic carcinoma of prostate. Urology XVI: 257–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy GP, Beckley S, Brady M (1983) Treatment of newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer patients with chemotherapy agents in combination with hormones versus hormones alone. Cancer 51: 1264–1272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy GP, Hüben RP, Priore R (1986) Results of another trial of chemotherapy with and without hormones in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer. Urology XXVIII: 36–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muss HB, Howard V, Richards F, White DR, Jackson DV, Cooper MR, Stuart JJ, Resnick MI, Brodkin R, Spurr CL (1981) Cyclophosphamide versus cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil in advanced prostatic cancer. Cancer 47: 1949–1953

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nesbit RM, Baum WC (1950) Endocrine control of prostatic carcinoma: clinical and statistical survey of 1818 cases. JAMA 143: 1317–1320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker MC, Cook A, Riddle PR (1985) Is delayed treatment justified in carcinoma of the prostate? Br J Urol 57: 724–728

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paulson DF (1978) The role of endocrine therapy in the management of prostatic cancer. In: Skinner DG, deKernion JB (eds) Genitourinary cancer. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 388

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulson DF (1985) Management of metastatic prostatic cancer. Urology [Suppl] 25: 49–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paulson DF, Walker RA, Berry WR, Cox EB, Hinshaw W (1981) Vincristine, bleomycin, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and prednisone in metastatic, hormonally unresponsive prostatic adenocarcinoma. Urology XVII: 443–445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick MI, Grayhack JT (1975) Treatment of stage IV carcinoma of the prostate. Urol Clin North Am 2: 141–161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson MRG, Hetherington J (1986) The EORTC studies: is there an optimal endocrine management for M1 prostatic cancer? World J Urol 4. 171–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rost A (1981) Cyproterone acetate, testosterone, LH, FSH, and prolactin levels in plasma after intramuscular application of cyproterone acetate in patients with prostatic cancer. Prostate 2: 315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saiers JH, Tramum BL, Stephens R (1985) Treatment of stage D II adenocarcinoma of the prostate with doxorubicin, mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil; a South-West Oncology Group study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 4: 108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanford EJ, Drago JR, Rohner TJ (1976) Aminoglutethimide medical adrenalectomy for advanced prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 115: 170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scher HI, Sternberg CN (1985) Chemotherapy of urologic malignancies. Semin Urology III: 239–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Schröder FH, Lock TMTW, Chadha DR, Debruyne FMJ, Karthaus HFM, de Jong FH, Klijn JGM, Matroos AW, de Voogt HJ (1987) Metastatic cancer of the prostate managed with buserelin versus buserelin plus cyproterone acetate. J Urol 137: 912–918

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott WW, Menon M, Walsh PC (1980) Hormonal therapy of prostatic cancer. Cancer 45: 1929–1936

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Servadio C, Mukamel E, Lurie H, Nissenkorn I (1983) Early combined hormonal and chemotherapy for metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Urology XXI: 493–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sogani PC, Whitmore WF (1979) Experience with flutamide in previously untreated patients with advanced prostatic cancer. J Urol 122: 640

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torti FM, Flam M, Lum BL (1985) Weekly adriamycin and methotrexate in endocrine unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 4: 103

    Google Scholar 

  • Tveter KJ, Otnes B, Hannestad R (1978) Treatment of prostatic carcinoma with cyproterone acetate. Scand J Urol Nephrol 12: 115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • The Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group (1967) Carcinoma of the prostate: treatment comparions. J Urol 98: 516–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh PC (1975) Physiologic basis for hormonal therapy in carcinoma of the prostate. Urol Clin North Am 2: 125–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zadra J, Bruce AW, Trachtenberg J (1986) Total androgen ablation therapy in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. J Urol 135: 201A

    Google Scholar 

  • Alsheik HI, Guinan PD, Abiin RJ, Nourkayhan SH, Bruns RB, Sadoughi N et al. (1977) The effect of transurethral resection of the prostate on lymphocyte response in patients with prostatic cancer. J Urol 118: 1022

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandhauer K (1982) Has transurethral resection a place in prostate cancer management? In: Jacobi GH, Hohenfellner R (eds) Prostate cancer 3. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore London, pp 245–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandhauer K (1975) The possible role of transurethral resection in the dissemination of prostatic cancer. Eur Urol 1: 272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch G, Hohlbrugger G, Mikuz G, Diethe O, Marberger H (1983) Die transurethrale Elektroresektion beim Prostatakarzinom. Aktuelle Diagnostik und Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms. 2. Seminar für urologische Onkologie des Berufsverbandes Deutscher Urologen e.V. 24.-26.9.1982, Neu-Isenburg 204, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Egle N, Spieler P, Bandhauer K, Gloor F (1976) Die Bedeutung zytologischer Untersuchungen für die primäre Diagnostik und den klinischen Verlauf des Prostatakarzinoms. Akt Urol 7: 355–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein JI, Oesterling JE, Walsh CP (1988) The volume and anatomical location of residual tumor in radical prostatectomy specimens removed for stage Al prostate cancer. J Urol 139: 975–979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler JE, Fisher HAG, Kaiser DL, Withmore WF (1984) Relationship of pretreatment transurethral resection of the prostate to survival without distant metastases in patients treated with 1251-implantation for localized prostatic cancer. Cancer 53: 1857–1863

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanks GE (1985) Optimizing the radiation treatment and outcome of prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11: 1235–1245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanks EG, Leibel S, Kramer S (1983) The dissemination of cancer by transurethral resection of locally advanced prostate cancer. J Urol 129: 309–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jewett HJ (1976) Radical perineal prostatectomy for prostatic cancer. In Marberger H, Hascheck H, Schirmer HKA, Colston JAC, Witkin E (eds) Progress in clinical and biological research, vol 6. Liss, New York, pp 205–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang Fan, Chung-Fu Peng (1983) Predicting the probability of bone metastasis through histological grading of prostate autopsy cases with antemortem transurethral resection specimen. J Urol 130: 708–711

    Google Scholar 

  • Küss R, Khoury S (1978) Letter to the editor. J Urol 120: 388

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan DG (1980) The adverse influence of prior transurethral resection on prognosis in carcinoma of the prostate treated by radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 6: 1121–1126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meacham RB, Scardino PT, Hoffman GS, Easley JD, Wilbanks JH, Carlton CE (1989) The risk of distant metastases after transurethral resection of the prostate versus needle biopsy in patients with localized prostate cancer. J Urol 142: 320–325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandier MH, Hanks GE (1988) Analysis of the possibility that transurethral resection promotes metastasis in prostate cancer. Cancer 62: 2622–2627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scardino PT (1985) The adverse effect of TUR in carcinoma of the prostate. Abstr Proc Urol Soc Austr, Br J Urol 31: 89

    Google Scholar 

  • Toggenburg H, Bandhauer K, Spieler P (1984) Wert der Zytodiagnostik für die Verlaufskontrolle des Prostatakarzinoms. In: Helpap B, Senge T, Vahlensieck W (Hrsg) Die Prostata/Prostatakarzinom, Bd 2.2. Prostata-Workshop in Frankfurt/M. 20.-21.1.1984. PMI, Frankfurt, S 325–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Vicente J, Chéchile G, Algaba F (1989) The role of repeat transurethral resection in stage Al carcinoma of the prostate. Eur Urol 16: 325–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. H. Becker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K.-H. Bichler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. ST. H. Flüchter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. U. W. Tunn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. G. Ludwig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S. D. Fossa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. H. Rübben
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. U. E. Studer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. A. Putz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. K. Bandhauer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. E. Senn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Urologische Universitätsklinik, Moorenstraße 5, W-4000, Düsseldorf, Deutschland

    R. Ackermann

  2. Urologische Abteilung, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder, Romanstraße 95, W-8000, München 19, Deutschland

    Jens E. Altwein

  3. Urologische Abteilung, Stadtkrankenhaus Memmingen, W-8940, Memmingen, Deutschland

    Peter Faul

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Becker, H. et al. (1991). Therapeutische Kontroverse. In: Ackermann, R., Altwein, J.E., Faul, P. (eds) Aktuelle Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84264-1_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84264-1_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-84265-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-84264-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation