Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular Pharmacognosy—A New Borderline Discipline Between Molecular Biology and Pharmacognosy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and their Extracts: Volume 2

Part of the book series: Progress in Drug Research ((PDR,volume 74))

Abstract

Molecular pharmacognosy is based on molecular identification technologies and has provided an identification basis of crude drugs at the gene level. Molecular pharmacognosy includes the systematic assortment of varieties of traditional herbal medicine and Chinese herbs, and studies quality, standardization, conservation, and diversity of medicinal plants. The molecular pharmacognosy in twenty-first century embraces many items from the study of molecular taxonomy, phylogenetic evolution of medicinal plants and animals, conservation of endangered species, molecular identification of medicinal raw materials, controlling metabolic pathways and biosynthetic regulation of secondary metabolites in plants, conservation of biodiversity, genetic engineering, tissue culture technology, production of pollution-free medicinal plants, structure-activity relationships with a drug potential, etc. to genetic engineering technology based on molecular cloning and the related tissue culture technology, especially molecular marker technology based on PCR. Molecular pharmacognosy is a rising discipline combining molecular biology and pharmacognosy, and its development depends on systems biology with reference to genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, and also involved methods of modern biotechnology. Molecular biology has become vital to drug discovery from medicinal plants, through the determination and accomplishment of appropriate screening assays directed toward physiologically relevant molecular targets. DNA markers based tools for molecular identification of traditional medicinal materials are considered more reliable for authentication of herbal materials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams RP, Pandeyb RN, Leverenzc JW, Digdardd N, Hoeghe K, Thorfinnssonf T (2002) Molecular Markers in herbal drug technology. Sci Hortic 96:303–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Adeola MO (1992) Importance of wild animals and their parts in the culture, religious festivals, and traditional medicine, of Nigeria. Environ Conserv 19(2):125–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Afrin S, Huang JJ, Zhi-Yong Luo ZY (2015) JA-mediated transcriptional regulation of secondary metabolism in medicinal plants. Sci Bull 60(12):1062–1072

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albani MC, Battey NH, Wilkinson MJ (2004) The development of ISSR-derived SCAR markers around the seasonal flowering locus (SFL) in Fragaria vesca. Theor Appl Genet 109:571–579

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1997) Biodiversity and human health: a guide for policymakers. Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (CBC), American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY. http://research.amnh.org/biodiversity/acrobat/policy.pdf

  • Baitaluk M (2009) System biology of gene regulation. Biomed Inf Methods Mol Biol 569:55–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balusamy SRD, Kim YJ, Rahimi S, Lee OR, Lee S, Yang DC (2013) Transcript pattern of cytochrome P450, antioxidant and ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway genes under heavy metal stress in Panax ginseng Meyer. B Environ Contam Tox 90(2):194–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baranek KS, Pietrosiuk A, Naliwajski MR, Kawiak A, Jeziorek M, Wyderska S, Łojkowska E, Chinou I (2012) Effect of lphenylalanine on PAL activity and production of naphthoquinone pigments in suspension cultures of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol−Plant 48(5):555–564

    Google Scholar 

  • Barillo E, Calzone L, Hupe P, Vert JP, Zinovyev A (2012) Computational systems biology of cancer. Chapman & Hall, CRC Mathematical & Computational Biology, p 461

    Google Scholar 

  • Barthelson RA (2009) Protocols for in vitro cultures and secondary metabolite analysis of aromatic and medicinal plants. Identification of medicinal plants and plant sequences: multiplexed MLPA assay. Methods Mol Biol 547(3):277–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baum BR, Mechanda S, Livesey JF, Binns SE, Arnason JT (2001) Predicting quantitative phytochemical markers in single Echinacea plants or clones from their DNA fingerprints. Phytochemistry 56:543–549

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Gatto GJ (2012) Biochemistry, 7th edn. W.H. Freeman, New York, p 429

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya E, Dandin SB, Ranade SA (2005) Single primer amplification reaction methods reveal exotic and indigenous mulberry varieties are similarly diverse. J Biosci 30:669–677

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blears M, De Grandis S, Lee H, Trevors J (1998) Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP): a review of the procedure and its applications. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 21:99–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borne B, Goraguer F, Joly G, Branchard M (2002) Genetic diversity in European and Argentinian cultivated potatoes (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum) detected by inter-simple sequencerepeats (ISSRS). Genome 45:481–484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bornet B, Branchard M (2004) Use of ISSR fingerprints to detect microsatellites and genetic diversity in several related Brassica taxa and Arabidopsis thaliana. Hereditas 140:245–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen BW (1999) Preserving genes, species, or ecosystems? Healing the fractured foundations of conservation policy. Mol Ecol 8:S5–S10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bu Z, Callaway DJ (2011) Proteins MOVE! Protein dynamics and long-range allostery in cell signaling. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol 83:163–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • But PPH (1994) Herbal poisoning caused by adulterants or erroneous substitutes. J Trop Med Hyg 97:371–374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • But PPH, Tomlinson B, Cheung KO, Yong SP, Szeto ML, Lee CK (1996) Adulterants of herbal products can cause poisoning. Br Med J 313:117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne HM (2010) Dissecting cancer through mathematics: from the cell to the animal model. Nat Rev Cancer 10(3):221–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caetano-Anolle’s G, Bassam BJ, Gresshoff PM (1991) DNA amplification fingerprinting: a strategy for genome analysis. Plant Mol Biol Rep 9:294–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carles M, Cheung MK, Moganti S, Dong TT, Tsim KW, Ip NY et al (2005) A DNA microarray for the authentication of toxic traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Planta Med 71:580–584

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CBOL Plant Working Group (2009) A DNA barcode for land plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:12794–12797

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarty D, Yu KW, Paek KY (2003) Detection of DNA methylation changes during somatic embryogenesis of Siberian ginseng (Eleuterococcus senticosus). Plant Sci 165:61–68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan K (2003) Some aspects of toxic contaminants in herbal medicines. Chemosphere 52:1361–1371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan K, Shaw D, Simmonds MS, Leon CJ, Xu Q, Lu A et al (2012) Good practice in reviewing and publishing studies on herbal medicine, with special emphasis on traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese materia medica. J Ethnopharmacol 140:469–475

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chatti K, Saddoud O, Salhi Hannachi A, Mars M, Marrakchi M, Trifi M (2007) Analysis of genetic diversity and relationships in a Tunisian Fig (Ficus carica) germplasm collection by random amplified microsatellite polymorphisms. J Integr Plant Biol 49:386–391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen KT, Su YC, Lin JG, Hsin LH, Su YP, Su CH et al (2001) Identification of Atractylodes plants in Chinese herbs and formulations by random amplified polymorphic DNA. Acta Pharm Sin 22:493–497

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen SL, Yao H, Han JP, Liu C, Song JY, Shi LC et al (2010) Validation of the ITS2 region as a novel DNA barcode for identifying medicinal plant species. PLoS ONE 5:e8613

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng KT, Su B, Chen CT, Lin CC (2000) RAPD analysis of Astragalus medicines marketed in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med 28:273–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng JL, Huang LQ, Shao AJ, Lin SF (2002) RAPD analysis on different varieties of Rehmannia glutinosa. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 27:505–508

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiara R, Gerolamo L (2009) Statistical tools for gene expression analysis and systems biology and related web resources. In: Krawetz S (ed) Bioinformatics for systems biology, 2nd edn. Humana Press, pp 181–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Chivian E (1997) Global environmental degradation and species loss: implications for human health. In: Grifo F, Rosenthal J (eds) Biodiversity and human health. Island Press, Washington, pp 7–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Chivian E (2001) Environment and health: 7. Species loss and ecosystem disruption—the implications for human health. CMAJ 164(1):66–69

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi YE, Ahn CH, Kim BB, Yoon ES (2008) Development of species specific AFLP-derived SCAR marker for authentication of Panax japonicus C. A. MEYER. Biol Pharm Bull 31:135–138

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole CT, Kuchenreuther MA (2001) Molecular markers reveal little genetic differentiation among Aconitum noveboracense and A. columbianum (Ranunculaceae) populations. Am J Bot 88:337–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collard BCY, Jahufer MZZ, Brouwer JB, Pang ECK (2005) An introduction to markers, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and marker-assisted selection for crop improvement: the basic concepts. Euphytica 142:169–196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui HY, Baque MdA, Lee EJ, Paek KY (2013) Scale-up of adventitious root cultures of Echinacea angustifolia in a pilotscale bioreactor for the production of biomass and caffeic acid derivatives. Plant Biotech Rep 7(3):297–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD (2006) Genetic variation in hemp and marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) according to amplified fragment length polymorphisms. J Forensic Sci 51:371–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Debouck C, Goodfellow PN (1999) DNA microarrays in drug discovery and development. Nat Genet 21:48–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dekkers JCM, Hospital F (2002) The use of molecular genetics in the improvement of agricultural populations. Nat Rev Genet 3(1):22–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Del Serrone P, Attorri L, Gallinella B, Gallo FR, Federici E, Palazzino G (2006) Molecular identification of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in ginseng commercial products. Nat Prod Commun 1:1137–1140

    Google Scholar 

  • Devaiah KM, Venkatasubramanian P (2008a) Development of SCAR marker for authentication of Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex. Willd.) DC. Curr Sci 94:1306–1308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devaiah KM, Venkatasubramanian P (2008b) Genetic characterization and authentication of Embelia ribes using RAPD-PCR and SCAR marker. Planta Med 74:194–196

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • di Bernardo D, Thompson MJ, Gardner TS, Chobot SE, Eastwood EL, Wojtovich AP et al (2005) Chemogenomic profiling on a genome-wide scale using reverse-engineered gene networks. Nat Biotechnol 23(3):377–383

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diao Y, Lin XM, Liao CL, Tang CZ, Chen ZJ, Hu ZL (2009) Authentication of Panax ginseng from its adulterants by PCR-RFLP and ARMS. Planta Med 75:557–560

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding G, Zhang DZ et al (2008) SNP, ARMS and SSH authentication of medicinal Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo and application for identification of Fengdou drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 31:553–557

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dnyaneshwar W, Preeti C, Kalpana J, Bhushan P (2006) Development and application of RAPDSCAR marker for identification of Phyllanthus emblica L. Biol Pharm Bull 29:2313–2316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Do KR, Hwang WJ, Lyu YS, An NH, Kim HM (2001) Molecular authentication of Panax ginseng species by RAPD analysis and PCR-RFLP. Biol Pharm Bull 24:872–875

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dyke FV (2008) Conservation biology: foundations, concepts, applications. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin. ISBN 978-1-4020-6890-4

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Etoh T, Hong CJ (2001) RAPD markers for fertile garlic. Acta Hort (ISHS) 555:209–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan XX, Shen L, Zhang X, Chen XY, Fu CX (2004) Assessing genetic diversity of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) populations from China by RAPD markers. Biochem Genet 42:269–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farnsworth NR, Morris RW (1976) Higher plants: the sleeping giant for drug development. Am J Pharm 148:46–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farnsworth NR, Soejarto DD (1985) Potential consequence of plant extinction in the United States on the current and future availability of prescription drugs. Econ Bot 39(3):231–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farooqui N, Ranade SA, Sane PV (1998) RAPD profile variation amongst provenances of neem. Biochem Mol Biol Int 45:931–939

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fico G, Spada A, Bracab A, Agradic E, Morellib I, Tomea F (2003) RAPD analysis and flavonoid composition of Aconitum as an aid for taxonomic discrimination. Biochem Syst Ecol 31:293–301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fodor SP, Read JL, Pirrung MC, Stryer L, Lu AT, Solas D (1991) Light-directed, spatially addressable parallel chemical synthesis. Science 251:767–773

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fodor SP, Rava RP, Huang XC, Pease AC, Holmes CP, Adams CL (1993) Multiplexed biochemical assays with biological chips. Nature 364(6437):555–556

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friesen N, Blattner FR (1999) RAPD analysis reveals geographic differentiations within Allium schoenoprasum L. Planta Med 65:157–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu RZ, Wang J, Zhang YB, Wang ZT, But PP, Li N, Shaw PC (1999) Differentiation of medicinal Codonopsis species from adulterants by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Planta Med 65:648–650

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao MB, Zhang W, Li XT, Ruan CJ, Fan SD (2010) Expression profiling of genes involved in Taxuyunnanine C biosynthesis in cell suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis by repeated elicitation with a newly synthesized jasmonate, in situ absorption and sucrose feeding. China Biotech 30(8):31–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner TS, di Bernardo D, Lorenz D, Collins JJ (2003) Inferring genetic networks and identifying compound mode of action via expression profiling. Science 301(5629):102–105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaston KJ, Warren PH, Devine-Wright P, Irvine KN, Fuller RA (2007) Psychological benefits of greenspace increase with biodiversity. Biol Lett 3(4):390–394

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gawel NJ, Jarret RL, Whittemore AP (1992) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based phylogenetic analysis of Musa. Theor Appl Genet 84:286–290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ge XJ, Yu Y, Yuan YM, Huang HW, Cheng YAN (2005) Genetic diversity and geographic differentiation in endangered Ammopiptanthus (Leguminosae) populations in desert regions of Northwest China as revealed by ISSR analysis. Ann Bot 95:843–851

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gershon D (2002) Microarray technology: an array of opportunities. Nature 416:885–891

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goff SA, Ricke D, Lan TH, Presting G, Wang R, Dunn M et al (2002) A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). Science 296(5565):92–100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong W, Fu CX, Luo YP, Qiu YX (2006) Molecular identification of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum and Dysosma species using cpDNA sequences and PCR-RFLP markers. Planta Med 72:650–652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grifo F, Newman D, Fairfield A, Bhattacharya B, Grupenhoff JT (1997) The origins of prescription drugs. In: Grifo F, Rosenthal J (eds) Biodiversity and human health. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 131–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo Y, Tsuruga A, Yamaguchi S, Oba K, Iwai K, Sekita S et al (2006) Sequence analysis of chloroplast chlB gene of medicinal Ephedra species and its application to authentication of Ephedra herb. Biol Pharm Bull 29:1207–1211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PK, Balyan HS, Sharma PC, Ramesh B (1996) Microsatellites in plants: a new class of molecular markers. Curr Sci 70:45–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PK, Roy JK, Prasad M (2001) Single nucleotide polymorphisms: a new paradigm for molecular marker technology and DNA polymorphism detection with emphasis on their use in plants. Curr Sci 80:524–535

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ha WY, Shaw PC, Liu J, Yau FC, Wang J (2002) Authentication of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and directed amplification of minisatellite region DNA (DAMD). J Agric Food Chem 50:1871–1875

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hao DC, Chen SL, Xia PG, Peng Y (2010) Authentication of medicinal plants by DNA-based markers and genomics. Chin Herb Med 2(4):250–261

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He J, Wong KL, Shaw PC, Wang H, Li DZ (2010) Identification of the medicinal plants in Aconitum L. by DNA barcoding technique. Planta Med 76:1622–1628

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath DD, Iwama GK, Devlin RH (1993) PCR primed with VNTR core sequences yields species specific patterns and hypervariable probes. Nucleic Acids Res 21:5782–5785

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hebert PD, Gregory TR (2005) The promise of DNA barcoding for taxonomy. Syst Biol 54:852–859

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hebert PD, Cywinska A, Ball SL, de Waard JR (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc R Soc Biol Sci Ser B 270:313–321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heffner EL, Sorrells ME, Jannink JL (2009) Genomic selection for crop improvement. Crop Sci 49:1–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heubl G (2010) New aspects of DNA-based authentication of Chinese medicinal plants by molecular biological techniques. Planta Med 76(17):1963–1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heubl G (2013) Chapter 2: DNA-based authentication of TCM-plants: current progress and future perspectives. In: Wagner H, Ulrich-Merzenich G (eds) Evidence and rational based research on Chinese drugs, Springer, Wien, pp 27–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosokawa K, Minami M, Kawahara K, Nakamura I, Shibata T (2000) Discrimination among three species of medicinal Scutellaria plants using RAPD markers. Planta Med 66:270–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu YM, Han XH, Zhou Q (2011) A study on the flavonoids production by Ginkgo biloba suspension cell culture. Acta Agric Univ Jiangxiensis 33(2):360–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu Y, Zhang Q, Xin H, Qin LP, Lu BR, Rahman K et al (2007) Association between chemical and genetic variation of Vitex rotundifolia populations from different locations in China: its implication for quality control of medicinal plants. Biomed Chromatogr 21:967–975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter ML (1996) Fundamentals of conservation biology. Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-86542-371-8

    Google Scholar 

  • Ince AG, Karaca AGM et al (2009) Development and utilization of diagnostic DAMD-PCR markers for Capsicum accessions. Genet Res Crop Evol 56:211–221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jack CMD (2012) Application of genomics tools to animal breeding. Curr Genomics 13(3):207–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jannink JL, Lorenz Aaron J, Iwata H (2010) Genomic selection in plant breeding: from theory to practice. Brief Funct Genomics 9(2):166–177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayasinghe R, Kong S, Coram TE, Kaganovitch J, Xue CC, Li CG et al (2007) Construction and validation of a prototype microarray for efficient and high-throughput genotyping of angiosperms. Plant Biotechnol J 5(2):282–289

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi P, Dhawan V (2007) Assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated Swertia chirayita plantlets by ISSR marker assay. Biol Plantarum 51(1):22–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan J, Chavan P, Warude D, Patwardhan B (2004) Molecular markers in herbal drug technology. Curr Sci 87:159–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Karaca M, Ince AG, Ay ST, Turgut K, Onus AN (2008) PCR-RFLP and DAMD-PCR genotyping for Salvia species. J Sci Food Agric 88:2508–2516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kersten T, Daniel C, König GM, Knöß W (2007) The potential of PCR-related methods to identify medicinal plants in herbal medicinal products. Planta Med 73:256

    Google Scholar 

  • Khanuja SPS, Pau Sl, Shasany AK, Gupta AK, Darokar MP et al (2007) High Artemisinin yielding plant genotype ‘CIM-Arogya’ US 20070089211 P1

    Google Scholar 

  • Kholodenko BN, Sauro HM (2005) Systems biology: definitions and perspectives. In: Alberghina L, Westerhoff HV (eds) Topics in current genetics, vol 13. Springer, Berlin, pp 357–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Kikowska M, Budzianowski J, Krawczyk A, Thiem B (2012) Accumulation of rosmarinic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids in in vitro cultures of Eryngium planum L. Acta Physiol Plant 34(6):2425–2433

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Chung KW (2007) Isolation of new microsatellite-containing sequences in Acanthopanax senticosus. J Plant Biol 50:557–561

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Jo BH, Lee KL, Yoon ES, Ryu GH, Chung KW (2007) Identification of new microsatellite markers in Panax ginseng. Mol Cells 24:60–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JA, Kim YS, Choi YE (2011) Triterpenoid production and phenotypic changes in hairy roots of Codonopsis lanceolata and the plants regenerated from them. Plant Biotech Rep 5(3):255–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitano H (2002) Systems biology: a brief overview. Science 295(5560):1662–1664

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohjyouma M, Nakajima S, Namera A, Shimizu R, Mizukami H, Kohda H (1997) Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and variation of essential oil components of Atractylodes plants. Biol Pharm Bull 20:502–506

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kojoma M, Lida O, Makino Y, Sekita S, Satake M (2002) DNA fingerprinting of Cannabis sativa using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) amplification. Planta Med 68:60–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Gupta VK, Misra AKL, Modi DR, Pandey BK (2009) Potential of molecular markers in plant biotechnology. Plant Omics J 2(4):141–162

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurane J, Shinde V, Harsulkar A (2009) Application of ISSR marker in pharmacognosy: current update. Phcog Rev 3(6):216–228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok PY (2001) Methods for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms. Annu Rev Genom Human Genet 2:235–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee MY, Doh EJ, Park CH, Kim YH, Kim ES, Ko BS et al (2006) Development of SCAR marker for discrimination of Artemisia princeps and A. argyi from other Artemisia herbs. Biol Pharm Bull 29:629–633

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JH, Lee JW, Sung JS, Bang KH, Moon SG (2009) Molecular authentication of 21 Korean Artemisia species (Compositae) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism based on trnL-F region of chloroplast DNA. Biol Pharm Bull 32(11):1912–1916

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li CF, Li XR, Wang F (2010) Arnebia hairy roots total sugar and polysaccharide content analysis. Northwest Plant 30(1):180–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Li T, Wang J, Lu Z (2005) Accurate identification of closely related Dendrobium species with multiple species-specific gDNA probes. J Biochem Biophys Methods 62:111–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Ding X, Chu B, Ding G, Gu S, Qian L et al (2007) Molecular authentication of Alisma orientale by PCR-RFLP and ARMS. Planta Med 73:67–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li K, Wu W, Zheng Y, Dai Y, Xiang L, Liao K (2009) Genetic diversity of Fritillaria from Sichuan province based on ISSR. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 34:2149–2154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li DZ, Gao LM, Li HT, Wang H, Ge XJ et al (2011) Comparative analysis of a large dataset indicates that internal transcribed spacer (ITS) should be incorporated into the core barcode for seed plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:19641–19646

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim W, Mudge KW et al (2007) Utilization of RAPD markers to assess genetic diversity of wild populations of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). Planta Med 73:71–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin WY, Chen LR, Lin TY (2008) Rapid authentication of Bupleurum species using an array of immobilized sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. Planta Med 74:464–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Litt M, Luty JA (1989) A hypervariable microsatellite revealed by in vitro amplification of a dinucleotide repeat within the cardiac muscle actin gene. Am J Hum Genet 44:397–401

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZJ (2011) Next generation sequencing and whole genome selection in aquaculture. Wiley-Blackwell

    Google Scholar 

  • Loh JP, Kiew R, Kee A, Gan LH, Gan YY (1999) Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) provides molecular markers for the identification of Caladium bicolor cultivars. Ann Bot (Lond) 84:155–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu KT, Lee HC, Liu FS et al (2009) Discriminating astragali radix from hedysarum radix in Chinese medicine preparations using nested PCR and DNA sequencing methods. J Food Drug Anal 17:380–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu KT, Lee HC, Liu FS et al (2010) Identification of Ginseng Radix in Chinese medicine preparations by nested PCR-DNA sequencing method and nested PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. J Food Drug Anal 18:58–63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lum MR, Potter E, Dang T, Heber D, Hardy M, Hirsch AM (2005) Identification of botanicals and potential contaminants through RFLP and sequencing. Planta Med 71:841–846

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo YM, Zhang WM, Ding XY, Shen J, Bao SL, Chu BH et al (2006) SNP marker and allele-specific diagnostic PCR for authenticating herbs of Perilla. Acta Pharm Sin 41:840–845

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma ZQ, Sorrells ME, Tanksley SD (1994) RFLP markers linked to powdery mildew resistance genes Pm1, Pm2, Pm3 and Pm4 in wheat. Genome 37:871–875

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mardis ER (2008) Next-generation DNA sequencing methods. Annu Rev Genom Human Genet 9:387–402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda M, Uryu N, Murayama N, Ishii H, Ota M, Tsuji K, Inoko H (1990) A simple and rapid method for HLA-DP genotying by digestion of PCR-amplified DNA with allele specific endonucleases. Hum Immunol 27:111–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzanti G, Battinelli L, Daniele C, Costantini S, Ciaralli L, Evandri MG (2008) Purity control of some Chinese crude herbal drugs marketed in Italy. Food Chem Toxicol 46:3043–3047

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDermott JM, Brandle U, Dutly F, Haemmerli UA, Keller S, Muller KE, Wolf MS (1994) Genetic variation in powdery mildew of barley: development of RAPD, SCAR and VNTR markers. Phytopathology 4:1316–1321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelsohn R, Balick MJ (1995) The value of undiscovered pharmaceuticals in tropical forests. Econ Bot 49(2):223–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metzker ML (2010) Sequencing technologies—the next generation. Nat Rev Gen 11(1):31–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Meuwissen THE, Hayes BJ, Goddard ME (2001) Prediction of total genetic value using genome-wide dense marker maps. Genetics 157(4):1819–1829

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizukami H, Ohbayashi K, Kitamura Y, Ikenaga T (1993a) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of medicinal plants and crude drugs. I. RFLP probes allow clear identification of Duboisia interspecific hybrid genotypes in both fresh and dried tissues. Biol Pharm Bull 16:388–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizukami H, Ohbayashi K, Umetsu K, Hiraoka N (1993b) Restriction fragment length polymorphism of medicinal plants and crude drugs. II. Analysis of Glehnia littoralis of different geographical origin. Biol Pharm Bull 16:611–661

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizukami H, Okabe Y, Kohda H, Hiraoka N (2000) Identification of the crude drug Atractylodes rhizome (Byaku-jutsu) and Atractylodes lancea rhizome (So-jutsu) using chloroplast trnK sequence as a molecular marker. Biol Pharm Bull 23:589–594

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molina C, Kahl G (2002) Genomics of two banana pathogens, genetic diversity, diagnostics, and phylogeny of Mycosphaerella fijiensis and M. musicola. In: Jain SM (ed) Banana improvement, cellular and molecular biology, and induced mutations. FAO/IAEA, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgante M, Vogel J (1994) Compound microsatellite primers for the detection of genetic polymorphisms. US Patent Application 08/326456

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori N, Moriguchi T, Nakamura C (1997) RFLP analysis of nuclear DNA for study of phylogeny and domestication of tetraploid wheat. Genes Genet Syst 72:153–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moses T, Pollier J, Almagro L (2014) Combinatorial biosynthesis of sapogenins and saponins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a C-16 α-hydroxylase from Bupleurum falcatum. PNAS 111(4):1634–1639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller UG, Wolfenbarger L (1999) AFLP genotyping and fingerprinting. Trends Ecol Evol 14:389–394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munthali M, Ford-Lloyd BV, Newbury HJ (1992) The random amplification of polymorphic DNA for fingerprinting plants. PCR Methods Appl 1:274–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamine K, Watanabe K, Ohtsuka K, Hase T, Notomi T (2001) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction using a nondenatured template. Clin Chem 47:1742–1743

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamine K, Hase T, Notomi T (2002) Accelerated reaction by loop-mediated isothermal amplification using loop primers. Mol Cell Probes 16:223–229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newton CR, Graham A, Heptinstall LE, Powell SJ, Summers C, Kalsheker N et al (1989) Analysis of any point mutation in DNA. The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). Nucleic Acids Res 17:2503–2516

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ng KY, Cheng CI, Xu HX (2009) Safety issues of Chinese medicine: a review of intoxication cases in Hong Kong. Chin Herb Med 1(1):29–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngan F, Shaw P, But P, Wang J (1999) Molecular authentication of Panax species. Phytochemistry 50:787–791

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson DE (1971) An introduction to metabolic pathways by S. Dagley, vol. 59, 2nd edn. Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society. p 266

    Google Scholar 

  • Niu L, Mantri N, Li CG, Xue C, Wohlmuth H, Pang EC (2011) Detection of Panax quinquefolius in Panax ginseng using subtracted diversity array. J Sci Food Agric 91:1310–1315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noble D (2006) The music of life: biology beyond the genome. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 176

    Google Scholar 

  • Normile D (2003) The new face of traditional Chinese medicine. Science 299:188–190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Notomi T, Okayama H, Masubuchi H, Yonekawa T, Watanabe K, Amino N, Hase T (2000) Loopmediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 28(12):E63

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oleszek W, Stochmal A, Karolewski P, Simonet AM, Macias FA, Tava A (2002) Flavonoids from Pinus sylvestris needles and their variation in trees of different origin grown for nearly a century at the same area. Biochem Syst Ecol 30:1011–1022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orita M, Iwahana H, Kanazawa H, Hayashi K, Sekiya T (1989) Detection of polymorphisms of human DNA by gel electrophoresis as single-strand conformation polymorphism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2766–2770

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paddon CJ, Westfall PJ, Pitera DJ (2013) High-level semi-synthetic production of the potent antimalarial artemisinin. Nat 496:528–532

    Google Scholar 

  • Padmesh P, Sabu KK, Seeni S, Pushpangadan P (1999) The use of RAPD in assessing genetic variability in Andrographis paniculata Nees, a hepatoprotective drug. Curr Sci 76:833–835

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paglia GE, Olivieri AM, Morgante M (1998) Towards second-generation STS (sequence-tagged sites) linkage maps in conifers, a genetic map of Norway spruce (Picea abies K.). Mol Gen Genet 258:466–478

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parani M, Anand A, Parida A (1997) Application of RAPD fingerprinting in selection of micropropagated plants of Piper longum for conservation. Curr Sci 73(1):81–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Passinho-Soares H, Felix D, Kaplan MA, Margis-Pinheiro M, Margis R (2006) Authentication of medicinal plant botanical identity by amplified fragmented length polymorphism dominant DNA marker: inferences from the Plectranthus genus. Planta Med 72:929–931

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira F, Carneiro J, Amorim A (2008) Identification of species with DNA-based technology: current progress and challenges. Recent Pat DNA Gene Seq 2:187–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Portis E, Acquadro A, Comino C, Lanteri S (2004) Analysis of DNA methylation during germination of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds using methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP). Plant Sci 166:169–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt DV, Judith GV, Charlotte W (2013) Fundamentals of biochemistry: life at the molecular level, 4th edn. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp 441–442

    Google Scholar 

  • Primrose SB, Twyman RM (2003) Principles of genome analysis and genomics. Blackwell publishing, USA, p 7

    Google Scholar 

  • Qi J, Li X, Song J, Eneji AE, Ma X (2008) Genetic relationships among Rehmannia glutinosa cultivars and varieties. Planta Med 74:1846–1852

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qian L, Ding G et al (2008) Molecular authentication of Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe by amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). Planta Med 74:470–473

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiao XL, Jiang SG, Lv XG, Li FX, Zhao DX (2011) Effects of phytohormones on plant regeneration and production of flavonoids in transgenic Saussurea involucrata hairy roots. Biotechnology 27(1):69–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratnaparkhe MB, Gupta VS, Ven Murthy MR, Ranjekar PK (1995) Genetic fingerprinting of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) and its wild relatives using RAPD markers. Theor Appl Genet 91:893–898

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reyna-Lopez GE, Simpson J, Ruiz-Herrera J (1997) Differences in DNA methylation patterns are detectable during the dimorphic transition of fungi by amplification of restriction polymorphism. Mol Gen Genet 253:703–710

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribaut JM, de Vicente MC, Delannay X (2010) Molecular breeding in developing countries: challenges and perspectives. Curr Opin Plant Biol 13:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarwat M, Das S, Srivastava PS (2008) Analysis of genetic diversity through AFLP, SAMPL, ISSR and RAPD markers in Tribulus terrestris, a medicinal herb. Plant Cell Rep 27(3):519–528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki Y, Nagumo S (2007) Rapid identification of Curcuma longa and C. aromatica by LAMP. Biol Pharm Bull 30:2229–2230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki Y, Fushimi H et al (2002) Sequence analysis of Chinese and Japanese Curcuma drugs on the 18S rRNA gene and trnK gene and the application of amplification-refractory mutation system analysis for their authentication. Biol Pharm Bull 25:1593–1599

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki Y, Komatsu K, Nagumo S (2008) Rapid detection of Panax ginseng by loop-mediated isothermal amplification and its application to authentication of Ginseng. Biol Pharm Bull 31(9):1806–1808

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki Y, Fujimoto T, Aragane M, Yasuda I, Nagumo S (2009) Rapid and sensitive detection of Lophophora williamsii by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Biol Pharm Bull 32(5):887–891

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schena M, Heller RA, Theriault TP, Konrad K, Lachenmeier E, Davis RW (1998) Microarrays: biotechnology’s discovery platform for functional genomics. Trends Biotechnol 16(7):301–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schouten JP, McElgunn CJ, Waaijer R, Zwijnenburg D, Diepvens F, Pals G (2002) Relative quantification of 40 nucleic acid sequences by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Nucleic Acids Res 30(12):e57

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Semagn K, Bjornstad A, Ndjiondjop MN (2006) An overview of molecular marker methods for plants. Afr J Biotechnol 5:2540–2568

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shasany AK, Kukreja AK, Saikia D, Darokar MP, Khanuja SPS, Kumar S (1999) Drug discovery and development: traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology. PGR Newsl 121:27–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Shasany AK, Aruna V, Darokar MP, Kalra A, Bahl JR (2002) Bansal RP Khanuja SPS (2002) RAPD marking of three Pelargonium graveolens genotypes with chemotypic differences in oil quality. J. Med. Aromat. Plant Sci. 24:729–732

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw PC, But PP (1995) Authentication of Panax species and their adulterants by random-primed polymerase chain reaction. Planta Med 61(5):466–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw PC, Ngan FN, But PPH, Wang J (2002) Molecular markers in Chinese medicinal materials. In: Shaw PC, But PPH (eds) Authentication of Chinese medicinal material by DNA technology. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw PC, Wong KKL, Chan AWK, Wong WC, But PPH (2009) Patent applications for using DNA technologies to authenticate medicinal herbal material. J Chin Med 4:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen Y, Wu BL (2009) Designing a simple multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay for rapid detection of copy number variants in the genome. J Genet Genomics 36(4):257–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen J, Ding XY, Ding G, Liu DY, Tang F, He J (2006) Studies on population difference of Dendrobium officinale II establishment and optimization of the method of ISSR fingerprinting marker. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 31:291–294

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shendure J, Ji H (2008) Next-generation DNA sequencing. Nat biotech 26(10):1135–1144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi HM, Wang J, Wang MY, Tu PF, Li XB (2009) Identification of Cistanche species by chemical and inter-simple sequence repeat fingerprinting. Biol Pharm Bull 32:142–146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siow YL, Gong Y, Au-Yeung KK, Woo CW, Choy PC (2005) Emerging issues in traditional Chinese medicine. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 83:321–334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snoep JL, Westerhoff HV (2005) Systems biology: definitions and perspectives. In: Alberghina L, Westerhoff HV (eds) Topics in current genetics, vol 13. Springer, Berlin, pp 13–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Soejarto DD (1996) Biodiversity prospecting and benefit-sharing: perspectives from the field. J Ethnopharmacol 51:1–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Somers DJ, Demmon G (2002) Identification of repetitive, genome-specific probes in crucifer oilseed species. Genome 45:485–492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song Z, Li X, Wang H, Wang J (2010) Genetic diversity and population structure of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge in China revealed by ISSR and SRAP. Genetica 138:241–249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soumaya R, Dakhlaoui-Dkhil S, Salem AOM, Zehdi-Azouzi S, Rhouma A, Marrakchi M et al (2008) Genetic diversity and phylogenic relationships in date-palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as assessed by random amplified microsatellite polymorphism markers (RAMPOs). Sci Hortic 117:53–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steck N, Messmer M, Schaffner W, Bueter KB (2001) Molecular marker as a tool to verify sexual and apomictic off-spring of intraspecific crosses in Hypericum perforatum. Plant Biol 622–628

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephen PM, Rita HM (2008) Molecular plant breeding as the foundation for 21st century crop improvement. Plant Physiol 147:969–977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sucher JN, Carles MC (2008) Genome-based approaches to the authentication of medicinal plants. Planta Med 74:603–623

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun JW, Zhang H, Wang FY, Sun YM, Sun M (2013) Affect of Methyl jasmonate on datura main tropane alkaloids accumulation and release of hairy roots. China J Chin Mater Med 38(11):1712–1718

    Google Scholar 

  • Sze SCW, Song JX, Wong RNS, Feng YB, Ng TB, Tong Y et al (2008) Application of SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region) analysis to authenticate Lycium barbarum (wolfberry) and its adulterants. Biotech Appl Biochem 51:15–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tao JH, Pu XL, Jiang S (2011) Effect of endophytic fungal elicitors on growth and atractylodin accumulation of cell suspension cultures of Atractylodes lancea. China J Chin Mater Med 36(1):27–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomas S, Marie K, Jirina S (2012) Effects of zinc and cadmium ions on cell growth and production of coumarins in cell suspension cultures of Angelica archangelicaL. Ceska a Slovenska Farmacie 61(6):261–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavassoly I (2015) Dynamics of cell fate decision mediated by the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis in cancer cells. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-14961-5

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Techaprasan J, Klinbunga S, Jenjittiku T (2008) Genetic relationships and species authentication of Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand based on AFLP and SSCP analyses. Biochem Syst Ecol 36(5–6):408–441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tharachand C, Immanuel SC, Mythili MN (2012) Molecular markers in characterization of medicinal plants: An overview. Res Plant Biol 2(2):01–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Theerakulpisut P, Kanawapee N, Maensiri D, Bunnag S, Chantaranothai P (2008) Development of species-specific SCAR markers for identification of three medicinal species of phyllanthus. J Syst Evol 46:614–621

    Google Scholar 

  • Trau D, Lee TM, Lao AI, Lenigk R, Hsing IM, Ip NY et al (2002) Genotyping on a complementary metal oxide semiconductor silicon polymerase chain reaction chip with integrated DNA microarray. Anal Chem 74:3168–3173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trifi-Farah N, Marrakchi M (2001) Hedysarum phylogeny mediated by RFLP analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Gen Res Crop Evol 48:339–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsoi PY, Wu HS, Wong MS, Chen SL, Fong WF, Xiao PG et al (2003) Genotyping and species identification of Fritillaria by DNA chip technology. Acta Pharm Sin 4:185–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Tusa N, Abbet L, Ferrante S, Lucreti S, Scarano MT (2002) Identification of zygotic and nucellar seedlings in citrus interploid crosses by means of isozymes, flow cytometry and ISSR-PCR. Cell Mol Biol Lett 7(2B):703–708

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Um JY, Chung HS, Kim MS, Na HJ, Kwon HJ, Kim JJ et al (2001) Molecular authentication of Panax ginseng species by RAPD analysis and PCR-RFLP. Biol Pharm Bull 24:872–875

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verma P, Khan SA, Mathur AK, Shanker K, Kalra A (2014) Fungal endophytes enhanced the growth and production kinetics of Vinca minor hairy roots and cell suspensions grown in bioreactor. Plant Cell Tiss Org 118(2):257–268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vijayan K, Tsou CH (2010) DNA barcoding in plants: taxonomy in a new perspective. Curr Sci 99(11):1513–1541

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner H, Bauer R, Melchart D, Xiao PG, Staudinger A (2011) Chromatographic fingerprint analysis of herbal medicines: thin-layer and high performance liquid chromatography of Chinese drugs, vols I and II, 2nd edn. Springer, Wien

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Ha WY, Ngan FN, But PP, Shaw PC (2001) Application of sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) analysis to authenticate Panax species and their adulterants. Planta Med 67:781–783

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang CZ, Li P, Ding JY, Jin GQ, Yuan CS (2005a) Identification of Fritillaria pallidiflora using diagnostic PCR and PCR-RFLP based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. Planta Med 71:384–386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Li JL, Jing Li J, Li JX, Liu SJ, Huang LQ et al (2017) Production of active compounds in medicinal plants: from plant tissue culture to biosynthesis chinese herbal medicines 9(2):115–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Robert JA, Henrie JK, Joop HJ, Van N, Renger FW et al (2005b) Metabolomics in the context of systems biology: bridging traditional Chinese medicine and molecular pharmacology. Phytother Res 19:173–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang MW, Hao XJ, Chen KX (2007) Biological screening of natural products and drug innovation in China. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 362(1482):1093–1105

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang HZ, Wu ZX, Lu JJ et al (2009) Molecular diversity and relationships among Cymbidium goeringii cultivars based on inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Genetica 136(3):391–399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang QJ, Zheng LP, Sima YH, Yuan HY, Wang JW (2013) Methyl jasmonate stimulates 20-hydroxyecdysone production in cell suspension cultures of Achyranthes bidentata. Plant Omics 6(2):116–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe A, Araki S, Kobari S, Sudo H, Tsuchida T, Uno T et al (1998) In vitro propagation, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses of Angelica plants. Plant Cell Rep 18:187–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weising K, Kahl G (1998) Hybridization-based microsatellite fingerprinting of plants. In: Caetano-Anolles G, Gresshoff PM (eds) DNA markers: protocols, applications, and overviews. Wiley, New York, pp 238–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Weising K, Bybom H, Wolff K, Kahl G (2005) DNA fingerprinting in plants. Principles, methods, and application, 2nd edn. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, London, NY, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh J, McClelland M (1990) Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers. Nucleic Acids Res 18:7213–7218

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winter E, Pfaff T, Udupa SM, Hiittel B, Sharma PC, Sahi S et al (1999) Characterization and mapping of sequence-tagged microsatellite sites in the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genome. Mol Gen Genet 262:90–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witsenboer H, Vogel J, Michelmore RW (1997) Identification, genetic localization, and allelic diversity of selectively amplified polymorphic loci in lettuce and wild relatives (Lactuca spp.). Genome 40:923–936

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu W, Zheng YL, Chen L, Wei YM, Yang RW, Yan ZH (2005) Evaluation of genetic relationships in the genus Houttuynia Thunb. In China based on RAPD and ISSR markers. Biochem Syst Ecol 33:1141–1157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xia T, Chen S, Chen S, Zhang D, Zhang D, Gao Q et al (2007) ISSR analysis of genetic diversity of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau endemic Rhodiola chrysanthemifolia (Crassulaceae). Biochem Syst Ecol 35:209–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong LZ, Xu CG, Saghai-Maroof MA, Zhang QF (1999) Pattern of cytosine methylation in an elite rice hybrid and its potential lines, detected by a methylationsensitive amplification polymorphism technique. Mol Gen Genet 261:439–446

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Y (2010) Molecular plant breeding. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, Cambridge, MA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Xu M, Li X, Korban SS (2000) AFLP-based detection of DNA methylation. Plant Mol Biol Rep 18:361–368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu H, Fabricant DS, Piersen CE, Bolton JL, Pezzuto JM, Fong HH et al (2002) A preliminary RAPD-PCR analysis of Cimicifuga species and other botanicals used for women’s health. Phytomedicine 9:757–762

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamasaki M, Sato A, Shimomura K, Saito K, Murakoshi I (1994) Genetic relationships among Glycyrrhiza plants determined by RAPD and RFLP analyses. Biol Pharm Bull 17(11):1529–1531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamazaki M, Sato A, Saito K, Murakoshi I (1993) Molecular phylogeny based on RFLP and its relation with alkaloid patterns in Lupinus plants. Biol Pharm Bull 16:1182–1184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang DY, Hirotoshi F, Shao-Qing C, Katsuko K (2004) Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) analyses of medicinally used rheum species and their application for identification of Rhei rhizoma. Biol Pharm Bull 27:661–669

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang CQ, Fang X, Wu XM et al (2012) Transcriptional regulation of plant secondary metabolism. J Integr Plant Biol 54:703–712

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang R, Wang LQ, Liu Y (2014) Research progress on tissue culture of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs 45(12):1796–1802

    Google Scholar 

  • Yao H, Zhao Z, Chen DF, Chen JK, Zhou TS (2008) ISSR primer screening and preliminary evaluation of genetic diversity in wild populations of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Biol Plantarum 052(1):117–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ye Q, Qiu YX, Quo YQ, Chen JX, Yang SZ, Zhao MS et al (2006) Species-specific SCAR markers for authentication of Sinocalycanthus chinensis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 7:868–872

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yip PY, Chau CF, Mak CY, Kwan HS (2007) DNA methods for identification of Chinese medicinal materials. J Chin Med 2:1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu ZH, Mackill DJ, Bonman JM, Tanksley SD (1991) Tagging genes for blast resistance in rice via linkage to RFLP markers. Theor Appl Genet 81:471–476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Hu S, Wang J, Wong GK, Li S, Liu B et al (2002) A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). Science 296:79–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zabeau M, Vos P (1993) Selective restriction fragment amplification: a general method for DNA fingerprinting. European Patent Application number 92402629.7. Publication number 0534858A1

    Google Scholar 

  • Zerega NJC, Mori S, Lindqvist C, Zheng Q, Motley TJ (2002) Using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) to identify black cohosh (Actaea racemosa). Econ Bot 56:154–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang KY, Leung HW, Yeung HW, Wong RN (2001) Differentiation of Lycium barbarum from its related Lycium species using random amplified polymorphic DNA. Planta Med 67(4):379–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang HC, Liu JM, Chen HM, Gao CC, Lu HY, Zhou H, Li Y et al (2011) Up-regulation of licochalcone A biosynthesis and secretion by tween 80 in hairy root cultures of Glycyrrhizan uralensis Fisch. Mol Biol 47(1):50–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang N, Sun GL, Dai JG, Yang YF, Liu HW, Qiu DY (2013) Sequencing and analysis of the transcriptome of Ginkgo biloba L. cells. China Biotech 33(5):112–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang YB, Wang J, Wang ZT, But PP, Shaw PC (2003) DNA microarray for identification of the herb of Dendrobium species from Chinese medicinal formulations. Planta Med 69:1172–1174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, Zhang DZ, Xu XH, Zhang T, Wang ZT (2005) 5S rRNA gene spacer sequences from Ligularia medicinal plants and the identification of HPAs-containing species. Chin J Nat Med 3:38–40

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang YB, Shaw PC, Sze CW, Wang ZT, Tong Y (2007) Molecular authentication of Chinese herbal materials. J Food Drug Anal 15:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao S, Chen X, Song J, Pang, X, Chen S (2015) Internal transcribed spacer 2 barcode: a good tool for identifying Acanthopanacis cortex. Front Plant Sci 6:840

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao ZL, Leng CH et al (2007) Identification of Dryopteris crassirhizoma and the adulterant species based on cpDNA rbcL and translated amino acid sequences. Planta Med 73:1230–1233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Z, Bebeli PJ, Somers DJ, Gustafson JP (1997) Direct amplification of minisatellite-region DNA with VNTR core sequences in the genus Oryza. Theor Appl Genet 95:942–949

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Wang W, Liu M, Liu Z (2014) Molecular authentication of the traditional medicinal plant Peucedanum praeruptorum and its substitutes and adulterants by DNA—barcoding technique. Pharmacogn Mag. 10(40):385–390

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu S, Fushimi H, Cai S, Komatsu K (2004) Species identification from Ginseng drugs by multiplex amplification refractory mutation system (MARMS). Planta Med 70:189–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu S, Hirotoshi Fushimi H, Komatsu K (2008) Development of a DNA microarray for authentication of ginseng drugs based on 18S rRNA gene sequence. J Agric Food Chem 56(11):3953–3959

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zietkiewicz E, Rafalski A, Labuda D (1994) Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics 20(2):176–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Chittagong University, Chittagong, Bangladesh

    A. N. M. Alamgir

Authors
  1. A. N. M. Alamgir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. N. M. Alamgir .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Alamgir, A.N.M. (2018). Molecular Pharmacognosy—A New Borderline Discipline Between Molecular Biology and Pharmacognosy. In: Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and their Extracts: Volume 2. Progress in Drug Research, vol 74. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92387-1_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation