Abstract
Debriefing is considered, by many scholars, to be a fundamental part of learning through games and simulations. Despite its significance, there is a lack of research in the area of debriefing, which results in unaddressed factors that inhibit debriefing. Research in the field is complicated by many influencing factors varying from context to game, the purpose of the game, conditions and player specifics, facilitators etc. Insight in the role of these influencing factors can aid in understanding how debriefing can be optimized. In doing this research so far two viewpoints are relevant, the first is the design of debriefing and the second one is the actual execution of the debriefing. The aim of this study is to identify, on the basis of literature, the influence of factors and their interrelation, and subsequently, to categorize them based on expert opinions, so as to determine which pitfalls have the highest influence on inefficiency and ineffectiveness of debriefing. Based on 12 pitfalls identified in literature, and through the use of an online questionnaire, facilitation experts evaluated the extent to which these pitfalls occur due to the design or the execution of the debriefing, and the extent to which they are influenced by the rules of games and simulations. All 12 pitfalls seem to occur in practice, to some extent, due to both the design and the execution of the debriefing. Nevertheless, some pitfalls appear to be more influenced either by design or by execution. Moreover, the results on the extent to which the pitfalls are influenced by the rules of games and simulations are inconclusive, due to the contradiction between the answers on the pre-defined questions and the comments of the experts. A method for further extending the list of pitfalls and verifying the results, hence minimizing the threat to the internal validity of the study, is proposed, which includes a more extensive literature review, interviews, and case studies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Dewey, J.: Experience and education. Educ. Forum 50(3), 241–252 (1986)
Fanning, R.M., Gaba, D.M.: The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning. Simul. Healthc. 2(2), 115–125 (2007)
Pearson, M., Smith, D.: Debriefing in experience-based learning. In: Boud, D., Keogh, R., Walker, D. (eds.) Reflection: Turning Experience into Learning, pp. 69–84. RoutledgeFalmer (1985)
Seymour, N.E.: Debriefing after simulation. In: Tichansky, D.S., Morton, J., Jones, D.B. (eds.) The SAGES Manual of Quality Outcomes and Patient Safety, pp. 501–506. Springer US, Boston (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7901-8_50
Bond, W.F., Lammers, R.L., Spillane, L.L., Smith-Coggins, R., Fernandez, R., Reznek, M.A., Vozenilek, J.A., Gordon, J.A.: The use of simulation in emergency medicine: a research agenda. Acad. Emerg. Med. 14(4), 353–363 (2007)
Cantrell, M.A.: The importance of debriefing in clinical simulations. Clin. Simul. Nurs. 4(2), e19–e23 (2008)
Crookall, D.: Serious games, debriefing, and simulation/gaming as a discipline. Simul. Gaming 41(6), 898–920 (2010)
Issenberg, S.B., Mcgaghie, W.C., Petrusa, E.R., Gordon, D.L., Scalese, R.J.: Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: a BEME systematic review. Med. Teach. 27(1), 10–28 (2005)
Shinnick, M.A., Woo, M., Horwich, T.B., Steadman, R.: Debriefing: the most important component in simulation? Clin. Simul. Nurs. 7(3), e105–e111 (2011)
McCausland, L.L., Curran, C.C., Cataldi, P.: Use of a human simulator for undergraduate nurse education. Int. J. Nurs. Educ. Scholarsh. 1(1) (2004)
Nehring, W.M., Lashley, F.R.: Current use and opinions regarding human patient simulators in nursing education: an international survey. Nurs. Educ. Perspect. 25(5), 244–248 (2004)
Barreteau, O., Le Page, C., Perez, P.: Contribution of simulation and gaming to natural resource management issues: an introduction. Simul. Gaming 38(2), 185–194 (2007)
Dufrene, C., Young, A.: Successful debriefing - best methods to achieve positive learning outcomes: a literature review. Nurse Educ. Today 34(3), 372–376 (2014)
Dismukes, K., Smith, G.M.: Facilitation and Debriefing in Aviation Training and Operations. Routledge, Abingdon (2016)
Arafeh, J.M.R., Hansen, S.S., Nichols, A.: Debriefing in simulated-based learning: facilitating a reflective discussion. J. Perinat. Neonatal Nurs. 24(4), 302–309 (2010)
Ursano, R.J., Rundell, J.R.: The prisoner of war. Mil. Med. 155(4), 176–180 (1990)
Der Sahakian, G., Alinier, G., Savoldelli, G., Oriot, D., Jaffrelot, M., Lecomte, F.: Setting conditions for productive debriefing. Simul. Gaming 46(2), 197–208 (2015)
Sawyer, T.L., Deering, S.: Adaptation of the US Army’s after-action review for simulation debriefing in healthcare. Simul. Healthc. 8(6), 388–397 (2013)
Husebø, S.E., Dieckmann, P., Rystedt, H., Søreide, E., Friberg, F.: The relationship between facilitators’ questions and the level of reflection in postsimulation debriefing. Simul. Healthc. 8(3), 135–142 (2013)
Decker, S., Fey, M., Sideras, S., Caballero, S., Rockstraw, L.R., Boese, T., Franklin, A.E., Gloe, D., Lioce, L., Sando, C.R., Meakim, C., Borum, J.C.: Standards of best practice: simulation standard VI: the debriefing process. Clin. Simul. Nurs. 9(6), S26–S29 (2013)
Kolfschoten, G.: Theoretical foundations for collaboration engineering. Ph.D. thesis, TU Delft, Delft University of Technology (2007)
Dyregrov, A.: The process in psychological debriefings. J. Trauma. Stress 10(4), 589–605 (1997)
Petranek, C.F., Corey, S., Black, R.: Three levels of learning in simulations: participating, debriefing, and journal writing. Simul. Gaming 23(2), 174–185 (1992)
Neill, M.A., Wotton, K.: High-fidelity simulation debriefing in nursing education: a literature review. Clin. Simul. Nurs. 7(5), e161–e168 (2011)
Kriz, W.C.: Creating effective learning environments and learning organizations through gaming simulation design. Simul. Gaming 34(4), 495–511 (2003)
Leigh, E., Spindler, L.: Simulations and games as chaordic learning contexts. Simul. Gaming 35(1), 53–69 (2004)
Klabbers, J.H.G.: The Magic Circle: Principles of Gaming & Simulation. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam (2009)
Lethbridge, T.C., Sim, S.E., Singer, J.: Studying software engineers: data collection techniques for software field studies. Empir. Softw. Eng. 10(3), 311–341 (2005)
Bredo, E., Feinberg, W.: Part two: the interpretive approach to social and educational research. In: Knowledge and Values in Social and Educational Research, pp. 115–128. Temple University Press (1982)
Denzin, N., Lincoln, Y.: Handbook of Qualitative Research. SAGE Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks (1994)
Grant, J.S., Dawkins, D., Molhook, L., Keltner, N.L., Vance, D.E.: Comparing the effectiveness of video-assisted oral debriefing and oral debriefing alone on behaviors by undergraduate nursing students during high-fidelity simulation. Nurse Educ. Pract. 14(5), 479–484 (2014)
Savoldelli, G.L., Naik, V.N., Park, J., Joo, H.S., Chow, R., Hamstra, S.J.: Value of debriefing during simulated crisis management: oral versus video-assisted oral feedback. Anesthesiology 105(2), 279–285 (2006)
Scherer, L.A., Chang, M.C., Meredith, J.W., Battistella, F.D.: Videotape review leads to rapid and sustained learning. Am. J. Surg. 185(6), 516–520 (2003)
Whelan, J.G.: Building the fish banks model and renewable resource depletion (1994)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this paper
Cite this paper
Roungas, B., de Wijse, M., Meijer, S., Verbraeck, A. (2018). Pitfalls for Debriefing Games and Simulations: Theory and Practice. In: Naweed, A., Wardaszko, M., Leigh, E., Meijer, S. (eds) Intersections in Simulation and Gaming. ISAGA SimTecT 2016 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10711. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78795-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78795-4_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-78794-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-78795-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)