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Global Biogeography and Invasions of Ectomycorrhizal Plants: Past, Present and Future

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Biogeography of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 230))

Abstract

Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) plants have evolved multiple times from arbuscular mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal ancestors, and they have a broad distribution on Earth, with abundant recent human introductions. The evolution as well as historical and current distribution of these EcM plant groups and mechanisms of their invasion have remained poorly understood. The purpose of this review/synthesis is fivefold: (1) to determine the time and place of evolution for EcM plant groups based on dated phylogenies and fossil evidence, (2) to characterise the historical and current natural distribution patterns based on fossil record and information from accumulated observations and specimens, (3) to establish the major global biodiversity hotspots for EcM plants based on the present distribution patterns of EcM plant lineages, (4) to determine the relative importance and role of EcM plants in human-mediated plant invasions and to shed light on the mechanisms and (5) integrate this information with climate change scenarios into predictions of the future biogeography of EcM plants.

This chapter demonstrates that plant groups have evolved and retained the EcM habit since the Early Jurassic to present, with relatively more frequent evolutionary events from the Late Cretaceous to Mid-Miocene. I provide maps for natural distribution of each EcM plant lineage and show that the present and historical distribution patterns may have little overlap in certain groups. The distribution data from all EcM plant lineages identifies SW and SE Australia and mountain ranges in Mexico and Central Europe as phylogenetic diversity hotspots for EcM plants. Fossil records and phylogeographic studies of fungi indicate that EcM plants have experienced three major events of symbiont interchange: (1) North Africa in the Eocene, (2) the Isthmus of Panama in the Late Pliocene and Pleistocene and (3) Malesia in the Pleistocene. In the last 200 years, multiple species of Eucalyptus, Pinus and Acacia have been widely planted in several continents and oceanic islands. Several species of these genera have become highly invasive in native grassland, shrubland and savanna ecosystems and transformed these open habitats to forests via promoting fire, suppressing native plants by slowly decomposing allelopathic litter and disrupting the cycle of water, carbon and soil nutrients. In the era of rapid climate change and fragmentation of landscape, the relative importance of both invasive EcM plants and native EcM plants is expected to increase, except in subtropical regions subject to desertification. The future distribution and importance of EcM vegetation will be a function of climate change, trade-off between human economic and conservation interests, biological invasions and natural dispersal capacities.

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Acknowledgements

I thank the five reviewers A. Corrales, I.A. Dickie, M. Pärtel, N.A. Soudzilovskaia and A. Thornhill for constructive comments. The author received support from the Estonian Science Foundation grant 1399PUT and MOBERC1.

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Tedersoo, L. (2017). Global Biogeography and Invasions of Ectomycorrhizal Plants: Past, Present and Future. In: Tedersoo, L. (eds) Biogeography of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Ecological Studies, vol 230. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56363-3_20

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