Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is used currently as a powerful tool in biotechnology. It is also used to study the development of the embryo. Somatic embryogenesis is a natural phenomenon that was moved from nature to the laboratory by man. The history of the study of somatic embryogenesis is plenty of discoveries of very different natures: from the role of growth regulators, mainly auxins, to the function of the components of the media of culture. In this chapter, a revision of the major contribution to the advance of knowledge of somatic embryogenesis is made.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brown S, Wetherell DF, Dougall DK (1976) The potassium requirement for growth and embryogenesis in wild carrot suspension cultures. Physiol Plant 37:73–79. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1976.tb01875.x
Carlberg I, Jonsson L, Bergenstråhle A, Soderhall K (1987) Purification of a trypsin inhibitor secreted by embryogenic carrot cells. Plant Physiol 84:197–200. doi:10.1104/pp.84.1.197
Chen L-J, Luthe DS (1987) Analysis of proteins from embryogenic and non-embryogenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) calli. Plant Sci 48:181–188. doi:10.1016/0168-9452(87)90088-4
Choi JH, Liu L-S, Borkird C, Sung ZR (1987) Cloning of genes developmentally regulated during plant embryogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 84:1906–1910
Choi J, Sung Z (1984) Two-dimensional gel analysis of carrot somatic embryonic proteins. Plant Mol Biol Rep 2:19–25. doi:10.1007/BF02885643
De Vries SC, Booij H, Janssens R et al (1988) Carrot somatic embryogenesis depends on the phytohormone-controlled presence of correctly glycosylated extracellular proteins. Gene Dev 2:462–476. doi:10.1101/gad.2.4.462
De-la-Peña C, Nic-Can GI, Galaz-Avalos RM et al (2015) The role of chromatin modications in somatic embryogenesis in plants. Front Plant Sci 6:635. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00635
Freeland RO (1933) Some morphological and physico-chemical changes accompanying proliferation of Bryophyllum leaves. Am J Bot 20:467–480
Fuentes-Cerda CFJ, Monforte-González M, Méndez-Zeel M et al (2001) Modification of the embryogenic response of Coffea arabica by nitrogen source. Biotechnol Lett 23:1341–1343. doi:10.1023/A:1010545818671
Fujimura T, Komamine A (1979) Involvement, of endogenous auxin in somatic embryogenesis in a carrot cell suspension culture. Z Pflanzenphysiol 95:13–19. doi:10.1016/S0044-328X(79)80023-9
Fujimura T, Komamine A (1982) Molecular aspects of somatic embryogenesis in a synchronous system. In: Fujiwara A (ed) Plant tissue culture 1982. The Japanese association for Plant Tissue Culture, Japan, pp 105–106
Fujimura T (2014) Carrot somatic embryogenesis. A dream come true? Plant Biotechnol Rep 8:23–28. doi:10.1007/s11816-013-0295-y
Garces H, Sinha N (2009) The ‘mother of thousands’ (Kalanchoë daigremontiana): A plant model for asexual reproduction and CAM studies. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2009. doi:10.1101/pdb.emo133
Guha S, Maheshwari SC (1964) In vitro production of embryos from anthers of Datura. Nature 204:497. doi:10.1038/204497a0
Haberlandt G (1902) Kulturversuche mit isolierten pflanzenzellen. Sber Akad Wiss Wein 111:69–92
Haccius B, Laksmanan KK (1965) Adventiv-Embryonen aus Nicotiana-kallus, der bei Hohen Lichtintensitäten Kultiviert wurde. Planta 65:102–104. doi:10.1007/BF00385183
Halperin W (1964) Morphogenetic studies with partially synchronized cultures of carrot embryos. Science 146:408–409. doi:10.1126/science.146.3642.408
Halperin W (1966) Alternative morphogenetic events in cell suspensions. Am J Bot 53:443–453
Halperin W (1995) In vitro embryogenesis: some historical issues and unresolved problems. In: Thorpe TA (ed) In vitro embryogenesis in plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp 1–16
Halperin W, Jensen WA (1967) Ultrastructural changes during growth and embryogenesis in carrot cell cultures. J Ultrastruct Res 18:428–443
Halperin W, Wetherell DF (1965) Ammonium requirement for embryogenesis in vitro. Nature 205:519–520. doi:10.1038/205519a0
Higashi K, Daita M, Kobayashi T et al (1998) Inhibitory conditioning for carrot somatic embryogenesis in high-cell-density cultures. Plant Cell Rep 18:2–6. doi:10.1007/s002990050522
Howe MD (1931) A morphological study of the leaf notches of Bryophyllum calycinum. Am J Bot 18:387–390. doi:1931_AJB_387_39679
Jiménez VM (2005) Involvement of plant hormones and plant growth regulators on in vitro somatic embryogenesis. Plant Growth Regul 47:91–110. doi:10.1007/s10725-005-3478-x
Johri BM, Bajaj YPS (1962) Behaviour of mature embryo of Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh. in vitro. Nature 193:194–195. doi:10.1038/193194a0
Kato H, Takeuchi M (1963) Morphogenesis in vitro starting from single cells of carrot root. Plant Cell Physiol 4:243–245
Kobayashi T, Higashi K, Kamada H (2000a) lnhibitory effects of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol on somatic embryogenesis in carrot cell cultures. Plant Biotechnol 17:87–92
Kobayashi T, Higashi K, Kamada H (2001) 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol accumulates in suspension-cell cultures and inhibits somatic embryogenesis in carrot. Physiol Plant 112:280–284. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120217.x
Kobayashi T, Higashi K, Saitou T, Kamada H (1999) Physiological properties of inhibitory conditioning factor(s), inhibitory to somatic embryogenesis, in high-density cell cultures of carrot. Plant Sci 144:69–75. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00062-X
Kobayashi T, Higashi K, Sasaki K et al (2000b) Purification from conditioned medium and chemical identification of a factor that inhibits somatic embryogenesis in carrot. Plant Cell Physiol 41:268–273. doi:10.1093/pcp/41.3.268
Konar RN, Nataraja K (1965a) Experimental studies in Ranunculus sceleratus L. Plantlets from freely suspended cells and cell groups. Phytomorphology 15:206–211
Konar RN, Nataraja K (1965b) Experimental studies in Ranunculus scleratus L. Development of embyros from the stem epidermis. Phytomorphology 15:132–137
Krikorian AD, Simola LK (1999) Totipotency, somatic embryogenesis, and Harry Waris (1893-1973). Physiol Plant 105:348–355. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105221.x
Levine M (1950) The growth of normal plant tissue in vitro as effected by chemical carcinogens and plant growth substances. L The culture of the carrot tap root meristem. Am J Bot 37:445–458
Linsmaier EM, Skoog F (1965) Organic growth factor requirements of tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 18:100–127. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1965.tb06874.x
Loyola-Vargas VM (2012) Appendix a: the components of the culture media. In: Loyola-Vargas VM, Ochoa-Alejo N (eds) Plant cell culture protocols, methods in molecular biology, vol 877, Humana Press, Heidelberg, pp 407–418. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-818-4_30
Loyola-Vargas VM, De-la-Peña C, Galaz-Avalos RM, Quiroz-Figueroa FR (2008) Plant tissue culture. An intemporal set of tools. In: Walker JM, Rapley R (eds) Protein and cell biomethods handbook, Humana Press, Totowa, pp 875–904. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-375-6_50
Maheshwari P, Baldev B (1961) Artificial production of buds fom the embryos of Cuscuta reflexa. Nature 191:197–198. doi:10.1038/191197a0
Maheshwari P.,Baldev B (1962) In vitro induction of adventive buds from embryos of Cuscuta reflexa Rottb. In: Plant embryology. A symposium, C.S.I.R., New Dehli, pp 129–138
Masuda K, Kikuta Y, Okazawa Y (1984) Embryogenesis and ribosomal DNA in carrot cell suspension cultured in vitro. Plant Sci Lett 33:23–29
McVeigh I (1938) Regeneration in Crassula multicava. Am J Bot 25:7–11
Miettinen JK, Waris H (1958) A chemical study of the neomorphosis induced by glycine in Oenanthe aqnatica. Physiol Plant 11:193–199. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1958.tb08457.x
Miller CO, Skoog F, Okumura FS et al (1955) Structure and synthesis of kinetin. J Am Chem Soc 77:2262–2263
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x
Naylor E (1932) The morphology of regeneration in Bryophyllum calycinum. Am J Bot 19:32–40
Nic-Can GI, Galaz-Avalos RM, De-la-Peña C, Loyola-Vargas VM (2015) Somatic embryogenesis: Identified factors that lead to embryogenic repression. A case of species of the same genus. PLoS ONE 10:e0126414. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126414
Norstog K (1961) The growth and differentiation of cultured barley embryos. Am J Bot 48:876–884
Quiroz-Figueroa FR, Fuentes-Cerda CFJ, Rojas-Herrera R, Loyola-Vargas VM (2002) Histological studies on the developmental stages and differentiation of two different somatic embryogenesis systems of Coffea arabica. Plant Cell Rep 20:1141–1149. doi:10.1007/s00299-002-0464-x
Radoeva T, Weijers D (2014) A roadmap to embryo identity in plants. Trends Plant Sci 19:709–716. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.009
Reinert J (1959) Uber die kontrolle der morphogenese und die induktion von adventivembryonen an gewebekulturen aus karotten. Planta 53:318–333. doi:10.1007/BF01881795
Reinert J, Backs D (1968) Control of totipotency in plant cells growing in vitro. Nature 220:1340–1341. doi:10.1038/2201340a0
Reinert J, Backs D, Krosing M (1966) Faktoren der Embryogenese in Gewebekulturen aus Kulturformen von Umbelliferen. Planta 68:375–378. doi:10.1007/BF00386337
Reinert J, Tazawa M, Semenoff S (1967) Nitrogen compounds as factors of the embryogenesis in vitro. Nature 216:1215–1216. doi:10.1038/2161215a0
Satoh S, Kamada H, Harada H, Fujii T (1986) Auxin-controlled glycoprotein release into the medium of embryogenic carrot cells. Plant Physiol 81:931–933. doi:10.1104/pp.81.3.931
Sengupta C, Raghavan V (1980a) Somatic embryogenesis in carrot cell suspension I. Pattern of protein and nucleic acid synthesis. J Exp Bot 31:247–258. doi:10.1093/jxb/31.1.247
Sengupta C, Raghavan V (1980b) Somatic embryogenesis in carrot cell suspension: II. Synthesis of ribosomal RNA and poly(A)+ RNA. J Exp Bot 31:259–268. doi:10.1093/jxb/31.1.259
Skoog F (1947) Growth substances in higher plants. Annu Rev Biochem 16:529–564
Smith DL, Krikorian AD (1990) Somatic embryogenesis of carrot in hormone-free medium: external pH control over morphogenesis. Am J Bot 77:1634–1647
Steward FC, Mapes MO, Kent AE, Holsten RD (1964) Growth and development of cultured plant cells. Science 143:20–27. doi:10.1126/science.143.3601.20
Steward FC, Mapes MO, Mears K (1958a) Growth and organized development of cultured cells. II. Organization in cultures grown from freely suspended cells. Am J Bot 45:705–708
Steward FC, Mapes MO, Smith J (1958b) Growth and organized development of cultured cells. I. Growth and division of freely suspended cells. Am J Bot 45:693–703
Stirn S, Jacobsen H-J (1987) Marker proteins for embryogenic differentiation patterns in pea callus. Plant Cell Rep 6:50–54. doi:10.1007/BF00269738
Sung ZR (1983) Applications of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in studies of gene expression during early plant development. In: Celis JE, Bravo R (eds) Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, pp 397–413
Sung ZR, Okimoto R (1981) Embryonic proteins in somatic embryos of carrot. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 78:3683–3687
Tazawa M, Reinert J (1969) Extracellular and intracellular chemical environments in relation to embryogenesis in vitro. Protoplasma 68:157–173. doi:10.1007/BF01247902
Umehara M, Ogita S, Sasamoto H, Kamada H (2004) Inhibitory factor(s) of somatic embryogenesis regulated suspensor differentiation in suspension culture of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis GORDON). Plant Biotechnol 21:87–94. doi:10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.87
Umehara M, Ogita S, Sasamoto H et al (2005) Identification of a novel factor, vanillyl benzyl ether, which inhibits somatic embryogenesis of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Gordon). Plant Cell Physiol 46:445–453. doi:10.1093/pcp/pci041
Umehara M, Ogita S, Sasamoto H et al (2007) Identification of a factor that complementarily inhibits somatic embryogenesis with vanillyl benzyl ether. In Vitro Cell Dev-Pl 43:203–208. doi:10.1007/s11627-006-9016-3
Vasil IK, Hildebrandt AC (1966a) Variations of morphogenetic behavior in plant tissue cultures I. Cichorium endivia. Am J Bot 53:860–869
Vasil IK, Hildebrandt AC (1966b) Variations of morphogenetic behavior in plant tissue cultures. II. Petroselinum hortense. Am J Bot 53:869–874
Waris H (1957) A striking morphogenetic effect of amino acid in seed plant. Suom Kemistil 30B:121
Waris H (1959) Neomorphosis in seed plants induced by amino acids I: Oenanthe aquatica. Physiol Plant 12:753–766. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1959.tb08910.x
Wetherell DF, Dougall DK (1976) Sources of nitrogen supporting growth and embryogenesis in cultured wild carrot tissue. Physiol Plant 37:97–103. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1976.tb03939.x
Wetherell DF, Halperin W (1963) Embryos derived from callus tissue cultures of the wild carrot. Nature 200:1336–1337. doi:10.1038/2001336a0
Wiggans SC (1954) Growth and organ formation in callus tissues derived from Daucus carota. Am J Bot 41:321–326
Yamada R, Nakagawa H, Sinot Y (1967) Studies on the differentiation in cultured cells. I. Embryogenesis in three strains of Solanum callus. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 80:68–74
Yarbrough JA (1932) Anatomical and developmental studies of the foliar embryos of Bryophyllum calycinum. Am J Bot 19:443–453
Yarbrough JA (1936) The foliar embryos of Tolmiea menziesii. Am J Bot 23:16–20
Yarbrough JA (1934) History of leaf development in Bryophyllum calycinum. Am J Bot 21:467–484
Yeung EC, Meinke DW (1993) Embryogenesis in angiosperms: development of the suspensor. Plant Cell 5:1371–1381. doi:10.1105/tpc.5.10.1371
Acknowledgments
The work from VMLV laboratory was supported by a grant received from the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACyT, 157014).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Loyola-Vargas, V.M. (2016). The History of Somatic Embryogenesis. In: Loyola-Vargas, V., Ochoa-Alejo, N. (eds) Somatic Embryogenesis: Fundamental Aspects and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33705-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33705-0_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33704-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-33705-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)