Abstract
The increasing needs to protect environment require a correct management of wastes, including agro industry wastes deriving from citrus processing. These industries produce in the world an amount of wastes estimated in about 14 million t every year. This chapter concerns the utilisation of citrus industry wastes as peels and refining pulps of the juices. From these wastes it is possible to obtain products employed in the alimentary and pharmaceutical industries, as pectin, mucilage, flavonoids and feed for animals. In particular, lemon peels are mostly utilized in order to obtain good quality pectin, instead orange peels and juice pulp are used for production of fodders. From lemon juice pulp it is possible to draw mucilage and flavonoids. Furthermore citrus wastes may be treated and valued in order to obtain derivatives utilizable as source of energy, that are bioethanol and biogas obtained by fermentation and other materials useful by physical treatments. Therefore, the procedures described appear attractive in economic terms adding value to this waste and beneficial to the environment reducing the microbiological contamination too.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ben-Shalom N, Pinto R (1999) Natural colloidal particles: the mechanism of the specific interaction between hesperidin and pectin. Carbohydr Polym 38:179–182. doi:10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00111-8
Boluda-Aguilar M, García-Vidal L, del Pilar González-Castañeda F, López-Gómez A (2010) Mandarin peel wastes pretreatment with steam explosion for bioethanol production. Bioresour Technol 101:3506–3513. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.063
Braddock RJ (1999) Handbook of citrus by-products and processing technology. Wiley, New York
Da Silva Emim JA, Oliveira AB, Lapa AJ (1994) Pharmacological evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of a citrus bioflavonoid, hesperidin, and the isoflavonoids, duartin and claussequinone, in rats and mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 46:118–122. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03753.x
Davidson MH, McDonald A (1998) Fiber: forms and functions. Nutr Res 18:617–624. doi:10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00111-8
De Gregorio A, Mandalari G, Arena N, Nucita F, Tripodo MM, Lo Curto RB (2002) SCP and crude pectinase production by slurry-state fermentation of lemon pulps. Bioresour Technol 83:89–94. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00209-7
El Nawawi SA (1995) Extraction of citrus glucosides. Carbohydr Polym 27:1–4. doi:10.1016/0144-8617(95)00036-7
FAOSTAT (2010) Statistical database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx. Accessed 08 Oct 2012
Galati EM, Cavallaro A, Ainis T, Tripodo MM, Bonaccorsi I, Contartese G, Taviano MF, Fimiani V (2005) Anti-inflammatory effect of lemon mucilage: in vivo and in vitro studies. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 27:661–670. doi:10.1080/08923970500418919
Grohmann K, Baldwin EA, Buslig BS, Ingram L (1994) Fermentation of galacturonic acid and other sugars in orange peel hydrolysates by the ethanologenic strain of Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 16:281–286. doi:10.1007/BF00134626
Grohmann K, Cameron RG, Buslig BS (1995) Fractionation and pretreatment of orange peel by dilute acid hydrolysis. Bioresour Technol 54:129–141. doi:10.1016/0960-8524(95)00121-2
Grohmann K, Manthey JA, Cameron RG, Buslig BS (1998) Fermentation of galacturonic acid and pectin-rich materials to ethanol by genetically modified strains of Erwinia. Biotechnol Lett 20:195–200. doi:10.1023/A:1005349112770
Haykiri-Acma H, Yaman S, Kucukbayrak S (2010) Comparison of the thermal reactivities of isolated lignin and holocellulose during pyrolysis. Fuel Process Technol 91:759–764. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.02.009
ISTAT—Italian National Institute of Statistics (2010) Agriculture and livestock. http://agri.istat.it/sag_is_pdwout/jsp/NewDownload.jsp?id=15A|21A|31A & anid=2010. Accessed 05 Dec 2010
ISTAT—Italian National Institute of Statistics (2012) Agriculture and livestock. http://agri.istat.it/sag_is_pdwout/jsp/NewDownload.jsp?id=15A|21A|31A & anid=2012. Accessed 05 Dec 2012
Karawya MS, Wassel GM, Baghdadi HH, Ammar NM (1980) Mucilages and pectins of Opuntia, Tamarindus and Cydonia. Planta Med 40:68–75. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1075006
Lanuzza F, Micali G, Coppolino R, Tripodo MM (2002) Recupero di flavonoidi dalla polpa di raffinazione dei succhi di arancia (flavonoids recovery from orange juice pulp). In: Proceedings of the Euroconference on University and Enterprise—a partnership for training, research, employment and social development, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, 26–28 September 2002
Lo Curto RB, Tripodo MM, Leuzzi U, Giuffré D, Vaccarino C (1992) Flavonoids recovery and SCP production from orange peel. Bioresour Technol 42:83–87. doi:10.1016/0960-8524(92)90065-6
Lohrasbi M, Pourbafrani M, Niklasson C, Taherzadeh MJ (2010) Process design and economic analysis of a citrus waste biorefinery with biofuels and limonene as products. Bioresour Technol 101:7382–7388. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.078
Martín MA, Siles JA, Chica AF, Martín A (2010) Biomethanization of orange peel waste. Bioresour Technol 101:8993–8999. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.133
Mesbahi G, Jamalian J, Farahnaky A (2005) A comparative study on functional properties of beet and citrus pectins in food systems. Food Hydrocoll 19:731–738. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2004.08.002
Micali G, Lanuzza F, Tripodo MM, Coppolino R, Mondello F (2002) Valutazione della polpa di raffinazione degli agrumi come sorgente di fibre dietetiche (valuation of citrus pulp as a source of dietary fiber). Proceedings of the Euroconference on University and Enterprise—a partnership for training, research, employment and social development, University La Sapienza, Rome, 26–28 September 2002, pp 783–790
Piriyaprasarth S, Sriamornsak P (2011) Flocculating and suspending properties of commercial citrus pectin and pectin extracted from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel. Carbohyd Polym 83:561–568. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.018
Pourbafrani M, Forgács G, Sárvári Horváth I, Niklasson C, Taherzadeh MJ (2010) Production of biofuels, limonene and pectin from citrus wastes. Bioresour Technol 101:4246–4250. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.077
Rezzadori K, Benedetti S, Amante ER (2012) Proposals for the residues recovery: orange waste as raw material for new products. Food Bioprod Process 90:606–614. doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2012.06.002
Rutkowski R (2011) Pyrolysis of cellulose, xylan and lignin with the K2CO3 and ZnCl2 addition for bio-oil production. Fuel Process Technol 92:517–522. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.11.006
SG Marketing Agroalimentare (2011) Gli Agrumi. Produzione e superficie 2004–2010. http://www.sgmarketing.it/public/download/111_AGRUMI_Produzioneesuperficie_2010.pdf. Accessed 07 July 2011
Talebnia F, Pourbafrani M, Lundin M, Taherzadeh MJ (2008) Optimization study of citrus wastes saccharification by dilute-acid hydrolysis. Bioresources 3:108–122
Tripodo MM, Lanuzza F, Micali G, Coppolino R, Nucita F (2004) Citrus waste recovery: a new environmentally friendly procedure to obtain animal feed. Bioresour Technol 91:111–115. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00183-4
Tripodo MM, Lanuzza F, Micali G, Nucita F (2002) Valorizzazione di scarti agricoli e agroindustriali mediante estrazione di sostanze a medio-alto valore aggiunto: mucillagini e pectine (exploitation of agricultural and agroindustry wastes by extraction of high value products: mucilages and pectin). In: Morselli L(ed) Proceedings of “Seminari RICICLA”, Maggioli Ed. SpA, Rimini, 6–9 November 2002
Tripodo MM, Mondello F, Lanuzza F (2012) Simultaneous recovery of dietary fibres and hesperidin from industrial lemon waste. Forum Ware 2:23–30
USDA—United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service (2012) Citrus: world markets and trade. http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/citrus.pdf. Accessed 04 Oct 2012
Widmer W, Zhou W, Grohmann K (2010) Pretreatment effects on orange processing waste for making ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Bioresour Technol 101:5242–5249. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.038
Wilkins MR, Suryawati L, Maness NO, Chrz D (2007a) Ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus in the presence of orange-peel oil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 23:1161–1168. doi:10.1007/s11274-007-9346-2
Wilkins MR, Widmer WW, Grohmann K (2007b) Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of citrus peel waste by Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ethanol. Process Biochem 42:1614–1619. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2007.09.006
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lanuzza, F., Mondello, F., Tripodo, M. (2014). Studies About the Utilization of Citrus Wastes in View of Environment Protection. In: Salomone, R., Saija, G. (eds) Pathways to Environmental Sustainability. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03826-1_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03826-1_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-03825-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-03826-1
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)