Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery for Pediatric Obesity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Managing Pediatric Obesity Using Advanced Therapies

  • 145 Accesses

Abstract

Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS), which is endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), is a safe and effective treatment for pediatric severe obesity and should be considered as an option, particularly in patients with weight-related health complications. MBS can result in significant and sustained long-term weight loss and can treat comorbid conditions such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Patients undergoing MBS should be cared for by a multidisciplinary team. This team will provide comprehensive pre-operative groundwork that includes optimization of health with medical weight management, education on MBS, and preparation for lifestyle changes following surgery. The team will continue to follow patients for long-term post-operative care with monitoring for surgical complications, nutritional assessments, and ongoing weight management interventions, as needed. While the term “metabolic and bariatric surgery” encompasses a variety of procedure types, the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is currently the most commonly performed procedure in adult and pediatric patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Armstrong SC, Bolling CF, Michalsky MP, Reichard KW, Section On Obesity SOS. Pediatric metabolic and bariatric surgery: evidence, barriers, and best practices. Pediatrics. 2019;144:144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Pratt JSA, Browne A, Browne NT, et al. ASMBS pediatric metabolic and bariatric surgery guidelines, 2018. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018;14:882–901.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Alqahtani A, Elahmedi M, Qahtani AR. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in children younger than 14 years: refuting the concerns. Ann Surg. 2016;263:312–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Alqahtani AR, Elahmedi M, Abdurabu HY, Alqahtani S. Ten-year outcomes of children and adolescents who underwent sleeve gastrectomy: weight loss, comorbidity resolution, adverse events, and growth velocity. J Am Coll Surg. 2021;233:657–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ogle SB, Dewberry LC, Jenkins TM, et al. Outcomes of bariatric surgery in older versus younger adolescents. Pediatrics. 2021;147:e2020024182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with Obesity. Pediatrics. 2023;151:e2022060640.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Stanford FC, Mushannen T, Cortez P, et al. Comparison of short and long-term outcomes of metabolic and bariatric surgery in adolescents and adults. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Khan MJ, Gerasimidis K, Edwards CA, Shaikh MG. Mechanisms of obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome. Pediatr Obes. 2018;13:3–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fong AK, Wong SK, Lam CC, Ng EK. Ghrelin level and weight loss after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and gastric mini-bypass for Prader-Willi syndrome in Chinese. Obes Surg. 2012;22:1742–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Musella M, Milone M, Leongito M, Maietta P, Bianco P, Pisapia A. The mini-gastric bypass in the management of morbid obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome: a viable option? J Investig Surg. 2014;27:102–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Tripodi M, Casertano A, Peluso M, et al. Prader-Willi syndrome: role of bariatric surgery in two adolescents with Obesity. Obes Surg. 2020;30:4602–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Marinari GM, Camerini G, Novelli GB, et al. Outcome of biliopancreatic diversion in subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome. Obes Surg. 2001;11:491–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Marceau P, Marceau S, Biron S, et al. Long-term experience with duodenal switch in adolescents. Obes Surg. 2010;20:1609–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Alqahtani AR, Elahmedi MO, Al Qahtani AR, Lee J, Butler MG. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in children and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome: a matched-control study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12:100–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Liu SY, Wong SK, Lam CC, Ng EK. Bariatric surgery for Prader-Willi syndrome was ineffective in producing sustainable weight loss: long term results for up to 10 years. Pediatr Obes. 2020;15:e12575.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Huvenne H, Dubern B, Clément K, Poitou C. Rare genetic forms of Obesity: clinical approach and current treatments in 2016. Obes Facts. 2016;9:158–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Li Y, Zhang H, Tu Y, et al. Monogenic Obesity mutations Lead to less weight loss after bariatric surgery: a 6-year follow-up study. Obes Surg. 2019;29:1169–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Poitou C, Puder L, Dubern B, et al. Long-term outcomes of bariatric surgery in patients with bi-allelic mutations in the POMC, LEPR, and MC4R genes. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2021;17:1449–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cooiman MI, Kleinendorst L, Aarts EO, et al. Genetic Obesity and bariatric surgery outcome in 1014 patients with morbid Obesity. Obes Surg. 2020;30:470–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kim JJ, Rogers AM, Ballem N, Schirmer B, American Society for M, Bariatric Surgery Clinical Issues C. ASMBS updated position statement on insurance mandated preoperative weight loss requirements. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12:955–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Monfared S, Athanasiadis DI, Furiya A, et al. Do mandated weight loss goals prior to bariatric surgery improve postoperative outcomes? Obes Surg. 2020;30:889–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Moore JM, Haemer MA, Fox CK. Lifestyle and pharmacologic management before and after bariatric surgery. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2020;29:150889.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Mackey ER, Wang J, Harrington C, Nadler EP. Psychiatric diagnoses and weight loss among adolescents receiving sleeve gastrectomy. Pediatrics. 2018;142:e20173432.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Zeller MH, Roehrig HR, Modi AC, Daniels SR, Inge TH. Health-related quality of life and depressive symptoms in adolescents with extreme obesity presenting for bariatric surgery. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1155–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Herget S, Rudolph A, Hilbert A, Bluher S. Psychosocial status and mental health in adolescents before and after bariatric surgery: a systematic literature review. Obes Facts. 2014;7:233–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Sysko R, Zandberg LJ, Devlin MJ, Annunziato RA, Zitsman JL, Walsh BT. Mental health evaluations for adolescents prior to bariatric surgery: a review of existing practices and a specific example of assessment procedures. Clin Obes. 2013;3:62–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Zeller MH, Pendery EC, Reiter-Purtill J, et al. From adolescence to young adulthood: trajectories of psychosocial health following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13:1196–203.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, et al. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA. 2018;320:2020–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. King WC, Chen JY, Bond DS, et al. Objective assessment of changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior: pre- through 3 years post-bariatric surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23:1143–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kerrigan DJ, Carlin AM, Munie S, Keteyian SJ. A cross-sectional study of reported exercise and medium-term weight loss following laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2018;28:3923–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bond DS, Phelan S, Wolfe LG, et al. Becoming physically active after bariatric surgery is associated with improved weight loss and health-related quality of life. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17:78–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Price PH, Kaizer AM, Daniels SR, Jenkins TM, Inge TH, Eckel RH. Physical activity improves lipid and weight-loss outcomes after metabolic bariatric surgery in adolescents with severe Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27:989–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Mackey ER, Jacobs M, Nadler EP. Preoperative exercise as a predictor of weight loss in adolescents and young adults following sleeve gastrectomy: a cohort study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2019;15:1051–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Price PH, Kaizer AM, Inge TH, Eckel RH. Physical activity impacts insulin sensitivity post metabolic bariatric surgery in adolescents with severe obesity. Int J Obes. 2020;44:1479–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Jenkins T, Miller B, Ryder J, Kelly A, Inge T. The relationship between physical activity and long-term BMI reduction in adolescent bariatric surgery - a report from the follow-up of adolescent bariatric surgery at 5+ (FABS5+) study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12:S83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. DeMello AS, Acorda DE, Allen D, Aman R, Sisley S. Experience of weight loss among young adults who underwent bariatric surgery as adolescents: a mixed-methods approach. J Adolesc Health. 2021;68:S47–S8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ryder JR, Gross AC, Fox CK, et al. Factors associated with long-term weight-loss maintenance following bariatric surgery in adolescents with severe obesity. Int J Obes. 2018;42:102–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mackey ER, Olson A, Merwin S, Wang J, Nadler EP. Perceived social support for exercise and weight loss in adolescents undergoing sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2018;28:421–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ryder JR, Edwards NM, Gupta R, et al. Changes in functional mobility and musculoskeletal pain after bariatric surgery in teens with severe Obesity: teen-longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery (LABS) study. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170:871–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Maggard MA, Yermilov I, Li Z, et al. Pregnancy and fertility following bariatric surgery: a systematic review. JAMA. 2008;300:2286–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ciangura C, Coupaye M, Deruelle P, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for childbearing female candidates for bariatric surgery, pregnancy, and post-partum management after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2019;29:3722–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Zeller MH, Brown JL, Reiter-Purtill J, et al. Sexual behaviors, risks, and sexual health outcomes for adolescent females following bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2019;15:969–78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Parikh M, Johnson JM, Ballem N, American Society for M. Bariatric surgery clinical issues C. ASMBS position statement on alcohol use before and after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12:225–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Maluenda F, Csendes A, De Aretxabala X, et al. Alcohol absorption modification after a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy due to obesity. Obes Surg. 2010;20:744–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Iossa A, Ciccioriccio MC, Zerbinati C, Guida A, Di Giacomo L, Silecchia G. Alcohol ingestion symptoms after sleeve gastrectomy: intoxication or drunkenness? A prospective study from a bariatric Centre of Excellence. Eat Weight Disord. 2020;25:1719–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Gallo AS, Berducci MA, Nijhawan S, et al. Alcohol metabolism is not affected by sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Endosc. 2015;29:1088–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Changchien EM, Woodard GA, Hernandez-Boussard T, Morton JM. Normal alcohol metabolism after gastric banding and sleeve gastrectomy: a case-cross-over trial. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;215:475–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Zeller MH, Washington GA, Mitchell JE, et al. Alcohol use risk in adolescents 2 years after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13:85–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. McClelland PH, Kabata K, Gorecki W, Jano A, Zenilman ME, Gorecki P. Long-term weight loss after bariatric procedures for morbidly obese adolescents and youth: a single-institution analysis with up to 19-year follow-up. Surg Endosc. 2022;37:2224–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. El Haija MA, Browne NT, Griggs CL, et al. Considerations on the role of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the pediatric metabolic and bariatric surgery patient. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2021;17:1834–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Inge TH, Courcoulas AP, Jenkins TM, et al. Five-year outcomes of gastric bypass in adolescents as compared with adults. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:2136–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Inge TH, Jenkins TM, Xanthakos SA, et al. Long-term outcomes of bariatric surgery in adolescents with severe obesity (FABS-5+): a prospective follow-up analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:165–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Fullmer MA, Abrams SH, Hrovat K, et al. Nutritional strategy for adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery: report of a working group of the nutrition committee of NASPGHAN/NACHRI. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54:125–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ito MK, Goncalves VSS, Faria S, et al. Effect of protein intake on the protein status and lean mass of post-bariatric surgery patients: a systematic review. Obes Surg. 2017;27:502–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Romeijn MM, Holthuijsen DDB, Kolen AM, et al. The effect of additional protein on lean body mass preservation in post-bariatric surgery patients: a systematic review. Nutr J. 2021;20:27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Olbers T, Beamish AJ, Gronowitz E, et al. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in adolescents with severe obesity (AMOS): a prospective, 5-year, Swedish nationwide study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:174–83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Xanthakos SA, Khoury JC, Inge TH, et al. Nutritional risks in adolescents after bariatric surgery. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18:1070–81.e5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Parrott J, Frank L, Rabena R, Craggs-Dino L, Isom KA, Greiman L. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Integrated Health Nutritional Guidelines for the surgical weight loss patient 2016 update: micronutrients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13:727–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Modi AC, Zeller MH, Xanthakos SA, Jenkins TM, Inge TH. Adherence to vitamin supplementation following adolescent bariatric surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21:E190–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Yavuz A, Akan K, Ulasoglu C, Tuncer I, Colak Y. An alternative method for treating dumping syndrome using Hemoclips. Cureus. 2021;13:e14869.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Soheilipour F, Hamidabad NM. Vitamin D and calcium status among adolescents with morbid Obesity undergoing bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2022;32:738–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Misra M, Bredella MA. Bone metabolism in adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106:326–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Mitchell DM, Singhal V, Animashaun A, et al. Skeletal effects of sleeve gastrectomy in adolescents and young adults: a two-year longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;108:847–57.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Armstrong-Javors A, Pratt J, Kharasch S. Wernicke encephalopathy in adolescents after bariatric surgery: case report and review. Pediatrics. 2016;138:138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Inge TH, Coley RY, Bazzano LA, et al. Comparative effectiveness of bariatric procedures among adolescents: the PCORnet bariatric study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018;14:1374–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Goldschmidt AB, Khoury J, Jenkins TM, et al. Adolescent loss-of-control eating and weight loss maintenance after bariatric surgery. Pediatrics. 2018;141:e20171659.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kaar J, Patten L, Kaizer A, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea, low PAP use, and daytime sleepiness are associated with weight regain following bariatric surgery in adolescents with severe obesity. Sleep. 2020;43:A334-A.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Soares Medina AR, Walston M, Xu J, Eneli I, Michalsky M. Characteristics of weight regain following sleeve gastrectomy in an adolescent bariatric surgery program. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13:S70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Stanford FC, Alfaris N, Gomez G, et al. The utility of weight loss medications after bariatric surgery for weight regain or inadequate weight loss: a multi-center study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13:491–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Redmond IP, Shukla AP, Aronne LJ. Use of weight loss medications in patients after bariatric surgery. Curr Obes Rep. 2021;10:81–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Toth AT, Gomez G, Shukla AP, et al. Weight loss medications in young adults after bariatric surgery for weight regain or inadequate weight loss: a multi-center study. Children (Basel). 2018;5:116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ard JD, Beavers DP, Hale E, Miller G, McNatt S, Fernandez A. Use of phentermine-topiramate extended release in combination with sleeve gastrectomy in patients with BMI 50 kg/m(2) or more. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2019;15:1039–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Edgerton C, Mehta M, Mou D, Dey T, Khaodhiar L, Tavakkoli A. Patterns of weight loss medication utilization and outcomes following bariatric surgery. J Gastrointest Surg. 2021;25:369–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Suliman M, Buckley A, Al Tikriti A, et al. Routine clinical use of liraglutide 3 mg for the treatment of obesity: outcomes in non-surgical and bariatric surgery patients. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21:1498–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Wharton S, Kuk JL, Luszczynski M, Kamran E, Christensen RAG. Liraglutide 3.0 mg for the management of insufficient weight loss or excessive weight regain post-bariatric surgery. Clin Obes. 2019;9:e12323.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Lautenbach A, Wernecke M, Huber TB, et al. The potential of Semaglutide once-weekly in patients without type 2 diabetes with weight regain or insufficient weight loss after bariatric surgery-a retrospective analysis. Obes Surg. 2022;32:3280–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Lewit RA, Jancelewicz T, Cavender CP, et al. Prevalence of upper gastrointestinal inflammation in teens with Obesity prior to sleeve gastrectomy. J Surg Res. 2022;273:119–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ogle S, Derderian SC, Kramer R, Anthony R, Inge T. The role of preoperative upper endoscopy in adolescents undergoing laparoscopic vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2020;16:1212–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Dewberry LC, Khoury JC, Ehrlich S, et al. Change in gastrointestinal symptoms over the first 5years after bariatric surgery in a multicenter cohort of adolescents. J Pediatr Surg. 2019;54:1220–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Gu L, Chen B, Du N, et al. Relationship between bariatric surgery and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Surg. 2019;29:4105–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Sebastianelli L, Benois M, Vanbiervliet G, et al. Systematic endoscopy 5 years after sleeve gastrectomy results in a high rate of Barrett’s esophagus: results of a multicenter study. Obes Surg. 2019;29:1462–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Lim CH, Lee PC, Lim E, et al. Correlation between symptomatic gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) and erosive esophagitis (EE) post-vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). Obes Surg. 2019;29:207–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Elkassem S. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophagitis, and Barrett’s esophagus 3 to 4 years post sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2021;31:5148–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Inge TH, Courcoulas AP, Xanthakos SA. Weight loss and health status after bariatric surgery in adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1989–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Syn NL, Cummings DE, Wang LZ, et al. Association of metabolic-bariatric surgery with long-term survival in adults with and without diabetes: a one-stage meta-analysis of matched cohort and prospective controlled studies with 174 772 participants. Lancet. 2021;397:1830–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Sarah J. Raatz

  2. Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Sarah J. Raatz

  3. Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

    Janey S. A. Pratt

  4. Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    Janey S. A. Pratt

Authors
  1. Sarah J. Raatz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Janey S. A. Pratt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Claudia K. Fox

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Raatz, S.J., Pratt, J.S.A. (2023). Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery for Pediatric Obesity. In: Fox, C.K. (eds) Managing Pediatric Obesity Using Advanced Therapies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37380-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37380-0_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-37379-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-37380-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation