Abstract
Fungal mitochondrial (mt) genomes (mitogenomes) are diverse and highly variable both at the inter- and intra-species level. While they contain a certain set of conserved genes, exceptions with respect to gene content and order may be found among and within species of all phyla across the kingdom of fungi. Phylogenies based on the concatenated matrix of the conserved mitochondrial protein-coding genes are robust and at least as informative as the ones provided by nuclear-based gene matrices, irrelevant to their matrix sizes. The diversity of mitogenomes’ size and structure, as well as presence (or not) of accessory elements (introns, ORFs, and plasmids), provides strong information regarding the genome’s evolution and to an extent the evolution of the organism. This diversity is also evident in their variable gene order (synteny). Gene shuffling is common among the mt genomes of fungal species, even of closely related ones, like those belonging to the same taxonomic order. Recombination and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events are among the major mechanisms involved, although there are several cases of gene shuffling which are the result of plasmid integration within the genome, intron mobility, and transposition. Nowadays, analyses of mitogenomes in fungal species provide evidenced insights related to the endosymbiotic event which led to the genesis of the mitochondrion in the proto-eukaryote and its evolution. This is due to the different evolutionary divergence rates that fungal mitogenomes present, given their rates differ from the known respective ones in metazoan and plant mt genomes. In this chapter, all aspects of fungal mitochondrial evolution are described, summarizing the existing knowledge on fungal mitogenomic structure, evolution, and dynamics.
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Acknowledgments
VNK wishes to thank Fulbright Greece for its Visiting Scholar Program that funded his visit to TYJ’s lab, and thus, VNK had the needed fruitful conversations with TYJ, which led to the writing of this chapter. TYJ is a fellow of CIFAR program Fungal Kingdom: Threats & Opportunities.
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Kouvelis, V.N., Kortsinoglou, A.M., James, T.Y. (2023). The Evolution of Mitochondrial Genomes in Fungi. In: Pöggeler, S., James, T. (eds) Evolution of Fungi and Fungal-Like Organisms. The Mycota, vol 14. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29199-9_3
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