Skip to main content

Fat Soluble Vitamins

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sustainable Food Innovation

Part of the book series: Sustainable Development Goals Series ((SDGS))

  • 427 Accesses

Abstract

Vitamin A comes from carrots, D from dairy, E from nuts and K from spinach? True, but there is way more to it. Liver is rich in numerous vitamins, but raising a cow has a different environmental load to growing produce, as much as they differ in taste and price. Vitamin D is technically a hormone, and it’s the result of sun exposure: humans, animals, plants, they all can synthesize it. Nuts offer plenty of vitamin E and they are tasty, but how much water does it take to grow them? Perhaps oilseeds can be considered as sustainable alternatives, not a replacement, just another option. Dietary sourcing of vitamin K is typically sustainable, but it can get more creative to increase consumer appeal. Green leafy vegetables can be used to make tasty dips or even flours that improve low gluten baked goods. Options are available, specific knowledge is discussed in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Albahrani, A. A., & Greaves, R. F. (2016). Fat-soluble vitamins: Clinical indications and current challenges for chromatographic measurement. The Clinical Biochemist Reviews, 37(1), 27.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Armesto, J., GĂłmez-Limia, L., Carballo, J., & MartĂ­nez, S. (2016). Effects of different cooking methods on some chemical and sensory properties of Galega kale. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 51(9), 2071–2080.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bendini, A., Barbieri, S., Valli, E., Buchecker, K., Canavari, M., & Toschi, T. G. (2011). Quality evaluation of cold pressed sunflower oils by sensory and chemical analysis. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 113(11), 1375–1384.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buratti, C., Fantozzi, F., Barbanera, M., Lascaro, E., Chiorri, M., & Cecchini, L. (2017). Carbon footprint of conventional and organic beef production systems: An Italian case study. Science of the Total Environment, 576, 129–137.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burri, B. J. (2011). Evaluating sweet potato as an intervention food to prevent vitamin a deficiency. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 10(2), 118–130.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campas-Baypoli, O. N., Sanchez-Machado, D. I., Bueno-Solano, C., Núñez-GastĂ©lum, J. A., Reyes-Moreno, C., & Lopez-Cervantes, J. (2009). Biochemical composition and physicochemical properties of broccoli flours. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 60(Supp 4), 163–173.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardwell, G., Bornman, J. F., James, A. P., & Black, L. J. (2018). A review of mushrooms as a potential source of dietary vitamin D. Nutrients, 10(10), 1498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalcraft, J. R., Cardinal, L. M., Wechsler, P. J., Hollis, B. W., Gerow, K. G., Alexander, B. M., et al. (2020). Vitamin D synthesis following a single bout of sun exposure in older and younger men and women. Nutrients, 12(8), 2237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chapagain, A., & Orr, S. (2008). UK water footprint: The impact of the UK’s food and fibre consumption on global water resources volume two: Appendices (pp. 31–33). WWF-UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Civille, G. V., Trail, A., Krogmann, A. R., & Thomas, E. (2020). Texture characteristics of US foods: Pioneers, protocols, and attributes-tribute to Alina. Textural Characteristics of World Foods, 27–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Condurso, C., Cincotta, F., Tripodi, G., Merlino, M., Giarratana, F., & Verzera, A. (2020). A new approach for the shelf-life definition of minimally processed carrots. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 163, 111138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Countdown. (2021). https://shop.countdown.co.nz/shop/. Accessed on 23/09/2021.

  • DeIORIO’s. (2021). https://www.deiorios.com/broccoli-pizza-dough/. Accessed on 02/11/2021.

  • Drewnowski, A., Rehm, C. D., Martin, A., Verger, E. O., Voinnesson, M., & Imbert, P. (2015). Energy and nutrient density of foods in relation to their carbon footprint. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 101(1), 184–191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta, A., & Dutta, S. K. (2003). Vitamin E and its role in the prevention of atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis: a review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 22(4), 258–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fix & Fogg. (2021). https://shop.fixandfogg.co.nz/products/chocolate-hazelnut-butter. Accessed on 02/11/2021.

  • Flysjö, A., Henriksson, M., Cederberg, C., Ledgard, S., & Englund, J. E. (2011). The impact of various parameters on the carbon footprint of milk production in New Zealand and Sweden. Agricultural Systems, 104(6), 459–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Food Nation. (2021). https://foodnation.co.nz/product/happy-patties-broccoli-pea-quinoa/. Accessed on 02/11/2021.

  • Franklin, L. M., & Mitchell, A. E. (2019). Review of the sensory and chemical characteristics of almond (Prunus dulcis) flavor. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67(10), 2743–2753.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frøst, M. B., Dijksterhuis, G., & Martens, M. (2001). Sensory perception of fat in milk. Food Quality and Preference, 12(5–7), 327–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fulton, J., Norton, M., & Shilling, F. (2019). Water-indexed benefits and impacts of California almonds. Ecological Indicators, 96, 711–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerbens-Leenes, P. W., Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2013). The water footprint of poultry, pork and beef: A comparative study in different countries and production systems. Water Resources and Industry, 1, 25–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GĂłrny, K., Idaszewska, N., Sydow, Z., & BieĹ„czak, K. (2021). Modelling the carbon footprint of various fruit and vegetable products based on a Company’s internal transport data. Sustainability, 13(14), 7579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HEALabel. (2021). https://healabel.com/k-ingredients/kale. Accessed on 01/11/2021.

  • Hoekstra, A. Y., Chapagain, A. K., Aldaya, M. M., & Mekonnen, M. M. (2011). The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard. Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibidhi, R., & Salem, H. B. (2020). Water footprint of livestock products and production systems: A review. Animal Production Science, 60(11), 1369–1380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., Rosten, T. W., Henriksen, K., Hognes, E. S., Summerfelt, S., & Vinci, B. (2016). Comparative economic performance and carbon footprint of two farming models for producing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Land-based closed containment system in freshwater and open net pen in seawater. Aquacultural Engineering, 71, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lotus. (2021). https://www.phragos.com/lotus-sweet-potato-flour-500g/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIodLOtoX48wIVjwByCh1kSw4PEAQYAyABEgJmY_D_BwE. Accessed on 02/11/2021.

  • Lucas, R. M., Gorman, S., Geldenhuys, S., & Hart, P. H. (2014). Vitamin D and immunity. F1000prime reports, 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marvinney, E., & Kendall, A. (2021). A scalable and spatiotemporally resolved agricultural life cycle assessment of California almonds. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 26, 1123–1145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2011). The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15(5), 1577–1600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitiku, D. H., Abera, S., Bussa, N. and Abera, T. (2018), “Physico-chemical characteristics and sensory evaluation of wheat bread partially substituted with sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) flour”, British Food Journal, 120(8), 1764–1775.

    Google Scholar 

  • MĂĽller, D. N., Kleinewietfeld, M., & Kvakan, H. (2011). Vitamin D review. Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, 12(2), 125–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. (1989). Diet and health: Implications for reducing chronic disease risk. National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neal, J. A., Booren, B., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Miller, R. K., Lucia, L. M., Maxim, J. E., & Castillo, A. (2010). Shelf life and sensory characteristics of baby spinach subjected to electron beam irradiation. Journal of Food Science, 75(6), S319–S326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • New Zealand Fresh. (2021). https://newzealandfresh.sg/products/frozen-beef-liver-1kg-pack. Accessed on 23/09/2021.

  • NIH. Vitamin A. (2021a). https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/. Accessed ion 17/09/2021.

  • NIH. Vitamin D. (2021b). https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/. Accessed ion 17/09/2021.

  • NIH. Vitamin E. (2021c). https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/. Accessed ion 17/09/2021.

  • NIH. Vitamin K. (2021d). https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminK-HealthProfessional/. Accessed ion 17/09/2021.

  • Oloniyo, R. O., Omoba, O. S., Awolu, O. O., & Olagunju, A. I. (2021). Orange-fleshed sweet potatoes composite bread: A good carrier of beta (β)-carotene and antioxidant properties. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 45(3), e13423.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, J. M., Ameer, M. A., & Goyal, A. (2021). Vitamin A toxicity. StatPearls [Internet]..

    Google Scholar 

  • PĂ©rez-Herrera, A., MartĂ­nez-GutiĂ©rrez, G. A., LeĂłn-MartĂ­nez, F. M., & Sánchez-Medina, M. A. (2020). The effect of the presence of seeds on the nutraceutical, sensory and rheological properties of Physalis spp. fruits jam: A comparative analysis. Food Chemistry, 302, 125141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PĂ©rez-RincĂłn, M. A., Hurtado, I. C., Restrepo, S., Bonilla, S. P., CalderĂłn, H., & RamĂ­rez, A. (2017). Water footprint messure method for tilapia, cachama and trout production: Study cases to Valle del Cauca (Colombia). IngenierĂ­a y Competitividad, 19(2), 115–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pic’s. (2021). https://www.picspeanutbutter.com/pics-peanut-butter-products/spreads-its-what-we-do/peanut-butter-5/. Accessed on 02/11/2021.

  • Poore, J., & Nemecek, T. (2018). Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science, 360(6392), 987–992.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Röös, E., & Karlsson, H. (2013). Effect of eating seasonal on the carbon footprint of Swedish vegetable consumption. Journal of Cleaner Production, 59, 63–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, J. H. (2015). Life cycle assessment of five vegetable oils. Journal of Cleaner Production, 87, 130–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sealey, W. M., Gaylord, T. G., Barrows, F. T., Tomberlin, J. K., McGuire, M. A., Ross, C., & St-Hilaire, S. (2011). Sensory analysis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fed enriched black soldier fly prepupae, Hermetia illucens. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42(1), 34–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seo, Y., Ide, K., Kitahata, N., Kuchitsu, K., & Dowaki, K. (2017). Environmental impact and nutritional improvement of elevated CO2 treatment: A case study of spinach production. Sustainability, 9(10), 1854.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shakerardekani, A., Karim, R., Ghazali, H. M., & Chin, N. L. (2013). Textural, rheological and sensory properties and oxidative stability of nut spreads—A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(2), 4223–4241.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stacchiotti, V., Rezzi, S., Eggersdorfer, M., & Galli, F. (2021). Metabolic and functional interplay between gut microbiota and fat-soluble vitamins. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 61(19), 3211–3232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talcott, S. T., Passeretti, S., Duncan, C. E., & Gorbet, D. W. (2005). Polyphenolic content and sensory properties of normal and high oleic acid peanuts. Food Chemistry, 90(3), 379–388.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, R. R., & Culaba, A. B. (2009). Estimating the carbon footprint of tuna fisheries. WWWF Binary Item, 17870, 14 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermeer, C. V. (2012). Vitamin K: The effect on health beyond coagulation–an overview. Food & Nutrition Research, 56(1), 5329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volpe, R., Messineo, S., Volpe, M., & Messineo, A. (2015). Carbon footprint of tree nuts based consumer products. Sustainability, 7(11), 14917–14934.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waidyarathna, G. N. N., & Ekanayake, S. (2021). Nutrient composition and functional properties: Suitability of flour of sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas) for incorporation into food production. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 15(3), 897–908.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiklund, E., Johansson, L., & Malmfors, G. (2003). Sensory meat quality, ultimate pH values, blood parameters and carcass characteristics in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) grazed on natural pastures or fed a commercial feed mixture. Food Quality and Preference, 14(7), 573–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman, E. M., Bar-El Dadon, S., & Reifen, R. (2017). The vicious cycle of vitamin a deficiency: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(17), 3703–3714.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Z., Xu, W., Peng, Z., Yang, Q., & Zhang, Z. (2018). Effects of different functional units on carbon footprint values of different carbohydrate-rich foods in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 198, 907–916.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yumi’s. (2021). https://yumis.com.au/products/classic-dip/creamed-spinach-dip/. Accessed on 02/11/2021.

  • Yuttitham, M. (2019). Comparison of carbon footprint of organic and conventional farming of Chinese kale. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 17(1), 78–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, F., & Sun, J. (2019). Physicochemical and sensory properties of steamed bread fortified with purple sweet potato flour. Food Bioscience, 30, 100411.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luca Serventi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Serventi, L., Wang, Y., Feng, Z., Tanyitiku, M. (2023). Fat Soluble Vitamins. In: Serventi, L. (eds) Sustainable Food Innovation . Sustainable Development Goals Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12358-0_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics