Abstract
This food category is predominant in a Mediterranean diet pattern. The term ‘vegetable food’ includes a highly heterogeneous variety of food items, such as leafy vegetables and analogues, tomato, pumpkin, wild leaf vegetables and weeds, aromatic plants and spices, starchy foods, pulses, fresh fruits and nuts. The nutrient composition taken from two different databases (one in the European Union and the other in the USA) is described and discussed. Some of these foods are consumed as energy sources (such as wheat, rice and potato), as protein sources (pulses) or as a mineral and vitamin supply (greens and fruits). Nevertheless, all have complex compositions supplying a wide variety of nutrients. Given the variety of a large number of factors, from the climate to analytical methodologies, the figures on the composition of food items (obtained from the food databases) should be regarded solely as guidance. Nevertheless, the concentration of the so-called minor components in each food item is highlighted, given the increased awareness of their roles in human health and wellness. In this regard, increasing levels of scientific evidence are being collected on the benefits conveyed by oligosaccharides, dietary fibres, flavonoids (e.g. phytosterols), as well as by many other phytochemicals. In this regard, the European Food Safety Authority granted walnuts a health claim related to cardiovascular health. Many epidemiological studies have correlated a high intake of greens, fruits and other vegetables with lower incidence rates of many non-communicable diseases and lighter body weight. This chapter also makes mention of compounds specific to certain vegetable species and their effects on health. Synergies between several vegetable foods for improved bioavailability and nutraceutical effects of some compounds are also mentioned.
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Notes
- 1.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name: 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one.
- 2.
IUPAC name: methyl N-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)carbamodithioate.
- 3.
IUPAC name: methyl N-[(1-methoxyindol-3-yl)methyl]carbamodithioate.
- 4.
IUPAC name: 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one.
- 5.
IUPAC name: (6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18E,20E,22E,24E,26E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-tridecaene.
- 6.
IUPAC name: (6E,8E,10E,12E,14Z,16E,18E,20E,22E,24E,26E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-tridecaene.
- 7.
IUPAC name: (6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16Z,18E,20E,22E,24E,26E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-tridecaene.
- 8.
Ethnobotany is the interdisciplinary study of plant–human relationships embedded in a complex and dynamic system of natural and social components.
- 9.
IUPAC name: 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one.
- 10.
IUPAC name: 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxychromen-4-one.
- 11.
IUPAC name: [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (1E)-3-phenyl-N-sulfooxypropanimidothioate.
- 12.
IUPAC name: 5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one.
- 13.
IUPAC name: 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-ene.
- 14.
IUPAC name: (4R)-1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene.
- 15.
IUPAC name: 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one.
- 16.
IUPAC name: 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol.
- 17.
IUPAC name: (3,5,5-trimethyl-4-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]cyclohex-3-en-1-ol.
- 18.
IUPAC name: 1-methyl-4-(propan-2-ylidene)cyclohex-1-ene.
- 19.
IUPAC name: (1S,5S,6R)-4,6-dimethyl-6-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-ene.
- 20.
IUPAC name: bis[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl] (2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E)-2,6,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14-heptaenedioate.
- 21.
IUPAC name: (4R)-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxycyclohexene-1-carbaldehyde.
- 22.
IUPAC name: 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carbaldehyde.
- 23.
IUPAC name: 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one.
- 24.
IUPAC name: (2E,4E)-5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-yl)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid.
- 25.
IUPAC name: 3-methylidene-6-(propan-2-yl)cyclohex-1-ene.
- 26.
Report 11215.
- 27.
Identified as ‘alho crú’.
- 28.
IUPAC name: 3-[(prop-2-ene-1-sulfinyl)sulfanyl]prop-1-ene.
- 29.
IUPAC name: 2R,3R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one.
- 30.
IUPAC name: (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid.
- 31.
IUPAC name: (1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-{[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid.
- 32.
IUPAC name: (3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-6-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol.
- 33.
IUPAC name: (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol.
- 34.
IUPAC name: (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol.
- 35.
IUPAC name: 2-[(2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidin-5-yl)oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol.
- 36.
IUPAC name: dihydroxiphenylalanine ((2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.
- 37.
IUPAC name: (2S,3R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol.
- 38.
IUPAC name: (2R,3S)-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol.
- 39.
IUPAC name: (3R)-2-(3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-8-[(2R,3R,4R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol.
- 40.
IUPAC name: 7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one.
- 41.
IUPAC name: 7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methoxychromen-4-one.
- 42.
IUPAC name: 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one.
- 43.
IUPAC name: 7-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one.
- 44.
IUPAC name: (2R,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol.
- 45.
IUPAC name: (2S)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one.
- 46.
- 47.
IUPAC name: 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one.
- 48.
IUPAC name: (1-[2,4-dihydroxy-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one.
- 49.
The figures presented below are a combination of average values of four different varieties available in Portugal (PortFIR database, from INSA) and of average values for an unreported number of varieties found in the USA (USDA database).
- 50.
IUPAC name: (1R,3R,4S,5R)-3-[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid), chlorogenic acid ((1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid.
- 51.
IUPAC name: 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromenylium-3,5,7-triol.
- 52.
IUPAC name: 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)chromenylium-3,5,7-triol.
- 53.
IUPAC name: as 2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)chromenylium-3,5,7-triol.
- 54.
IUPAC name: 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)chromenylium-3,5,7-triol.
- 55.
IUPAC name: 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)chromenylium-3,5,7-triol.
- 56.
IUPAC name: 2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)chromenylium-3,5,7-triol.
- 57.
- 58.
IUPAC name: (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid.
- 59.
IUPAC name: (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol.
- 60.
IUPAC name: (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol.
- 61.
IUPAC name: (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-[(Z,2R)-5-propan-2-ylhept-5-en-2-yl]-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol.
- 62.
IUPAC name: (3S,5S,10S,13R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol.
- 63.
IUPAC name: (E)-5-methylhept-2-en-4-one.
- 64.
IUPAC name: 17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol.
- 65.
IUPAC name: (2S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one.
- 66.
IUPAC name: 3-[(8E,11E)-pentadeca-8,11-dienyl]benzene-1,2-diol.
- 67.
IUPAC name: (1S,2R,4R,5S)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxycyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol.
- 68.
IUPAC name: (1S,2S,4S,5R)-6-methoxycyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5 pentol.
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Delgado, A.M., Parisi, S., Vaz Almeida, M.D. (2017). Greens and Other Vegetable Foods. In: Chemistry of the Mediterranean Diet. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29370-7_5
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