Abstract
The problems arising due to anthropogenic activities and limited availability of resources demand sustainable and smart solution. Uncontrolled waste generation and usage of traditional non-biodegradable materials is one such critical issue. To address the waste disposal problem and to meet the need for bio-based materials, the valorization of leftover biomass residues arises as a green and sustainable approach. Technological advancements have paved the way to use biochemicals and biomass for the formation of biomaterials such as biopolymers. With this viewpoint, the chapter focuses on biopolymers-biodegradable, low cost, abundant, biocompatible, naturally occurring and microbially synthesized molecules. They comprise a wide variety of molecules like cellulose, chitin, collagen, polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates. The waste material generated from various sectors including food industries, agricultural sector, dairy industry, leather tanning processes and domestic waste is considered as a potential substrate for biopolymer synthesis. Being low cost and renewable raw material, waste biomass is extensively used for the generation of all types of biopolymers. The excellent properties of bio-based polymers make them usable in almost all areas of our daily lives. Biopolymers are widely used in medicines for tissue engineering, regenerative medicines, drug delivery and bone implants. They also possess applications in the food industry as food packaging materials and food coatings. This chapter intends to discuss the formation of various types of biopolymers from waste feedstock and their applications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abu-Dalo MA, Al-Rawashdeh NA, Ababneh A (2013) Evaluating the performance of sulfonated Kraft lignin agent as corrosion inhibitor for iron-based materials in water distribution systems. Desalination 313:105–114
Ahmed M, Verma AK, Patel R (2020) Collagen extraction and recent biological activities of collagen peptides derived from sea-food waste: a review. Sustain Chem Pharmacy 18:100315
Alabaraoye E, Achilonu M, Hester R (2018) Biopolymer (Chitin) from various marine seashell wastes: isolation and characterization. J Polym Environ 26(6):2207–2218
Alam MN, Christopher LP (2018) Natural cellulose-chitosan cross-linked superabsorbent hydrogels with superior swelling properties. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6(7):8736–8742
Allen AD, Anderson WA, Ayorinde FO, Eribo BE (2010) Biosynthesis and characterization of copolymer poly (3HB-co-3HV) from saponified Jatropha curcas oil by Pseudomonas oleovorans. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 37(8):849–856
Alzagameem A, El Khaldi-Hansen B, Kamm B, Schulze M (2018) Lignocellulosic biomass for energy, biofuels, biomaterials, and chemicals. In: Biomass and green chemistry. Springer, pp 95–132
Aydemir D, Gardner DJ (2020) Biopolymer blends of polyhydroxybutyrate and polylactic acid reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohyd Poly 250:116867
Babu RP, O’connor K, Seeram R (2013) Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends. Prog Biomater 2(1):1–16
Baker MI, Walsh SP, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD (2012) A review of polyvinyl alcohol and its uses in cartilage and orthopedic applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 100(5):1451–1457
Banerjee S, Patti AF, Ranganathan V, Arora A (2019) Hemicellulose based biorefinery from pineapple peel waste: xylan extraction and its conversion into xylooligosaccharides. Food Bioprod Process 117:38–50
Bharti S, Swetha G (2016) Need for bioplastics and role of biopolymer PHB: a short review. J Pet Environ Biotechnol 7(272):2
Bhuwal AK, Singh G, Aggarwal NK, Goyal V, Yadav A (2013) Isolation and screening of polyhydroxyalkanoates producing bacteria from pulp, paper, and cardboard industry wastes. Int J Biomater
Boneberg BS, Machado GD, Santos DF, Gomes F, Faria DJ, Gomes LA, Santos FA (2016) Biorefinery of lignocellulosic biopolymers. Revista Eletrônica Científica da UERGS 2(1):79–100
Brinchi L, Cotana F, Fortunati E, Kenny J (2013) Production of nanocrystalline cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: technology and applications. Carbohyd Polym 94(1):154–169
Brunner PH, Rechberger H (2015) Waste to energy–key element for sustainable waste management. Waste Manage 37:3–12
Castilho LR, Mitchell DA, Freire DM (2009) Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from waste materials and by-products by submerged and solid-state fermentation. Biores Technol 100(23):5996–6009
Catalina M, Cot J, Balu AM, Serrano-Ruiz JC, Luque R (2012) Tailor-made biopolymers from leather waste valorisation. Green Chem 14(2):308–312
Chang I, Im J, Prasidhi AK, Cho G-C (2015) Effects of Xanthan gum biopolymer on soil strengthening. Constr Build Mater 74:65–72
Charoenvuttitham P, Shi J, Mittal GS (2006) Chitin extraction from black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) waste using organic acids. Sep Sci Technol 41(06):1135–1153
Chatterjee S, Guha AK, Chatterjee BP (2019) Evaluation of quantity and quality of chitosan produce from Rhizopus oryzae by utilizing food product processing waste whey and molasses. J Env Manag 251:109565
Cheba BA (2011) Chitin and chitosan: marine biopolymers with unique properties and versatile applications. Global J Biotechnol Biochem 6(3):149–153
Chen G-Q (2009) A microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) based bio-and materials industry. Chem Soc Rev 38(8):2434–2446
Chowdhury SR, Basak RK, Sen R, Adhikari B (2011) Production of extracellular polysaccharide by Bacillus megaterium RB-05 using jute as substrate. Biores Technol 102(11):6629–6632
Coma V (2013) Polysaccharide-based biomaterials with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Polímeros 23(3):287–297
da Silva CK, Costa JAV, de Morais MG (2018) Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthesis by Spirulina sp. LEB 18 using biopolymer extraction waste. Applied Biochem Biotechnol 185(3):822–833
Dahiya S, Kumar AN, Sravan JS, Chatterjee S, Sarkar O, Mohan SV (2018) Food waste biorefinery: sustainable strategy for circular bioeconomy. Biores Technol 248:2–12
Dessie W, Luo X, Wang M, Feng L, Liao Y, Wang Z, Qin Z (2020) Current advances on waste biomass transformation into value-added products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104(11):4757–4770
Dhandapani B, Vishnu D, Murshid S, Sekar S (2019) Production of lactic acid from industrial waste paper sludge using Rhizopus oryzae MTCC5384 by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Chem Eng Commun 1–9
Elkamel A, Simon L, Tsai E, Vinayagamoorthy V, Bagshaw I, Al-Adwani S, Mahdi K (2015) Modeling the mechanical properties of biopolymers for automotive applications. In: Paper presented at the 2015 international conference on industrial engineering and operations management (IEOM)
Esa F, Tasirin SM, Abd Rahman N (2014) Overview of bacterial cellulose production and application. Agriculture Agricultural Sci Proc 2:113–119
Fabra M, López-Rubio A, Lagaron J (2014) Biopolymers for food packaging applications. Smart Poly Appl 476–509
Fan X, Gao Y, He W, Hu H, Tian M, Wang K, Pan S (2016) Production of nano bacterial cellulose from beverage industrial waste of citrus peel and pomace using Komagataeibacter xylinus. Carbohyd Polym 151:1068–1072
Ferrario C, Rusconi F, Pulaj A, Macchi R, Landini P, Paroni M, Gomiero C (2020) From food waste to innovative biomaterial: sea urchin-derived collagen for applications in skin regenerative medicine. Mar Drugs 18(8):414
George A, Sanjay M, Srisuk R, Parameswaranpillai J, Siengchin S (2020) A comprehensive review on chemical properties and applications of biopolymers and their composites. Int J Biol Macromol 154:329–338
Ghorbel-Bellaaj O, Younes I, Maâlej H, Hajji S, Nasri M (2012) Chitin extraction from shrimp shell waste using Bacillus bacteria. Int J Biol Macromol 51(5):1196–1201
Grujić R, Vujadinović D, Savanović D (2017) Biopolymers as food packaging materials. Adv Appl Ind Biomater 139–160
Gupta G, Birbilis N, Cook AB, Khanna AS (2013) Polyaniline-lignosulfonate/epoxy coating for corrosion protection of AA2024-T3. Corros Sci 67:256–267
Hansen NM, Plackett D (2008) Sustainable films and coatings from hemicelluloses: a review. Biomacromol 9(6):1493–1505
Hassan MES, Bai J, Dou D-Q (2019) Biopolymers; definition, classification and applications. Egypt J Chem 62(9):1725–1737
Hussain Z, Sajjad W, Khan T, Wahid F (2019) Production of bacterial cellulose from industrial wastes: a review. Cellulose 26(5):2895–2911
Jacob J, Haponiuk JT, Thomas S, Gopi S (2018) Biopolymer based nanomaterials in drug delivery systems: a review. Mater Today Chem 9:43–55
Jahan F, Kumar V, Saxena RK (2018) Distillery effluent as a potential medium for bacterial cellulose production: a biopolymer of great commercial importance. Biores Technol 250:922–926
Kaur S, Dhillon GS (2015) Recent trends in biological extraction of chitin from marine shell wastes: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 35(1):44–61
Kaza S, Yao L, Bhada-Tata P, Van Woerden F (2018) What a waste 2.0: a global snapshot of solid waste management to 2050. World Bank Publications
Khoushab F, Yamabhai M (2010) Chitin research revisited. Mar Drugs 8(7):1988–2012
Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A (2005) Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angew Chem Int Ed 44(22):3358–3393
Kogan G, Šoltés L, Stern R, Gemeiner P (2007) Hyaluronic acid: a natural biopolymer with a broad range of biomedical and industrial applications. Biotech Lett 29(1):17–25
Koller M, Maršálek L, de Sousa Dias MM, Braunegg G (2017) Producing microbial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolyesters in a sustainable manner. New Biotechnol 37:24–38
Kongruang S (2007) Bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum strains from agricultural waste products. In: Biotechnology for fuels and chemicals. Springer, pp 763–774
Kothari R, Tyagi V, Pathak A (2010) Waste-to-energy: a way from renewable energy sources to sustainable development. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(9):3164–3170
Koutinas AA, Vlysidis A, Pleissner D, Kopsahelis N, Garcia IL, Kookos IK, Lin CSK (2014) Valorization of industrial waste and by-product streams via fermentation for the production of chemicals and biopolymers. Chem Soc Rev 43(8):2587–2627
Kumar A, Samadder SR (2017) A review on technological options of waste to energy for effective management of municipal solid waste. Waste Manage 69:407–422
Kumar MNR (2000) A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React Funct Polym 46(1):1–27
Kumar SS (2007) Biopolymers in medical applications. Tech. Text, pp 1–15
Kumari S, Rath P, Kumar ASH, Tiwari T (2015) Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from fishery waste by chemical method. Environ Technol Innov 3:77–85
Kurosumi A, Sasaki C, Yamashita Y, Nakamura Y (2009) Utilization of various fruit juices as carbon source for production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum NBRC 13693. Carbohyd Polym 76(2):333–335
Labet M, Thielemans W (2009) Synthesis of polycaprolactone: a review. Chem Soc Rev 38(12):3484-3504
Lebo SE Jr, Gargulak JD, McNally TJ (2000) Lignin. Kirk Othmer Encycl Chem Technol
Lee CH, Singla A, Lee Y (2001) Biomedical applications of collagen. Int J Pharm 221(1–2):1–22
Lunt J (1998) Large-scale production, properties and commercial applications of polylactic acid polymers. Polym Degrad Stab 59(1–3):145–152
Machado G, Santos F, Faria D, de Queiroz TN, de Queiroz H, Gomes F (2018) Characterization and potential evaluation of residues from the sugarcane industry of Rio Grande do Sul in biorefinery processes. Natural Res 9(5):175–187
Machado G, Santos F, Lourega R, Mattia J, Faria D, Eichler P, Auler A (2020) Biopolymers from lignocellulosic biomass: feedstocks, production processes, and applications. Lignocell Biorefining Technol 125–158
Madhavan P, Ramachandran Nair K (1974) Utilization of prawn waste: isolation of chitin and its conversion to chitosan. Fish Technol 11(1):50–53
Mahmood H, Moniruzzaman M, Iqbal T, Khan MJ (2019) Recent advances in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels and value-added products. Current Opinion Green Sustain Chem 20:18–24
Masilamani D, Madhan B, Shanmugam G, Palanivel S, Narayan B (2016) Extraction of collagen from raw trimming wastes of tannery: a waste to wealth approach. J Clean Prod 113:338–344
Mathuriya AS, Yakhmi J, Martínez L, Kharissova O, Kharisov B (2017) Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Biodegradable plastics and their applications. Handbook Ecomater 1–29
Mitura S, Sionkowska A, Jaiswal A (2020) Biopolymers for hydrogels in cosmetics. J Mater Sci Mater Med 31(6):1–14
Mohapatra S, Mohanta P, Sarkar B, Daware A, Kumar C, Samantaray D (2017) Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Bacillus strain isolated from waste water and its biochemical characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 87(2):459–466
Muhammad N, Gonfa G, Rahim A, Ahmad P, Iqbal F, Sharif F, Rehman IU (2017) Investigation of ionic liquids as a pretreatment solvent for extraction of collagen biopolymer from waste fish scales using COSMO-RS and experiment. J Mol Liq 232:258–264
Munesue Y, Masui T, Fushima T (2015) The effects of reducing food losses and food waste on global food insecurity, natural resources, and greenhouse gas emissions. Environ Econ Policy Stud 17(1):43–77
Nampoothiri KM, Nair NR, John RP (2010) An overview of the recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research. Biores Technol 101(22):8493–8501
Nevárez LM, Casarrubias LB, Canto OS, Celzard A, Fierro V, Gómez RI, Sánchez GG (2011) Biopolymers-based nanocomposites: Membranes from propionated lignin and cellulose for water purification. Carbohyd Polym 86(2):732–741
Nielsen C, Rahman A, Rehman AU, Walsh MK, Miller CD (2017) Food waste conversion to microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microb Biotechnol 10(6):1338–1352
Nollet L, Toldrá F, Benjakul S, Paliyath G, Hui Y (2012) Food biochemistry and food processing. Benjamin K Simpson Associate Editors 2:118–119
Noorzai S, Verbeek CJR, Lay MC, Swan J (2020) Collagen extraction from various waste bovine hide sources. Waste Biomass Valorization 11(11):5687–5698
Pachapur VL, Guemiza K, Rouissi T, Sarma SJ, Brar SK (2016) Novel biological and chemical methods of chitin extraction from crustacean waste using saline water. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 91(8):2331–2339
Pattanashetti NA, Heggannavar GB, Kariduraganavar MY (2017) Smart biopolymers and their biomedical applications. Proc Manuf 12:263–279
Pauly M, Gille S, Liu L, Mansoori N, de Souza A, Schultink A, Xiong G (2013) Hemicellulose biosynthesis. Planta 238(4):627–642
Petri DF (2015) Xanthan gum: a versatile biopolymer for biomedical and technological applications. J Appl Poly Sci 132(23)
Philip S, Keshavarz T, Roy I (2007) Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biodegradable polymers with a range of applications. J Chem Technol Biotechnol Int Res Process Env clean technol 82(3):233–247
Poovaiah CR, Nageswara‐Rao M, Soneji JR, Baxter HL, Stewart CN Jr (2014) Altered lignin biosynthesis using biotechnology to improve lignocellulosic biofuel feedstocks. Plant Biotechnol J 12(9):1163–1173
Raiszadeh-Jahromi Y, Rezazadeh-Bari M, Almasi H, Amiri S (2020) Optimization of bacterial cellulose production by Komagataeibacter xylinus PTCC 1734 in a low-cost medium using optimal combined design. J Food Sci Technol 57(7):2524–2533
Raj SN, Lavanya S, Sudisha J, Shetty HS (2011) Applications of biopolymers in agriculture with special reference to role of plant derived biopolymers in crop protection. In: Kalia S, Avérous L (eds) Biopolymers: biomédical and environmental applications. Wiley Publishing LLC, Hoboken, NY, pp 461–481
Rajan KP, Thomas SP, Gopanna A, Chavali M (2019) Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB): a standout biopolymer for environmental sustainability. Handbook Ecomater 2803–2825
Rao U, Sridhar R, Sehgal PK (2010) Biosynthesis and biocompatibility of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) produced by Cupriavidus necator from spent palm oil. Biochem Eng J 49(1):13–20
Ravindran R, Jaiswal AK (2016) Exploitation of food industry waste for high-value products. Trends Biotechnol 34(1):58–69
Rebelo R, Fernandes M, Fangueiro R (2017) Biopolymers in medical implants: a brief review. Proc Eng 200:236–243
Regenstein J, Zhou P (2007) Collagen and gelatin from marine by-products. In: Maximising the value of marine by-products. Elsevier, pp 279–303
Santos F, Machado G, Faria D, Lima J, Marçal N, Dutra E, Souza G (2017) Productive potential and quality of rice husk and straw for biorefineries. Biomass Conver Biorefinery 7(1):117–126
Saratale GD, Saratale RG, Varjani S, Cho S-K, Ghodake GS, Kadam A, Shin HS (2020) Development of ultrasound aided chemical pretreatment methods to enrich saccharification of wheat waste biomass for polyhydroxybutyrate production and its characterization. Ind Crops Products 150:112425
Seesuriyachan P, Techapun C, Shinkawa H, Sasaki K (2010) Solid state fermentation for extracellular polysaccharide production by Lactobacillus confusus with coconut water and sugar cane juice as renewable wastes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 74(2):423–426
Shah S, Kumar A (2021) Production and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoates from industrial waste using soil bacterial isolates. Brazilian J Microbiol 1–12
Sharma S, Gupta A (2016) Sustainable management of keratin waste biomass: applications and future perspectives. Brazilian Arch Biol Technol 59
Sharma S, Gupta A, Kumar A, Kee CG, Kamyab H, Saufi SM (2018) An efficient conversion of waste feather keratin into ecofriendly bioplastic film. Clean Technol Environ Policy 20(10):2157–2167
Shoulders MD, Raines RT (2009) Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem 78:929–958
Singh AV (2011) Biopolymers in drug delivery: a review. Pharmacologyonline 1:666–674
Singhvi M, Gokhale D (2013) Biomass to biodegradable polymer (PLA). RSC Adv 3(33):13558–13568
Sionkowska A, Skrzyński S, Śmiechowski K, Kołodziejczak A (2017) The review of versatile application of collagen. Polym Adv Technol 28(1):4–9
Sockalingam K, Abdullah H (2015) Extraction and characterization of gelatin biopolymer from black tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) scales. Paper presented at the AIP conference proceedings
Sriamornsak P (2011) Application of pectin in oral drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 8(8):1009–1023
Sun R, Sun X, Tomkinson J (2004) Hemicelluloses and their derivatives
Syafiq R, Sapuan S, Zuhri M, Ilyas R, Nazrin A, Sherwani S, Khalina A (2020) Antimicrobial activities of starch-based biopolymers and biocomposites incorporated with plant essential oils: a review. Polymers 12(10):2403
Szymańska-Chargot M, Chylińska M, Gdula K, Kozioł A, Zdunek A (2017) Isolation and characterization of cellulose from different fruit and vegetable pomaces. Polymers 9(10):495
Tang X, Kumar P, Alavi S, Sandeep K (2012) Recent advances in biopolymers and biopolymer-based nanocomposites for food packaging materials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 52(5):426–442
Tsouko E, Kourmentza C, Ladakis D, Kopsahelis N, Mandala I, Papanikolaou S, Koutinas A (2015) Bacterial cellulose production from industrial waste and by-product streams. Int J Mol Sci 16(7):14832–14849
Van de Velde K, Kiekens P (2002) Biopolymers: overview of several properties and consequences on their applications. Polym Testing 21(4):433–442
Verlinden RA, Hill DJ, Kenward MA, Williams CD, Piotrowska-Seget Z, Radecka IK (2011) Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from waste frying oil by Cupriavidus necator. AMB Express 1(1):1–8
Vert M (2001) Biopolymers and artificial biopolymers in biomedical applications, an overview. Biorelated Poly 63–79
Vroman I, Tighzert L (2009) Biodegradable polymers. Materials 2(2):307–344
Yadav M, Goswami P, Paritosh K, Kumar M, Pareek N, Vivekanand V (2019) Seafood waste: a source for preparation of commercially employable chitin/chitosan materials. Biores Bioproc 6(1):1–20
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vinayak, A., Sharma, S., Singh, G.B. (2022). Biopolymers from Industrial Waste. In: Nadda, A.K., Sharma, S., Bhat, R. (eds) Biopolymers. Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98392-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98392-5_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-98391-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-98392-5
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)