Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a dynamic network that apart from tumor cells includes also cells of the immune system, e.g., neutrophils, which are recruited from blood circulation. In TME, neutrophils are strongly implicated in the direct and indirect interactions with tumor cells or other immune cells, and they play roles in both preventing and/or facilitating tumor progression and metastasis. The dual role of neutrophils is determined by their high plasticity and heterogeneity. Analogous to the macrophages, neutrophils can express antitumoral (N1) and protumoral (N2) phenotypes which differ substantially in morphology and function. N1 phenotype characterizes with a high cytotoxic and proinflammatory activities, while N2 phenotype with immunosuppressive and prometastatic properties. The antitumoral effect of neutrophils includes for example the production of reactive oxygen species or proapoptotic molecules. The protumoral action of neutrophils relies on releasing of proangiogenic and prometastatic mediators, immunosuppressive factors, as well as on direct helping tumor cells in extravasation process. This chapter summarizes the heterogeneity of neutrophils in TME, as well as their dual role on tumor cells.
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Abbreviations
- ADCC:
-
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- ARG-1:
-
Arginase 1
- BMs:
-
Basement membranes
- CG:
-
Cathepsin G
- CTCs:
-
Circulatory tumor cells
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- EMT:
-
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- FGF:
-
Fibroblast growth factor
- G-CSF:
-
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
- GM-CSF:
-
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HDNs:
-
High density neutrophils
- huGCP-2:
-
Human granulocyte chemotactic protein 2
- ICAM-1:
-
Intracellular adhesion molecule 1
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- IRS-1:
-
Insulin receptor substrate-1
- LDNs:
-
Low-density neutrophils
- LFA-1:
-
Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MAPKs:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MIP-1 α:
-
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 α
- MMPs:
-
Metalloproteinases
- NE:
-
Neutrophil elastase
- NETs:
-
Neutrophil extracellular traps
- NK:
-
Natural killer
- OSM:
-
Oncostatin M
- PD-1:
-
Programmed cell death protein 1
- PD-L1:
-
Ligand for programmed cell death protein 1
- PI3K:
-
Phosphoinositide-3 kinase
- PMA:
-
Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- sLeX:
-
Sialyl Lewis X
- TAMs:
-
Tumor-associated macrophages
- TANs:
-
Tumor-associated neutrophils
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor β
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- TME:
-
Tumor microenvironment
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-α
- TRAIL:
-
TNF-Related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
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Szulc-Kielbik, I., Klink, M. (2022). Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils and Tumors: Friend or Foe?. In: Klink, M., Szulc-Kielbik, I. (eds) Interaction of Immune and Cancer Cells. Experientia Supplementum, vol 113. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91311-3_5
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