Skip to main content

PI3K/PTEN/Akt Pathway

A critical mediator of oncogenic signaling

  • Chapter
Signal Transduction in Cancer

Part of the book series: Cancer Treatment and Research ((CTAR,volume 115))

Conclusion

In conclusion, direct genetic alterations leading to deregulated PI3K/Akt signalling are common in a significant fraction of human malignancies. The forthcoming decade should witness the development and clinical deployment of a number of novel small molecule inhibitors specifically designed to disrupt the function of members of this pathway. It is hoped and perhaps likely that such inhibitors, either alone or in combination with current therapeutics, will ultimately proof clinically efficacious.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adey, N. B., Huang, L., Ormonde, P. A., Baumgard, M. L., Pero, R., Byreddy, D. V., Tavtigian, S. V., & Bartel, P. L. (2000). Threonine phosphorylation of the MMAC1/PTEN PDZ binding domain both inhibits and stimulates PDZ binding. Cancer Res, 60(1), 35–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, I. U., Schriml, L. M., & Dean, M. (1999). Mutational spectra of PTEN/MMAC1 gene: a tumor suppressor with lipid phosphatase activity. J Natl Cancer Inst, 91(22), 1922–1932.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altiok, S., Batt, D., Altiok, N., Papautsky, A., Downward, J., Roberts, T. M., & Avraham, H. (1999). Here gulin induces phosphorylation of BRCA1 through phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT inbreast cancer cells. J Biol Chem, 274(45), 32274–32278.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aoki, M., Batista, O., Bellacosa, A., Tsichlis, P., & Vogt, P. K. (1998). The akt kinase; molecular determinants of oncogenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95(25), 14950–14955.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aoki, M., Blazek, E., & Vogt, P. K. (2001). A role of the kinase mTOR in cellular transformation induced by the oncoproteins P3k and Akt. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98(1), 136–141.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aoki, M., Schetter, C., Himly, M., Batista, O., Chang, H. W., & Vogt, P. K. (2000). The catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase: requirements for oncogenicity. J Biol Chem, 275(9), 6267–6275.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ayton, P. M, & Cleary, M. L. (2001). Molecular mechanisms of leukemogenesis mediated by MLL fusion proteins. Oncogene, 20(40), 5695–5707.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Backman, S. A., Stambolic, V., Suzuki, A., Haight, J., Elia, A., Pretorius, J., Tsao, M. S., Shannon, P., Bolon, B., Ivy, G. O., & Mak, T. W. (2001). Deletion of Pten in mouse brain causes seizures, ataxia and defects in soma size resembling Lhermitte-Duclos disease. Nat Genet, 29(4), 396–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balendran, A., Casamayor, A., Deak, M., Paterson, A., Gaffney, P., Currie, R., Downes, C. P., & Alessi, D. R. (1999). PDK1 acquires PDK2 activity in the presence of a synthetic peptide derived from the carboxyl terminus of PRK2. CurrBiol, 9(8), 393–404.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barlund, M., Forozan, F., Kononen, J., Bubendorf, L., Chen, Y., Bittner, M. L., Torhorst, J., Haas, P., Bucher, C., Sauter, G., Kallioniemi, O. P., & Kallioniemi, A. (2000). Detecting activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase by complementary DNA and tissue microarray analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst, 92(15), 1252–1259.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, F. G. (2001). Gene fusions involving PAX and FOX family members in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Oncogene, 20(40), 5736–5746.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basso, A. D., Solit, D. B., Munster, P. N., & Rosen, N. (2002). Ansamycin antibiotics inhibit Akt activation and cyclin D expression in breast cancer cells that overexpress HER2. Oncogene, 21(8), 1159–1166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellacosa, A., de Feo, D., Godwin, A. K., Bell, D. W., Cheng, J. Q., Altomare, D. A., Wan, M., Dubeau, L., Scambia, G., Masciullo, V., & et at. (1995). Molecular alterations of the AKT2 oncogene in ovarian and breast carcinomas. Int J Cancer, 64(4), 280–285.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellacosa, A., Testa, J. R., Staal, S. P., & Tsichlis, P. N. (1991). A retroviral oncogene, akt, encoding a serine-threonine kinase containing an SH2-like region. Science, 254(5029), 274–277.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bi, L., Okabe, I., Bernard, D. J., Wynshaw-Boris, A., & Nussbaum, R. L. (1999), Proliferative defect and embryonic lethality in mice homozygous for a deletion in the pl10alpha subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. J Biol Chem, 274(16), 10963–10968.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, W. H., 3rd, Meisenhelder, J., Hunter, T., Cavenee, W. K., & Arden, K. C. (1999). Protein kinase B/Akt-mediated phosphorylation promotes nuclear exclusion of the winged helix transcription factor FKHR1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96(13), 7421–7426.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonneau, D., & Longy, M. (2000). Mutations of the human PTEN gene. Hum Mutat, 16(2), 109–122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borkhardt, A., Repp, R., Haas, O. A., Leis, T., Harbott, J., Kreuder, J., Hammermann, J., Henn, T., & Lamport, F. (1997). Cloning and characterization of AFX, the gene that fuses to MLL in acute leukemias with a t(X;ll)(ql3;q23). Oncogene, 14(2), 195–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bostrom, J., Cobbers, J. M., Wolter, M., Tabatabai, G., Weber, R. G., Lichter, P., Collins, V. P., & Reifenberger, G. (1998). Mutation of the PTEN (MMAC1) tumor suppressor gene in a subset of glioblastomas but not in meningiomas with loss of chromosome arm 10q. Cancer Res, 58(1), 29–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brogiolo, W., Stacker, H., Ikeya, T., Rintelen, F., Fernandez, R., & Hafen, E. (2001). An evolutionary conserved function of the Drosophila insulin receptor and insulin-like peptides in growth control. Curr Biol, 11(4), 213–221.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, A., Bonni, A., Zigmond, M. J., Lin, M. Z., Juo, P., Hu, L. S., Anderson, M. J., Arden, K. C., Blenis, J., & Greenberg, M. E. (1999). Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor. Cell, 96(6), 857–868.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, A., Kanai, F., Stehn, J., Xu, J., Sarbassova, D., Frangioni, J. V., Dalal, S. N., DeCaprio, J. A., Greenberg, M. E., & Yaffe, M. B. (2002). 14-3-3 transits to the nucleus and participates in dynamic nucleocytoplasmic transport. J Cell Biol, 156(5), 817–828.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantley, L. C., & Neel, B. G. (1999). New insights into tumor suppression: PTEN suppresses tumor formation by restraining the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96(8), 4240–4245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardone, M. H., Roy, N., Stennicke, H. R., Salvesen, G. S., Franke, T. F., Stanbridge, E., Frisch, S., & Reed, J. C. (1998). Regulation of cell death protease caspase-9 by phosphorylation. Science, 282(5392), 1318–1321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, C. L., Duckworth, B. C., Auger, K. R., Cohen, B., Schaffhausen, B. S., & Cantley, L. C. (1990). Purification and characterization of phosphoinositide 3-kinase from rat liver. J Biol Chem, 265(32), 19704–19711.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, H. W., Aoki, M., Fruman, D., Auger, K. R., Bellacosa, A., Tsichlis, P. N., Cantley, L. C., Roberts, T. M., & Vogt, P. K. (1997). Transformation of chicken cells by the gene encoding the catalylic subunit of PI 3-kinase. Science, 276(5320), 1848–1850.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W. S., Xu, P. Z., Gottlob, K., Chen, M. L., Sokol, K., Shiyanova, T., Roninson, I., Weng, W., Suzuki, R., Tobe, K., Kadowaki, T., & Hay, N. (2001). Growth retardation and increased apoptosis in mice with homozygous disruption of the Aktl gene. Genes Dev, 15(17), 2203–2208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, J. Q., Godwin, A. K., Bellacosa, A., Taguchi, T., Franke, T. F., Hamilton, T. C., Tsichlis, P. N., & Testa, J, R. (1992), AKT2, a putative oncogene encoding a member of a subfamily of proteinserine/threonine kinases, is amplified in human ovarian carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 89(19), 9267–9271.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, J. Q., Ruggeri, B., Klein, W. M., Sonoda, G., Altomare, D, A., Watson, D. K., & Testa, J. R (1996), Amplification of AKT2 in human pancreatic cells and inhibition of AKT2 expression and tumorigenicity by antisense RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93(8), 3636–3641.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiosis, G., Rosen, N., & Sepp-Lorenzino, L. (2001). LY294002-geldanamycin heterodimers as selective inhibitors of the PI3K and PI3K-related family. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 11(7), 909–913.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, H., Mu, J., Kim, J. K., Thorvaldsen, J. L., Chu, Q., Crenshaw, E. B., 3rd, Kaestner, K. H., Bartolomei, M. S., Shulman, G. I., & Birnbaum, M. J. (2001). Insulin resistance and a diabetes mellitus-like syndrome in mice lacking the protein kinase Akt2 (PKB beta). Science, 292(5522), 1728–1731.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, H., Thorvaldsen, J. L., Chu, Q., Feng, F., & Birnbaum, M. J. (2001). Aktl/PKBalpha is required for normal growth but dispensable for maintenance of glucose homeostasis in mice. J Biol Chem, 276(42), 38349–38352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coffer, P. J., Jin, J., & Woodgett, J. R. (1998). Protein kinase B (c-Akt): a multifunctional mediator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. Biochem J, 335(Pt 1), 1–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Datta, S. R., Brunet, A., & Greenberg, M. E. (1999). Cellular survival: a play in three Akts. Genes Dev, 13(22), 2905–2927.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dedhar, S., Williams, B., & Hannigan, G. (1999). Integrin-linked kinase (ILK): a regulator of integrin and growth-factor signalling. Trends Cell Biol, 9(8), 319–323.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • del Peso, L., Gonzalez, V. M., Hernandez, R., Barr, F. G., & Nunez, G. (1999). Regulation of the forkhead transcription factor FKHR, but not the PAX3-FKHR fusion protein, by the serine/threonine kinase Akt. Oncogene, 18(51), 7328–7333.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, P. B., Jaeschke, A., Saitoh, M., Fowler, B., Kozma, S. C., & Thomas, G, (2001). Mammalian TOR: a homeostatic ATP sensor. Science, 294(5544), 1102–1105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Cristofano, A., Pesce, B., Cordon-Cardo, C., & Pandolfi, P. P. (1998). Pten is essential for embryonic development and tumour suppression. Nat Genet, 19(4), 348–355.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dijkers, P. P., Medema, R. H., Lammers, J. W., Koenderman, L., & Coffer, P. J. (2000). Expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim is regulated by the forkhead transcription factor FKHR-L1. Curr Biol, 10(19), 1201–1204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Downward, J. (1998). Ras signalling and apoptosis. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 8(1), 49–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duerr, E. M., Rollbrocker, B., Hayashi, Y., Peters, N., Meyer-Puttlitz, B., Louis, D. N., Schramm, J., Wiestler, O. D., Parsons, R., Eng, C., & von Deimling, A. (1998). PTEN mutations in gliomas and glioneuronal tumors. Oncogene, 16(17), 2259–2264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eng, C, Murday, V., Seal, S., Mohammed, S., Hodgson, S. V., Chaudary, M. A., Fentiman, I. S., Ponder, B. A., & Eeles, R. A. (1994). Cowden syndrome and Lhermitte-Duclos disease in a family: a single genetic syndrome with pleiotropy? J Med Genet, 31(6), 458–461.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franke, T. F., Kaplan, D. R., Cantley, L. C., & Toker, A. (1997). Direct regulation of the Akt proto-oncogene product by phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate. Science, 275(5300), 665–668.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, S., Pho, T., Abreo, F. W., Nassar, R., De Benedetti, A., Stacker, F. J., & Nathan, C. A. (1999). Detection of theproto-oncogene eIF4E in larynx and hypopharynx cancers. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 125(2), 177–182.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredericks, W. J., Galili, N., Mukhopadhyay, S., Rovera, G., Bennicelli, J., Barr, F. G., & Rauscher, F. J., 3rd. (1995). The PAX3-FKHR fusion protein created by the t(2;13) translocation in alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas is a more potent transcriptional activator than PAX3. Mol Cell Biol, 15(3), 1522–1535.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fruman, D. A., Meyers, R. E., & Cantley, L. C. (1998). Phosphoinositide kinases. Annu Rev Biochem, 67, 481–507.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furnari, F. B., Huang, H. J., & Cavenee, W. K. (1998). The phosphoinositol phosphatase activity of PTEN mediates a serum-sensitive G1 growth arrest in glionia cells. Cancer Res, 58(22), 5002–5008

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galetic, I., Andjelkovic, M., Meier, R., Brodbeck, D., Park, J., & Hemmings, B. A. (1999). Mechanism of protein kinase B activation by insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 revealed by specific inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-significance for diabetes and cancer. Pharmacol Ther, 82(2–3), 409–425.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgescu, M. M., Kirsch, K. H., Kaloudis, P., Yang, H., Pavletich, N. P., & Hanafusa, H. (2000). Stabilization and productive positioning roles of the C2 domain of PTEN tumor suppressor. Cancer Res, 60(24), 7033–7038

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gingras, A, C., Raught, B., & Sonenberg, N. (2001). Regulation of translation initiation by FRAP/mTOR, Genes Dev, 15(7), 807–826.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goberdhan, D. C., Paricio, N., Goodman, E. C, Mlodzik, M., & Wilson, C. (1999). Drosophila tumor suppressor PTEN controls cell size and number by antagonizing the Chico/PI3-kinase signaling pathway. Genes Dev, 13(24), 3244–3258.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gu, J., Tamura, M., Pankov, R., Danen, E. H., Takino, T., Matsumoto, K., & Yamada, K. M. (1999). Shc and FAK differentially regulate cell motility and directionality modulated by PTEN. J Cell Biol, 146(2), 389–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guba, M., von Breitenbuch, P., Steinbauer, M., Koehl, G., Flegel, S., Hornung, M., Bruns, C. J., Zuelke, C., Farkas, S., Anthuber, M., Jauch, K. W., & Geissler, E. K. (2002). Rapamycin inhibits primary and metastatic tumor growth by antiangiogenesis: involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor. Nat Med, 8(2), 128–135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guldberg, P., thor Straten, P., Birck, A., Ahrenkiel, V., Kirkin, A. F., & Zeuthen, J. (1997). Disruption of the MMAC1/PTEN gene by deletion or mutation is a frequent event in malignant melanoma. Cancer Res, 57(17), 3660–3663.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. A. (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell, 100(1), 57–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Healy, E., Belgaid, C., Takata, M., Harrison, D., Zhu, N. W., Burd, D. A., Rigby, H. S., Matthews, J.N., & Rees, J. L. (1998). Prognostic significance of allelic losses in primary melanoma. Oncogene, 16(17), 2213–2218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hillion, J., Le Coniat, M., Jonveaux, P., Berger, R., & Bernard, O. A, (1997). AF6q21, a novel partner of the MLL gene in t(6;11)(q21;q23), defines a forkhead transcriptional factor subfamily. Blood, 90(9), 3714–3719.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L., Hofmann, J., Lu, Y., Mills, G. B., & Jaffe, R. B. (2002), Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase increases efficacy of paclitaxel in in vitro and in vivo ovarian cancer models. Cancer Res, 62(4), 1087–1092.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, H., Potter, C. J., Tao, W., Li, D. M,, Brogiolo, W., Hafen, E., Sun, H., & Xu, T. (1999). PTEN affects cell size, cell proliferation and apoptosis during Drosophila eye development. Development, 126(23), 5365–5372.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, J., Jin, J., Cardiff, R. D., Woodgett, J. R., & Muller, W. J. (2001). Activation of Akt (protein kinase B) in mammary epithelium provides a critical cell survival signal required for tumor progression. Mol Cell Biol, 21(6), 2203–2212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isshiki, K., Elder, D. E., Guerry, D., & Linnenbach, A. J. (1993). Chromosome 10 allelic loss in malignant melanoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 8(3), 178–184.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, E, S., & Hay, N. (1999). The regulation and activities of the multifunctional serine/threonine kinase Akt/PKB. Exp Cell Res, 253(1), 210–229.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, L. P., Shapiro, V. S., Stokoe, D., & Weiss, A. (1999). Induction of NF-kappaB by the Akt/PKB kinase. Curr Biol, 9(11), 601–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katso, R., Okkenhaug, K., Ahmadi, K., White, S., Timms, J., & Waterfield, M. D. (2001). Cellular function of phosphoinositide 3-kinases: implications for development, homeostasis, and cancer, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 17, 615–675.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khwaja, A. (1999). Akt is more than just a Bad kinase. Natuae, 401(6748), 33–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klippel, A., Escobedo, M. A., Wachowicz, M. S., Apell, G., Brown, T. W., Giedlin, M. A., Kavanaugh, W. M., & Williams, L. T. (1998). Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is sufficient for cell cycle entry and promotes cellular changes characteristic of oncogenic transformation. Mol Cell Biol. 18(10), 5699–5711.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konishi, H., Kuroda, S., Tanaka, M., Matsuzaki, H., Ono, Y., Kameyama, K., Haga, T., & Kikkawa, U. (1995). Molecular cloning and characterization of a new member of the RAC protein kinase family: association of the pleckstrin homology domain of three types of RAC protein kinase with protein kinase C subspecies and beta gamma subunits of G proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 216(2), 526–534.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kops, G. J., & Burgering, B. M, (1999). Forkhead transcription factors: new insights into protein kinase B (c-akt) signaling. J Mol Med, 77(9), 656–665.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kops, G. J., de Ruiter, N. D., De Vries-Smits, A. M., Powell, D. R., Bos, J. L., & Burgering, B. M. (1999). Direct control of the Forkhead transcription factor AFX by protein kinase B. Nature, 398(6728), 630–634.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kotani, K., Hara, K., Yonezawa, K., & Kasuga, M. (1995). Phosphoinositide 3-kinase as an upstream regulator of the small GTP-binding protein Rac in the insulin signaling of membrane ruffling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 208(3), 985–990.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuruvilla, F. G., & Schreiber, S. L. (1999). The PIK-related kinases intercept conventional signaling pathways. Chem Biol, 6(5), R129–136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon, C. H., Zhu, X., Zhang, J., Knoop, L. L., Tharp, R., Smeyne, R. J., Eberhart, C. G., Burger, P. C., & Baker, S. J. (2001). Pten regulates neuronal soma size: a mouse model of Lhermitte-Duclos disease. Nat Genet, 29(4), 404–411.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. O., Yang, H., Georgescu, M. M., Di Cristofano, A., Maehama, T., Shi, Y., Dixon, J. E., Pandolfi, P., & Pavletich, N. P. (1999). Crystal structure of the PTEN tumor suppressor: implications for its phosphoinositide phosphatase activity and membrane association. Cell, 99(3), 323–334.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, R. L., Cargile, C. B., Blazes, M. S., van Rees, B., Kurman, R. J., & Ellenson, L. H. (1998). PTEN mutations and microsatellite instability in complex atypical hyperplasia, a precursor lesion to uterine endometrioid carcinoma. Cancer Res, 58(15), 3254–3258.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, D, M., & Sun, H. (1997). TEP1, encoded by a candidate tumor suppressor locus, is a novel protein tyrosine phosphatase regulated by transforming growth factor beta. Cancer Res, 57(11), 2124–2129.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., Yen, C., Liaw, D., Podsypanina, K., Bose, S., Wang, S. I., Puc, J., Miliaresis, C., Rodgers, L., McCombie, R., Bigner, S. H., Giovanella, B. C., Ittmann, M., Tycko, B., Hibshoosh, H., Wigler, M. H., & Parsons, R. (1997). PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science, 275(5308), 1943–1947.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liaw, D., Marsh, D. J., Li, J., Dahia, P. L., Wang, S. I., Zheng, Z., Bose, S., Call, K. M., Tsou, H. C., Peacocke, M., Eng, C., & Parsons, R. (1997). Germline mutations of the PTEN gene in Cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome. Nat Genet, 16(1), 64–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, K., Dorman, J. B., Rodan, A., & Kenyon, C. (1997). daf-16: An HNF-3/forkhead family member that can function to double the life-span of Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 278(5341), 1319–1322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, W., James, C. D., Frederick, L., Alderete, B. E., & Jenkins, R. B. (1997). PTEN/MMAC1 mutations and EGFR amplification in glioblastomas. Cancer Res, 57(23), 5254–5257.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Y. Y., Wei, S. J., Lin, Y. C., Lung, J. C., Chang, T. C., Whang-Peng, J., Liu, J. M., Yang, D. M., Yang, W. K., & Shen, C. Y. (2000). PIK3CA as an oncogene in cervical cancer. Oncogene, 19(23), 2739–2744.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maehama, T., & Dixon, J. E. (1998). The tumor suppressor, PTEN/MMAC1, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. J Biol Chem, 273(22), 13375–13378.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maehama, T., Taylor, G. S., & Dixon, J. E. (2001). PTEN AND MYOTUBULARIN: Novel Phosphoinositide Phosphatases. Annu Rev Biochem, 70, 247–279.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, G. L., Risinger, J. I., Gumbs, C., Shaw, H., Bentley, R. C., Barrett, J. C., Berchuck, A., & Futreal, P. A. (1998). Mutation of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in endometrial hyperplasias. Cancer Res, 58(12), 2500–2503.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMenamin, M. E., Soung, P., Perera, S., Kaplan, I., Loda, M., & Sellers, W. R. (1999). Loss of PTEN expression in paraffin-embedded primary prostate cancer correlates with high Gleason score and advanced stage. Cancer Res, 59(17), 4291–4296.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Medema, R. H., Kops, G. J., Bos, J. L., & Burgering, B. M. (2000). AFX-like Forkhead transcription factors mediate cell-cycle regulation by Ras and PKB through p27kipl. Nature, 404(6779), 782–787.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mende, I., Malstrom, S., Tsichlis, P. N., Vogt, P. K., & Aoki, M. (2001). Oncogenic transformation induced by membrane-targeted Akt2 and Akt3. Oncogene, 20(32), 4419–4423.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montagnani, M., Chen, H., Barr, V. A., & Quon, M. J. (2001). Insulin-stimulated activation of eNOS is independent of Ca2+ but requires phosphorylation by Akt at Ser(1179). J Biol Chem, 276(32), 30392–30398.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munster, P. N., Basso, A., Solit, D., Norton, L., & Rosen, N. (2001). Modulation of Hsp90 function by ansamycins sensitizes breast cancer cells to chemotherapy-inducedapoptosis in an RB-and schedule-dependent manner. See: E. A. Sausville, Combining cytotoxics and 17-allylamino, 17-demethoxygeldanamycin: sequence and tumor biology matters, Clin. Cancer Res., 7: 2155–2158, 2001, Clin Cancer Res, 7(8), 2228–2236.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, M. P., Pass, I., Batty, I. H., Van der Kaay, J., Stolarov, J. P., Hemmings, B. A., Wigler, M. H., Downes, C. P., & Tonks, N. K. (1998). The lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN is critical for its tumor supressor function. Proc Natl Acad Set USA, 95(23), 13513–13518.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, M. P., & Tonks, N. K. (1997). PTEN: sometimes taking it off can be better than putting it on. Am J Hum Genet, 61(6), 1234–1238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, N., Ramaswamy, S., Vazquez, F., Signoretti, S., Loda, M., & Sellers, W. R. (2000). Forkhead transcription factors are critical effectors of cell death and cell cycle arrest downstream of PTEN. Mol Cell Biol, 20(23), 8969–8982.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakatani, K., Thompson, D. A., Barthel, A., Sakaue, H., Liu, W., Weigel, R. J., & Roth, R. A. (1999). Up-regulation of Akt3 in estrogen receptor-deficient breast cancers and androgen-independent prostate cancer lines. J Biol Chem, 274(31), 21528–21532.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelen, M. R., van Staveren, W. C., Peeters, E. A., Hassel, M. B., Gorlin, R. J., Hamm, H., Lindboe, C. F., Fryns, J. P., Sijmons, R, H., Woods, D. G., Mariman, E. C., Padberg, G. W., & Kremer, H. (1997). Germline mutations in the PTEN/MMAC1 gene in patients with Cowden disease. Hum Mol Genet, 6(8), 1383–1387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neshat, M, S., Mellinghoff, I. K., Tran, C., Stiles, B., Thomas, G., Petersen, R., Frost, P., Gibbons, J. J., Wu, H., & Sawyers, C. L. (2001). Enhanced sensitivity of PTEN-deficient tumors to inhibition of FRAP/mTOR. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98(18), 10314–10319.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obata, K., Morland, S, J., Watson, R. H,, Hitchcock, A., Chenevix-Trench, G., Thomas, E. J., & Campbell, I. G. (1998). Frequent PTEN/MMAC mutations in endometrioid but not serous or mucinous epithelial ovarian tumors. Cancer Res, 58(10), 2095–2097.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogg, S., & Ruvkun, G. (1998). The C. elegans PTEN homolog, DAF-18, acts in the insulin receptor-like metabolic signaling pathway. Mol Cell, 2(6), 887–893.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okano, J., Gaslightwala, I., Birnbaum, M. J., Rustgi, A. K., & Nakagawa, H. (2000). Akt/protein kinase B isoforms are differentially regulated by epidermal growth factor stimulation. J Biol Chem, 275(40), 30934–30942.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oldham, S., Bohni, R., Stocker, H., Brogiolo, W., & Hafen, E. (2000), Genetic control of size in Drosophila. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 355(1399), 945–952.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozes, O. N., Mayo, L. D., Gustin, J. A., Pfeffer, S. R., Pfeffer, L. M., & Donner, D. B. (1999). NF-kappaB activation by tumour necrosis factor requires the Akt serine-threonine kinase. Nature, 401(6748), 82–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pece, S., Chiariello, M., Murga, C., & Gutkind, J. S. (1999). Activation of the protein kinase Akt/PKB by the formation of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell junctions. Evidence for the association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with the E-cadherin adhesion complex. J Biol Chem, 274(27), 19347–19351.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, H., Kim, D. I., Sarkaria, J. N., Cho, Y. S., Abraham, R. T., & Zalkow, L. H. (2002). Novel pyrrolo-quinoline derivatives as potent inhibitors for PI3-kinase related kinases. Bioorg Med Chem, 10(1), 167–174.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Persad, S., Attwell, S., Gray, V., Mawji, N., Deng, J. T., Leung, D., Yan, J., Sanghera, J., Walsh, M. P., & Dedhar, S. (2001). Regulation of protein kinase B/Akt-serine 473 phosphorylation by integrin-linked kinase: critical roles for kinase activity and amino acids arginine 211 and serine 343. J Biol Chem, 276(29), 27462–27469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, W. A., St Clair, F., Munday, A. D., Thomas, R. J., & Mitchell, C. A. (1998). Increased levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in colorectal tumors. Cancer, 83(1), 41–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Philp, A. J., Campbell, I. G., Leet, C., Vincan, E., Rockman, S. P., Whitehead, R. H., Thomas, R. J., & Phillips, W. A. (2001). The phosphatidylinositol 3’-kinase p85alpha gene is an oncogene in human ovarian and colon tumors. Cancer Res, 61(20), 7426–7429.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Podsypanina, K., Ellenson, L. H., Nemes, A., Gu, J., Tamura, M., Yamada, K. M., Cordon-Cardo, C., Catoretti, G., Fisher, P. E., & Parsons, R. (1999). Mutation of Pten/Mmacl in mice causes neoplasia in multiple organ systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96(4), 1563–1568.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Podsypanina, K., Lee, R. T., Politis, C., Hennessy, I., Crane, A., Puc, J., Neshat, M., Wang, H., Yang, L., Gibbons, J., Frost, P., Dreisbach, V., Blenis, J., Gaciong, Z., Fisher, P., Sawyers, C., Hedrick-Ellenson, L., & Parsons, R. (2001). An inhibitor of mTOR reduces neoplasia and normalizes p70/S6 kinase activity in Pten+/-mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98(18), 10320–10325.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posern, G., Saffrich, R., Ansorge, W., & Feller, S. M. (2000). Rapid lamellipodia formation in nerve growth factor-stimulated PC12 cells is dependent on Rac and PI3K activity. J Cell Physiol, 183(3), 416–424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswamy, S., Nakamura, N., Vazquez, F., Batt, D. B., Perera, S., Roberts, T. M., & Sellers, W. R. (1999). Regulation of Gl progression by the PTEN tumor suppressor protein is linked to inhibition of the phosphatidylinosito) 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96(5), 2110–2115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasheed, B. K., Stenzel, T. T., McLendon, R. E., Parsons, R., Friedman, A. H., Friedman, H. S., Bigner, D. D., & Bigner, S. H. (1997). PTEN gene mutations are seen in high-grade but not in low-grade gliomas. Cancer Res, 57(19), 4187–4190.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasheed, B. K., Wiltshire, R. N., Bigner, S. H., & Bigner, D. D. (1999). Molecular pathogenesis of malignant gliomas. Curr Opin Oncol, 11(3), 162–167.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rena, G., Guo, S., Cichy, S. C., Unterman, T. G., & Cohen, P. (1999). Phosphorylation of the transcription factor forkhead family member FKHR by protein kinase B. J Biol Chem, 274(24), 17179–17183.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romashkova, J. A., & Makarov, S. S. (1999). NF-kappaB is a target of AKT in anti-apoptotic PDGF signalling. Nature, 401(6749), 86–90

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sausville, E. A. (2001). Combining cytotoxics and 17-allylamino, 17-demethoxygeldanamycin: sequence and tumor biology matters. Commentary re: P. Munster et al., Modulation of Hsp90 function by ansamycins sensitizes breast cancer cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in an RB-and schedule-dependent manner. Clin. Cancer Res., 7: 2228–2236, 2001. Clin Cancer Res, 7(8), 2155–2158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, C., Sepp-Lorenzino, L., Nimmesgern, E., Ouerfelli, O., Danishefsky, S., Rosen, N., & Hartl, F. U. (1996). Pharmacologic shifting of a balance between protein refolding and degradation mediated by Hsp90. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93(25), 14536–14541.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, L. M., Rabinovitz, I., Wang, H. H., Toker, A., & Mercurio, A. M. (1997). Activation of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase by the alpha6beta4 integrin promotes carcinoma invasion. Cell, 91(7), 949–960.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shayesteh, L., Lu, Y., Kuo, W. L., Baldocchi, R., Godfrey, T., Collins, C., Pinkel, D., Powell, B., Mills, G. B., & Gray, J. W. (1999). PIK3CA is implicated as an oncogene in ovarian cancer. Nat Genet, 21(1), 99–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, L., & Parsons, R. (2001). PTEN: life as a tumor suppressor. Exp Cell Res, 264(1), 29–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Somerville, R. P., Shoshan, Y., Eng, C., Barnett, G., Miller, D., & Cowell, J. K. (1998). Molecular analysis of two putative tumour suppressor genes, PTEN and DMBT, which have been Implicated in glioblastoma multiforme disease progression. Oncogene, 17(13), 1755–1757.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staal, S. P. (1987). Molecular cloning of the akt oncogene and its humanhomologues AKT1 and AKT2: amplification of AKT1 in a primary human gastric adenocarcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 84(14), 5034–5037.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staal, S. P., & Hartley, J. W. (1988). Thymic lymphoma induction by the AKT8 murine retrovirus. J Exp Med, 167(3), 1259–1264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stambolic, V., Suzuki, A., de la Pompa, J. L., Brothers, G. M., Mirtsos, C, Sasaki, T., Ruland, J., Penninger, J. M., Siderovski, D. P., & Mak, T. W. (1998). Negative regulation of PKB/Akt-dependent cell survival by the tumor suppressor PTEN. Cell, 95(1), 29–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stambolic, V., Tsao, M. S., Macpherson, D., Suzuki, A., Chapman, W. B., & Mak, T. W. (2000). High incidence of breast and endometrial neoplasia resembling human Cowden syndrome in pten+/-mice. Cancer Res, 60(13), 3605–3611.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steck, P. A., Lin, H., Langford, L. A., Jasser, S. A., Koul, D., Yung, W. K., & Pershouse, M. A. (1999). Functional and molecular analyses of l0q deletions in human gliomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 24(2), 135–143.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steck, P. A., Pershouse, M. A., Jasser, S. A., Yung, W. K., Lin, H., Ligon, A. H., Langford, L. A., Baumgard, M. L., Hattier, T., Davis, T., Frye, C., Hu, R., Swedlund, B., Teng, D. H., & Tavtigian, S. V. (1997). Identification of a candidate tumour suppressor gene, MMAC1, at chromosome 10q23.3 that is mutated in multiple advanced cancers. Nat Genet, 15(4), 356–362.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, R. C., & Waterfield, M. D. (2000). PI3-kinase inhibition: a target for drug development? Mol Med Today, 6(9), 347–357.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stocker, H., Andjelkovio, M., Oldham, S., Laffargue, M., Wymann, M. P., Hemmings, B. A., & Hafen, E. (2002). Living with Lethal PIPS Levels: Viability of Flies Lacking PTEN Restored by a PH Domain Mutation in Akt/PKB. Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, H., Lesche, R., Li, D. M., Liliental, J., Zhang, H., Gao, J., Gavrilova, N., Mueller, B., Liu, X., & Wu, H. (1999). PTEN modulates cell cycle progression and cell survival by regulating phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5,-trisphosphate and Akt/protein kinase B signaling pathway, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96(11), 6199–6204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, M., Wang, G., Paciga, J. E., Feldman, R. L, Yuan, Z. Q., Ma, X. L., Shelley, S. A., Jove, R., Tsichlis, P. N., Nicosia, S. V., & Cheng, J. Q. (2001). AKTl/PKBalpha kinase is frequently elevated in human cancers and its constitutive activation is required for oncogenic transformation in NIH3T3 cells. Am J Pathol, 159(2), 431–437.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, A., de la Pompa, J. L., Stambolic, V., Elia, A. J., Sasaki, T., del Barco Barrantes, I., Ho, A., Wakeham, A., Itie, A., Khoo, W., Fukumoto, M., & Mak, T. W. (1998). High cancer susceptibility and embryonic lethality associated with mutation of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in mice. Curr Biol, 8(21), 1169–1178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura, M., Gu, J., Danen, E. H., Takino, T., Miyamoto, S., & Yamada, K. M. (1999). PTEN interactions with focal adhesion kinase and suppression of the extracellular matrix-dependent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt cell survival pathway. J Biol Chem, 274(29), 20693–20703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura, M., Gu, J., Matsumoto, K., Aota, S., Parsons, R., & Yamada, K. M. (1998). Inhibition of cell migration, spreading, and focal adhesions by tumor suppressor PTEN. Science, 280(5369), 1614–1617.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tolkacheva, T., Boddapati, M., Sanfiz, A., Tsuchida, K., Kimmelman, A. C, & Chan, A. M. (2001). Regulation of PTEN binding to MAGI-2 by two putative phosphorylation sites at threonine 382 and 383. Cancer Res, 61(13), 4985–4989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsao, H., Zhang, X., Benoit, E., & Haluska, F. G. (1998). Identification of PTEN/MMAC1 alterationsn uncultured melanomas and melanoma cell lines. Oncogene, 16(26), 3397–3402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanhaesebroeck, B., & Waterfield, M. D. (1999). Signaling by distinct classes of phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Exp Cell Res, 253(1), 239–254.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez, F., Grossman, S. R., Takahashi, Y., Rokas, M. V., Nakamura, N., & Sellers, W, R. (2001). Phosphorylation of the PTEN Tail Acts as an Inhibitory Switch by Preventing Its Recruitment into a Protein Complex. J Biol Chem, 276(52), 48627–48630.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez, F., Ramaswamy, S., Nakamura, N., & Sellers, W. R. (2000). Phosphorylation of the PTEN tail regulates protein stability and function. Mol Cell Biol, 20(14), 5010–5018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez, F., & Sellers, W. R. (2000). The PTEN tumor suppressor protein: an antagonist of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1470(1), M21–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verdu, J., Buratovich, M. A., Wilder, E. L, & Birnbaum, M. J. (1999). Cell-autonomous regulation of cell and organ growth in Drosophila by Akt/PKB. Nat Cell Biol, 1(8), 500–506.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S. I., Puc, J., Li, J., Bruce, J. N., Cairns, P., Sidransky, D., & Parsons, R. (1997). Somatic mutations of PTEN in glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Res, 57(19), 4183–4186.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, X., Hepner, K., Castelino-Prabhu, S., Do, D., Kaye, M. B., Yuan, X. J., Wood, J., Ross, C., Sawyers, C. L., & Whang, Y. E. (2000). Evidence for regulation of the PTEN tumor suppressor by a membrane-localized multi-PDZ domain containing scaffold protein MAGI-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97(8), 4233–4238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, W., Mimnaugh, E., Rosser, M. F., Nicchitta, C., Marcu, M., Yarden, Y., & Neckers, L. (2001). Sensitivity of mature Erbb2 to geldanamycin is conferred by its kinase domain and is mediated by the chaperone protein Hsp90. J Biol Chem, 276(5), 3702–3708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaffe, M. B., Leparc, G. G., Lai, J., Obata, T., Volinia, S., & Cantley, L. C. (2001). A motif-based profile scanning approach for genome-wide prediction of signaling pathways. Nat Biotechnol, 19(4), 348–353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaffe, M. B., Rittinger, K., Volinia, S., Caron, P. R., Aitken, A., Leffers, H., Gamblin, S. J., Smerdon, S. J., & Cantley, L. C. (1997). The structural basis for 14-3-3:phosphopeptide binding specificity. Cell, 91(7), 961–971.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yao, R., & Cooper, G. M. (1995). Requirement for phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase in the prevention of apoptosis by nerve growth factor. Science, 267(5206), 2003–2006.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yokomizo, A., Tindall, D. J., Hartmann, L., Jenkins, R. B., Smith, D. I., & Liu, W. (1998). Mutation analysis of the putative tumor suppressor PTEN/MMAC1 in human ovarian cancer. Int J Oncol, 13(1), 101–105.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, Z. Q., Sun, M., Feldman, R. I., Wang, G., Ma, X., Jiang, C., Coppola, D., Nicosia, S. V., & Cheng, J. Q. (2000). Frequent activation of AKT2 and induction of apoptosis by inhibition of phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase/Akt pathway in human ovarian cancer. Oncogene, 19(19), 2324–2330.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H., Stallock, J. P., Ng, J. C., Reinhard, C., & Neufeld, T. P. (2000). Regulation of cellular growth by the Drosophila target of rapamycin dTOR. Genes Dev, 14(21), 2712–2724.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, B. P., Liao, Y., Xia, W., Spohn, B., Lee, M. H., & Hung, M. C. (2001). Cytoplasmic localization of p21Cipl/WAFl by Akt-induced phosphorylation in HER-2/neu-overexpressing cells. Nat Cell Biol, 3(3), 245–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, S., & Moelling K. (1999). Phosphorylation and regulation of Raf by Akt (protein kinase B). Science, 286(5445), 1741–1744.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Paez, J., Sellers, W.R. (2004). PI3K/PTEN/Akt Pathway. In: Frank, D.A. (eds) Signal Transduction in Cancer. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 115. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48158-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48158-8_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-7340-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48158-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics