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Probiotics and Cancer

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Nutraceuticals and Cancer Signaling

Part of the book series: Food Bioactive Ingredients ((FBC))

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Abstract

Probiotics are living microorganisms which provide benefits to the host. They have been demonstrated to be effective and safe depending on the quantity, dose, route of administration and ingredients in a wide range of diseases such as intestinal inflammation or infection, ischemic heart diseases, urogenital infections, respiratory diseases and protective and treatment role against cancer. Most of the probiotic products currently available comprise lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that belong to the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. There are different sources of probiotic like dairy products, fermented milk, kefir, kimchi, kombucha, kiom-ma, utonga kupsu, noni, soymilk and yogurt. The current paper investigated the major probiotic sources and their safety and efficacy and their mechanisms in the prevention and treatment of several types of cancer including breast, colon, gastric, liver, pancreatic, cervical, oral, lung, leukemia and melanoma cancer at three levels in vitro, animal and clinical studies. Several mechanisms are suggested for prophylactic and antitumor functions of probiotics including production of short chain fatty acids, alteration of colonic motility and transit time, alteration of differentiation process in tumor cells, anticarcinogenic effects, antimutagenic properties, modulation of inflammatory response, inhibition of the bacteria that convert pro-carcinogens to carcinogens, alteration of tumor gene expressions, decrease of intestinal pH to diminish microbial activity, antioxidant activity, modulation of gut microbiota, antiproliferative and apoptotic effects, antiangiogenesis, enhancement of barrier function, their interference in the enterohepatic cycle of estrogen. Several clinical trials revealed probiotics efficacy against prevent of post-operative complications and chemotherapy and radiation therapy related toxicity such as diarrhea and inflammation. However, numerous studies revealed that probiotics had either no or positive influences in associated with safety results like infection and mortality. Nevertheless, more clinical trial studies are essential to recognize the potential strains, dosages and administration regimes with highest efficacy and safety as an adjuvant therapy for cancer treatment for particular types and stages of cancer.

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Abbreviations

APCs:

Antigen presenting cells

Bad:

Bcl-2 associated agonist of cell death

Bak:

Bcl2-antagonist/killer

Bax:

Bcl-2-associated X protein

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

Bcl-xL:

B-cell lymphoma-extra-large

CAT:

Catalase

CCL:

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand

CD8:

Cluster of differentiation

CLA:

Conjugated linoleic acid

CLRs:

C-type lectin receptors

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CXCL:

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand

DCs:

Dendritic cells

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

GABA:

Gamma-amino butyric acid

G-CSF:

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor

GPR:

G-coupled protein receptors

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSH:

Glutathione

GSH-Px:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSK3β:

Glycogen synthase kinase 3β

HO-1:

Heme oxygenase 1

ICAM:

Intercellular adhesion molecule

IFN-γ:

Interferon gamma

IL:

Interleukin

iNOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

JNK:

c-Jun N-terminal kinases

MAPK:

Mitogen activated protein kinase

M-CSF:

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinases

MnSOD:

Manganese superoxide dismutase

NF-κB:

Nuclear Factor kappa B

NK cells:

Natural killer cells

NLRs:

NOD-like receptors

NO:

Nitric oxide

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

PRRs:

Pattern recognition receptors

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SCFAs:

Short-chain fatty acids

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

TIMP-1:

Metallopeptidase inhibitor1

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

T-SH:

Total sulfhydryl

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Samaneh Soleymani & Roja Rahimi

  2. Pharmacy Student’s Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Farnaz Ebrahimi

  3. Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Hossein Rezaeizadeh

Authors
  1. Samaneh Soleymani
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  2. Farnaz Ebrahimi
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  3. Hossein Rezaeizadeh
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  4. Roja Rahimi
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Food Materials & Process Design Eng, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

    Seid Mahdi Jafari

  2. Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Mohammad Nabavi

  3. National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Vila do Conde, Portugal

    Ana Sanches Silva

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Soleymani, S., Ebrahimi, F., Rezaeizadeh, H., Rahimi, R. (2021). Probiotics and Cancer. In: Jafari, S.M., Nabavi, S.M., Silva, A.S. (eds) Nutraceuticals and Cancer Signaling. Food Bioactive Ingredients. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74035-1_18

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