Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Emotional and Behavioural Disturbances in Adults with Down Syndrome

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Mental Health, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and the Ageing Process

  • 725 Accesses

Abstract

People with Down syndrome (DS) display a different behavioural phenotype from people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) but without DS. The incidence of severe challenging behaviours was found to be low in the DS population and decreased in frequency with advancing age. The presence of compulsive-like behaviours is a common behavioural feature in people with DS but was not generally seen as obsessive-compulsive disorder. When there is a comorbid diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or the onset of dementia in older adults, the types of challenging behaviours are different and can increase in frequency for some DS individuals. Hallucinations and delusion were reported to be low in the DS population supporting the lower incidence of psychosis. Self-talk was found to be another common behavioural feature in many people with DS and in most cases was not a sign of an underlying psychiatric disorder. Depression and dementia were the predominant psychiatric disorders that affect DS adults. It is important that clinicians be made aware of the differing behavioural characteristics that people with DS display across the lifespan so a proper psychiatric diagnosis can be made for treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hughes-McCormack L, Rydzewska E, Henderson A, MacIntyre C, Rintoul J, Cooper S. Prevalence of mental health conditions and relationship with general health in a whole-country population of people with intellectual disabilities compared with the general population. Br J Psychiatry Open. 2017;3:243–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Mantry D, Cooper S, Smiley E, Morrison J, Allan L, Williamson A, et al. The prevalence and incidence of mental ill-health in adults with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2008;52:141–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Buckles J, Luckasson R, Keefe E. A systematic review of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability 2003–2010. J Ment Health Res Intellect Disabil. 2013;6:181–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Smiley E. Epidemiology of mental health problems in adults with learning disability: an update. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2005;11:214–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Cooper S, Smiley E, Finlayson J, Jackson A, Allan L, Williamson A, et al. The prevalence, incidence, and factors predictive of mental ill-health in adults with profound intellectual disabilities. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 2007;20:493–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Morgan V, Leonard H, Bourke J, Jablensky A. Intellectual disability co-occurring with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illness: population-based study. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;193:364–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Munir K. The co-occurrence of mental disorders in children and adolescents with intellectual disability/intellectual developmental disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2016;29:95–102.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Surjus L, Campos R. Interface between intellectual disability and mental health: hermeneutic review. Revista de Saúde Pública. 2014;48:532–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Peña-Salazar C, Arrufat F, Santos J, Fontanet A, González-Castro G, Más S, et al. Underdiagnosis of psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities: differences between psychiatric disorders and challenging behaviour. J Intellect Disabil. 2018;5:1744629518798259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629518798259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Antonacci D, Attiah N. Diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in adults with developmental disabilities. Psychiatry Q. 2008;79:171–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Perez-Achiaga N, Nelson S, Hassiotis A. Instruments for the detection of depressive symptoms in people with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil. 2009;13:55–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Havercamp S, Scott H. National health surveillance of adults with disabilities, adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, and adults with no disabilities. Disabil Health J. 2015;8:165–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Moreland J, Hendy S, Brown F. The validity of a personality disorder diagnosis for people with an intellectual disability. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 2008;21:219–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hermans H, Evenhuis H. Characteristics of instruments screening for depression in adults with intellectual disabilities: systematic review. Res Dev Disabil. 2010;31:1109–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Vicari S, Pontillo M, Armando M. Neurodevelopmental and psychiatric issues in Down syndrome. Psychiatr Genet. 2013;23:95–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Grieco J, Pulsifer M, Seligsohn K, Skoto B, Schwartz A. Down syndrome: cognitive and behavioural functioning across the lifespan. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2015;169C:135–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Dykens E. Psychiatric and behavioral disorders in persons with Down syndrome. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2007;13:272–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Visootsak J, Sherman S. Neuropsychiatric and behavioral aspects of trisomy 21. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007;9:135–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chapman R, Hesketh L. Behavioral phenotype of individuals with Down syndrome. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2000;6:84–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Collacott RA, Cooper S-A, Branford D, McGrother C. Behaviour phenotype for Down syndrome. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;172:85–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Patti PJ. Depression, dementia and Down syndrome. In: Sturmey P, editor. Mood disorders in people with mental retardation. Kingston, NY: NADD Press; 2005. p. 131–55.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Levitas A. Behavioral and psychiatric phenotype of genetic syndromes: Part 1. Healthy Times. 2000;12:5–8.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Powis L, Oliver C. The prevalence of aggression in genetic syndromes: a review. Res Dev Disabil. 2014;35:1051–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Tassé MJ, Navas Macho P, Havercamp SM, Benson BA, Allain DC, Manickam K, et al. Psychiatric conditions prevalent among adults with Down syndrome. J Pol Pract Intellect Disabil. 2016;13:173–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Dykens EM, Shah B, Davis B, Baker C, Fife T, Fitzpatrick J. Psychiatric disorders in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome and other intellectual disabilities. J Neurodev Disord. 2015;7:9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Virji-Babul N, Eichmann A, Kisly D, Down J, Haslam R. Use of health care guidelines in patients with Down syndrome by family physicians across Canada. Paediatr Child Health. 2007;12:179–83.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Oxelgren UW, Myrelid Å, Annerén G, Ekstam B, Göransson C, Holmbom A, et al. Prevalence of autism and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in Down’s syndrome: a population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59:276–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ekstein S, Glick B, Weill M, Kay B, Berger I. Down’s syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Child Neurol. 2011;26:1290–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Myriam A, Petri H, Ding Y, Wandel C, Khwaja O, Foskett N. Morbidity and medication in a large population of individuals with Down syndrome compared to the general population. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;58:246–54.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kinnear D, Morrison J, Allan L, Henderson A, Smiley E, Cooper S. Prevalence of physical conditions and multimorbidity in a cohort of adults with intellectual disabilities with and without Down syndrome: cross-sectional study. Br Med J Open. 2018;8:e018292.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Yang Q, Rasmussen SA, Freidman JM. Mortality associated with Down’s syndrome in the USA from 1982 to 1997: a population based study. Lancet. 2002;359:1019–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Torr J, Strydom A, Patti P, Jokinen N. Aging in Down syndrome: morbidity and mortality. J Pol Pract Intellect Disabil. 2010;7:70–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kerins G, Petrovic K, Bruder M, Gruman C. Medical conditions and medication use in adults with Down syndrome: a descriptive analysis. Down Synd Res Pract. 2008;12:141–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Leonard S, Bower C, Petterson B, Leonard H. Survival of infants born with Down’s Syndrome: 1980-96. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2000;14:163–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Glasson EJ, Sullivan SG, Hussain R, Petterson BA, Montgomery PD, Bittles AH. The changing survival profile of people with Down’s syndrome: implications for genetic counselling. Clin Genet. 2002;62(5):390–3. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.620506.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bittles AH, Glasson EJ. Clinical, social, and ethical implications of changing life expectancy in Down syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46:282–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ng N, Flygare Wallén E, Ahlström G. Mortality patterns and risk among older men and women with intellectual disability: a Swedish national retrospective cohort study. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17:269.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Englund A, Jonsson B, Zander C, Gustafsson J, Annerén G. Changes in mortality and causes of death in the Swedish Down syndrome population. Am J Med Genet A. 2013;161:642–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Coppus A, Evenhuis H, Verberne G, Visser F, van Gool P, Eikelenboom P, et al. Dementia and mortality in persons with Down’s syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2006;50:768–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Carr J, Collins S. 50 years with Down syndrome: a longitudinal study. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 2018;31:743–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. McCarron M, McCallion P, Reilly E, Dunne P, Carroll R, Mulryan N. A prospective 20-year longitudinal follow-up of dementia in persons with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2017;61:843–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Adams D, Oliver C. The relationship between acquired impairments of executive function and behaviour change in adults with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2010;54:393–405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Coppus A, Evenhuis H, Verberne G, Visser F, Oostra B, Eikelenboom P, et al. Survival in elderly persons with Down syndrome. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:2311–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hithersay R, Startin CM, Hamburg S, Mok KY, Hardy J, Fisher EMC, et al. Association of dementia with mortality among adults with Down syndrome older than 35 years. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76:152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Krinsky-McHale SJ, Devenny DA, Silverman WP. Changes in explicit memory associated with early dementia in adults with Down’s syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2002;46:198–208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. McCarron M, McCallion P, Reilly E, Mulryan N. Responding to the challenges of service development to address dementia needs for people with an intellectual disability and caregivers. In: Watchman K, editor. Intellectual disability and dementia. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ball SL, Holland AJ, Treppner P, Watson PC, Huppert FA. Executive dysfunction and its association with personality and behaviour changes in the development of Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome and mild to moderate learning disabilities. Br J Clin Psychol. 2008;47:1–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kittler P, Krinsky-McHale SJ, Devenny DA. Verbal intrusions precede memory decline in adults with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2006;50:1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ball S, Holland A, Hon J, Huppert F, Treppner P, Watson P. Personality and behaviour changes mark the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down’s syndrome: findings from a prospective population-based study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21:661–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Carfi A, Antocicco M, Brandi V, Cipriani C, Fiore F, Mascia D, et al. Characteristics of adults with Down syndrome: prevalence of age-related conditions. Front Med. 2014;1:51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2014.00051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Blacher J, McIntyre L. Syndrome specificity and behavioural disorders in young adults with intellectual disability: cultural differences in family impact. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2006;50:184–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rice LJ, Gray KM, Howlin P, Taffe J, Tonge BJ, Einfeld SL. The developmental trajectory of disruptive behavior in Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and Williams syndrome. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2015;169:182–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Dykens EM, Shah B, Sagun J, Beck T, King BH. Maladaptive behaviour in children and adolescents with Down’s syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2002;46:484–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Patti PJ, Tsiouris JA. Psychopathology in adults with Down syndrome: clinical findings from an outpatient clinic. Int J Disabil Hum Dev. 2006;5:357–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Cooper S-A, Prasher V. Maladaptive behaviours and symptoms of dementia in adults with Down’s syndrome compared with adults with intellectual disability of other aetiologies. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1998;42:293–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Charlot L, Fox S, Friedlander R. Obsessional slowness in Down’s syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2002;46:517–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Evans DW, Gray FL. Compulsive-like behavior in individuals with Down syndrome: it’s relation to mental age level, adaptive and maladaptive behavior. Child Dev. 2000;71:288–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Määttä T, Tervo-Määttä T, Taanila A, Kaski M, Iivanainen M. Mental health, behavior and intellectual disabilities of people with Down syndrome. Down Synd Res Pract. 2006;11:37–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Capone GT, Grados MA, Kaufmann WE, Bernad-Ripoll S, Jewell A. Down syndrome and comorbid autism-spectrum disorder: characterisation using the aberrant behavioural checklist. Am J Genet A. 2005;134:373–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Molloy CA, Murray DS, Kinsman A, Castillo H, Mitchell T, Hickey FJ, et al. Differences in the clinical presentation of Trisomy 21 with and without autism. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2009;53:143–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Carter JC, Capone GT, Gray RM, Cox CS, Kaufmann WE. Autistic-spectrum disorders in Down syndrome: further delineation and distinction from other behavioural abnormalities. American J Med Genet B. 2007;144B:87–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Moss J, Richards C, Nelson L, Oliver C. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder symptomatology and related behavioural characteristics in individuals with Down syndrome. Autism. 2013;17:390–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Prasher VP, Chung MC. Causes of age-related decline in adaptive behavior of adults with Down syndrome: differential diagnoses of dementia. Am J Ment Retard. 1996;101:175–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. McCarron M, Gill M, McCallion P, Begley C. Health co-morbidities in ageing persons with Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s dementia. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2005;49:560–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Urv TK, Zigman WB, Silverman W. Maladaptive behaviors related to dementia status in adults with Down syndrome. Am J Ment Retard. 2008;113:73–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Stoppe G, Brandt CA, Staedt JH. Behavioural problems associated with dementia: the role of newer antipsychotics. Drugs Aging. 1999;14:41–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Salehi P, Herzig L, Capone G, Lu A, Oron AP, Kim SJ. Comparison of aberrant behavior checklist profiles across Prader-Willi syndrome, Down syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder. Am J Med Genet A. 2018;176:2751–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Dekker AD, Sacco S, Carfi A, Benejam B, Vermeiren Y, Beugelsdijk G, et al. The behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in Down syndrome (BPSD-DS) scale: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in Down syndrome. J Alzheimer Dis. 2018;63:797–819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Esbensen AJ, Seltzer MM, Krauss MW. Stability and change in health, functional abilities, and behavior problems among adults with and without Down syndrome. Am J Ment Retard. 2008;113:263–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Esbensen AJ, Johnson EB, Amaral JL, Tan CM, Macks R. Differentiating aging among adults with Down syndrome and comorbid dementia or psychopathology. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2016;121:13–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. McBrien JA. Assessment and diagnosis of depression in people with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2003;47:1–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Tsiouris JA, Mann R, Patti PJ, Sturmey P. Challenging behaviors should not be considered as depressive equivalents in individuals with ID. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2003;47:14–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Tsiouris J. Diagnosis of depression in people with severe/profound intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2001;45:115–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hurley AD. Depression in adults with intellectual disability: symptoms and challenging behaviour. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2008;52:905–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Prasher V, Lawrence D. Psychiatric morbidity in adults with Down syndrome. Psychiatry. 2006;5(9):316–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. White P, Chant D, Edwards N, Townsend C, Waghorn G. Prevalence of intellectual disability and comorbid mental illness in an Australian community sample. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2005;39:395–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Reiss S. Prevalence of dual diagnosis in community-based day programs in the Chicago metropolitan area. Am J Ment Retard. 1990;94:578–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Cooray SE, Bakala A. Anxiety disorders in people with learning disabilities. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2005;11:355–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Lund J. Psychiatric aspects of Down’s syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1988;78:369–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Myers BA, Pueschel SM. Psychiatric disorders in a population with Down’s syndrome. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991;179:609–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Prasher VP. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults with Down syndrome. Eur J Psychiatry. 1995;9:77–82.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Prasher VP. Psychotic features and effect of severity of learning disability on dementia patients with Down syndrome: review of literature. Br J Dev Disabil. 1997;43:85–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Myers BA, Pueschel SM. Major depression in a small group of adults with Down syndrome. Res Dev Disabil. 1995;16:285–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Urv TK, Zigman WB, Silverman W. Psychiatric symptoms in adults with Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2010;115:265–76.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Prasher VP. Epidemiology of learning disability. Psychiatry. 2003;2:9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Patti PJ, Andiloro N, Gavin M. Parent/carer ratings of self-talk behaviour in children and adults with Down syndrome in Canada and the United Kingdom. Down Synd Res Pract. 2009;12:221–7.

    Google Scholar 

  87. McGuire D, Chicone B. Self-talk, imaginary friends and fantasy life. In: Mental wellness in adults with Down syndrome: a guide to emotional and behavioral strengths and challenges. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House, Inc; 2006. p. 136–46.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Glenn SM, Cunningham CC. Parents’ reports of young people with Down syndrome talking out loud to themselves. Ment Retard. 2000;38:498–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Hurley AD. The Misdiagnosis of hallucinations and delusions in persons with mental retardation: a neurodevelopmental perspective. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 1996;1:122–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Glenn S, Cunningham C. Typical or pathological? Routinized and compulsive-like behaviors in children and young people with Down syndrome. Intellect Dev Disabil. 2007;45:246–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Glenn S. Repetitive behaviours and restricted interests in individuals with down syndrome—one way of managing their world? Brain Sci. 2017;7:66.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Glenn S, Cunningham C, Nananidou A, Prasher V, Glenholmes P. Routinised and compulsive-like behaviours in individuals with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2015;59:1061–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Uljarević M, Evans DW. Relationship between repetitive behaviour and fear across normative development, autism spectrum disorder, and Down syndrome. Autism Res. 2017;10:502–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Jap SN, Ghaziuddin N. Catatonia among adolescents with Down syndrome: a review and 2 case reports. J ECT. 2001;27:334–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Torr J, D’Abrera JC. Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy for depression with catatonia in a young woman with Down syndrome. J ECT. 2014;30:332–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Ghaziuddin N, Nassiri A, Miles J. Catatonia in Down syndrome: a treatable cause of regression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:941–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Kerbeshian J, Burd L. Comorbid Down’s syndrome, Tourette syndrome and intellectual disability: registry prevalence and developmental course. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2000;44:60–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Myers B, Pueschel S. Tardive or atypical Tourette’s disorder in a population with Down syndrome? Res Dev Disabil. 1995;16:1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Holtmann M, Korn-Merker E, Boenigk HE. Carbamazepine-induced combined phonic and motor tic in a boy with Down syndrome. Epilep Disord. 2000;2:39–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Richards C, Oliver C, Nelson L, Moss J. Self-injurious behaviour in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2012;56:476–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Hurley A. Two cases of suicide attempt by patients with Down’s syndrome. Psychiatr Serv. 1998;49:1618–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Pary RJ, Strauss D, White JF. A population survey of suicide attempts in persons with and without Down syndrome. Down Synd Quart. 1997;2:12–3.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Haveman MJ, Maaskant M, van Schrojenstein Lantman HM, Urlings JFJ, Kessels AGH. Mental health problems in elderly people with and without Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1994;38:341–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Walker J, Dosen A, Buitelaar J, Janzing J. Depression in Down syndrome: a review of the literature. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32:1432–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Collacott R, Cooper S, McGrother C. Differential rates of psychiatric disorders in adults with Down’s syndrome compared with other mentally handicapped adults. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;161:671–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Tsiouris J, Patti PJ. Drug treatment of depression associate with dementia or presented as “pseudodementia” in older adults with Down syndrome. J Appl Res Dev Disabil. 1997;10:312–22.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Tsiouris JA, Patti PJ, Flory MJ. Effects of antidepressants on longevity and dementia onset among adults with Down syndrome: a retrospective study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75:731–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Roizen N, Patterson D. Down’s syndrome. Lancet. 2003;361:1281–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Yu J, Tian A, Yuan X, Cheng X. Subclinical hypothyroidism after 131I-treatment of Graves’ disease: a risk factor for depression? PLoS One. 2016;11:e0154846.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Prasher V, Day S. Brief report: obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults with Down’s syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord. 1995;25:453–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Cooper S-A, Collacott R. Mania and Down’s syndrome. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;162:739–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Cooper S-A, Collacott R, Hauck A. Late onset mania in Down’s syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1994;38:73–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Craddock N, Owen M. Is there an inverse relationship between Down’s syndrome and bipolar affective disorder? Literature review and genetic implications. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1994;38:613–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Lowenthal R, Paula CS, Schwartzman JS, Brunoni D, Mercadante MT. Prevalance of pervasive developmental disorder in Down’s syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37:1394–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. DiGuiseppi C, Hepburn S, Davis J, Fidler D, Hartway S, Lee N, et al. Screening for autism spectrum disorders in children with Down syndrome. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2010;31:181–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. George Jervis Clinic, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA

    Paul J. Patti, John A. Tsiouris & Gail Beldia

  2. Birmingham Community NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK

    Rani Pathania

Authors
  1. Paul J. Patti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John A. Tsiouris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rani Pathania
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Gail Beldia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Birmingham Community NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK

    Vee P. Prasher

  2. Emeritus of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Hilton Head, SC, USA

    Philip W. Davidson

  3. UCD Centre for Disability Studies, School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland

    Flavia H. Santos

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Patti, P.J., Tsiouris, J.A., Pathania, R., Beldia, G. (2021). Emotional and Behavioural Disturbances in Adults with Down Syndrome. In: Prasher, V.P., Davidson, P.W., Santos, F.H. (eds) Mental Health, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and the Ageing Process. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56934-1_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56934-1_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-56933-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-56934-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation