Abstract
Lead-free solder, tin, tin/silver (SnAg), and tin/silver/copper (SnAgCu) alloy nanoparticles with various sizes were synthesized via a low-temperature chemical reduction method, and their thermal properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The particle size dependency of the melting temperature and the latent heat of fusion were observed. The wetting test for the as-prepared SnAg and SnAgCu alloy nanoparticle pastes on a Cu surface showed the typical Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compound (IMC) formation. These low melting point SnAg or SnAgCu alloy nanoparticles could be used for low reflow temperature lead-free interconnect applications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abtew, M., Selvaduray, G.: Lead-free solders in microelectronics. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep. 27, 95 (2000)
Wronski, C.R.M.: Size dependence of melting point of small particles of tin. Br. J. Appl. Phys. 18, 1731 (1967)
Lai, S.L., Guo, J.Y., Petrova, V., Ramanath, G., Allen, L.H.: Size-dependent melting properties of small tin particles: nanocalorimetric measurements. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77(1), 99–102 (1996)
Bachels, T., Guntherodt, H.J., Schafer, R.: Melting of isolated tin nanoparticles. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(6), 1250–1253 (2000)
Zhao, S.J., Wang, S.Q., Cheng, D.Y., Ye, H.Q.: Three distinctive melting mechanisms in isolated nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B. 105(51), 2857–12860 (2001)
Shvartsburg, A., Jarrold, M.F.: Solid clusters above the bulk melting point. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2530 (2000)
Cleveland, L., Luedtke, W.D., Landman, U.: Melting of gold clusters: icosahedral precursors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2036 (1998)
Schmidt, M., Kusche, R., Issendroff, B., Haberland, H.: Irregular variations in the melting point of size-selected atomic clusters. Nature. 393(6682), 238–240 (1998)
Lewis, L.J., Jensen, P., Barrat, J.L.: Melting, freezing, and coalescence of gold nanoclusters. Phys. Rev. B. 56, 2248 (1997)
Cleveland, C.L., Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D.: Phase coexistence in clusters. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 6272 (1994)
Shi, F.G.: Size-dependent thermal vibrations and melting in nanocrystals. J. Mater. Res. 9, 1307 (1994)
Jiang, Q., Shi, F.G.: Entropy for solid-liquid transition in nanocrystals. Mater. Lett. 37, 79 (1998)
Allen, L., Bayles, R.A., Gile, W.W., Jesser, W.A.: Small particle melting of pure metals. Thin. Solid. Film. 144, 297 (1986)
Buffat, P., Borel, J.P.: Size effect on melting temperature of gold particles. Phys. Rev. A. 13, 2287 (1976)
Birringer, R., Gleiter, H., Klein, H.P., Marquart, P.: Nanocrystalline materials an approach to a novel solid structure with gas-like disorder? Phys. Lett. 102A, 365 (1984)
Lee, B.I., Pope, E.J.A.: Chemical Processing of Ceramics. Marcel Dekker, New York (1994)
Raabe, O.G.: In: Liu, B.Y.H. (ed.) Fine Particles, p. 60. Academic, New York (1975)
J. P. Wilcoxon, A. Martino, R. L. Baughmann, E. Klavetter, A. P. Sylwester, “Synthesis of transition metal clusters and their catalytic and optical properties”, in “Nanophase and Nanocomposite Materials” S. Komarneni, J. C. Parker and G. J. Thomas, MRS, Pittsburgh, 1993: p. 131
Thomas, J.: Preparation and magnetic properties of colloidal cobalt particles. J. Appl. Phys. 37, 2914 (1966)
Rochfort, G.L., Rieke, R.D.: Preparation, characterization, and chemistry of activated cobalt. Inorg. Chem. 25, 348 (1986)
Koch, C.C.: Materials synthesis by mechanical alloying. Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 19, 121 (1989)
Klabunde, K., Li, Y., Tan, B.: Solvated metal atom dispersed catalysts. Chem. Mater. 3, 30 (1991)
Mafune, F., Kohno, J.Y., Takeda, Y., Kondow, T.: Dissociation and aggregation of gold nanoparticles under laser irradiation. J. Phys. Chem. B. 105, 9050 (2001)
Zhao, Y.B., Zhang, Z.J., Dang, H.X.: Preparation of tin nanoparticles by solution dispersion. Mater. Sci. Eng. A359, 405 (2003)
Zhao, Y.B., Zhang, Z.J., Dang, H.X.: Synthesis of In-Sn alloy nanoparticles by a solution dispersion method. J. Mater. Chem. 14, 299 (2004)
Hsiao, L.Y., Duh, J.G.: Synthesis and characterization of lead-free solders with Sn-3.5Ag- xCu (x=0.2, 0.5, 1.0) alloy nanoparticles by the chemical reduction method. J. Electrochem. Soc. 152(9), J105–J109 (2005)
Kwon, Y., Kim, M.G., Kim, Y., Lee, Y., Cho, J.: Effect of capping agents in tin nanoparticles on electrochemical cycling. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 9, A34 (2006)
Wang, Y., Lee, J.Y., Deivaraj, T.C.: Controlled synthesis of V-shaped SnO2 nanorods. J. Phys. Chem. B. 108, 13589 (2004)
Imry, Y., Bergman, D.: Critical points and scaling laws for finite systems. Phys. Rev. A. 3(4), 1416 (1971)
Mandal, M., Ghosh, S.K., Kundu, S., Esumi, K., Pal, T.: UV photoactivation for size and shape controlled synthesis and coalescence of gold nanoparticles in micelles. Langmuir. 18, 7792 (2002)
Hanszen, K.J.: Theoretische untersuchungen uber den schmelzpunkt kleiner kugelchen – Ein beitrag zur thermod ynamik der grenzflachen. Z. Phys. 157, 523–553 (1960)
Ercolessi, F., Andreoni, W., Tosatti, E.: Melting of small gold particles – mechanism and size effects. Phys. Rev. Lett. 66(7), 911–914 (1991)
Lai, H.L., Duh, J.G.: Lead-free Sn-Ag and Sn-Ag-Bi solder powders prepared by mechanical alloying. J. Electron. Mater. 32(4), 215–220 (2003)
Jiang, H.J., Moon, K., Dong, H., Hua, F., Wong, C.P.: Size-dependent melting properties of tin nanoparticles. Chem. Phys. Lett. 429, 492–496 (2006)
Balan, L., Schneider, R., Billaud, D., Ghanbaja, J.: A new organometallic synthesis of size- controlled tin(0) nanoparticles. Nanotechnol. 16(8), 1153–1158 (2005)
Banhart, F., Hernandez, E., Terrones, M.: Extreme superheating and supercooling of encapsulated metals in fullerenelike shells. Phys. Rev. Lett. 20(18), 185502 (2003)
Christenson, H.K.: Confinement effects on freezing and melting. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 13(11), R95–R133 (2001)
Garrigos, R., Cheyssac, P., Kofman, R.: Melting of lead particles of small sizes – influence of surface phenomena. Z. Phys. D. 12, 497 (1989)
Hu, W.Y., Xiao, S.G., Yang, J.Y., Zhang, Z.: Melting evolution and diffusion behavior of vanadium nanoparticles. Eur. Phys. J. B. 45(4), 547–554 (2005)
Jiang, H., Moon, K., Hua, F., Wong, C.P.: Synthesis and thermal and wetting properties of tin/silver alloy nanoparticles for low-melting point lead-free solders. Chem. Mater. 9(8), 4482–4485 (2007)
Jiang, H., Moon, K., Sun, Y., Wong, C.P., Hua, F., Pal, T., Pal, A.: Tin/indium nanobundle formation from aggregation or growth of nanoparticles. J. Naonopart. Res. 10(1), 41–46 (2008)
Jiang, H., Zhu, L., Moon, K., Wong, C.P.: The preparation of stable metal nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes whose surface were modified during production. Carbon. 45(3), 655–661 (2007)
Jiang, H., Moon, K., Zhang, Z., Pothukuchi, S., Wong, C.P.: Variable frequency microwave synthesis of silver nanoparticles. J. Nanopart. Res. 8(1), 117–124 (2006)
Jiang, H., Moon, K., Li, Y., Wong, C.P.: Surface functionalized silver nanoparticles for ultra- highly conductive polymer composites. Chem. Mater. 18(13), 2969–2973 (2006)
Jiang, H., Moon, K., Lu, J., Wong, C.P.: Conductivity enhancement of nano Ag filled conductive adhesives by particle surface functionalization. J. Electron. Mater. 34(11), 1432–1439 (2005)
Jiang, H., Moon, K., Wong, C.P.: Tin/silver/copper alloy nanoparticles for low temperature sol- der pastes interconnect. In: IEEE 58th Electronic Components & Technology Conference, May 27–30, 2008, pp. 1400–1404 (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jiang, H., Moon, Ks.(., Wong, C.P.(P. (2021). Nanolead-Free Solder Pastes for Low Processing Temperature Interconnect Applications in Microelectronic Packaging. In: Wong, C.PP., Moon, Ks.(., Li, Y. (eds) Nano-Bio- Electronic, Photonic and MEMS Packaging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49991-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49991-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-49990-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-49991-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)