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Tenascin-C Function in Glioma: Immunomodulation and Beyond

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Tumor Microenvironment

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1272))

Abstract

First identified in the 1980s, tenascin-C (TNC) is a multi-domain extracellular matrix glycoprotein abundantly expressed during the development of multicellular organisms. TNC level is undetectable in most adult tissues but rapidly and transiently induced by a handful of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a variety of pathological conditions including infection, inflammation, fibrosis, and wound healing. Persistent TNC expression is associated with chronic inflammation and many malignancies, including glioma. By interacting with its receptor integrin and a myriad of other binding partners, TNC elicits context- and cell type-dependent function to regulate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. TNC operates as an endogenous activator of toll-like receptor 4 and promotes inflammatory response by inducing the expression of multiple pro-inflammatory factors in innate immune cells such as microglia and macrophages. In addition, TNC drives macrophage differentiation and polarization predominantly towards an M1-like phenotype. In contrast, TNC shows immunosuppressive function in T cells. In glioma, TNC is expressed by tumor cells and stromal cells; high expression of TNC is correlated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Besides promoting glioma invasion and angiogenesis, TNC has been found to affect the morphology and function of tumor-associated microglia/macrophages in glioma. Clinically, TNC can serve as a biomarker for tumor progression; and TNC antibodies have been utilized as an adjuvant agent to deliver anti-tumor drugs to target glioma. A better mechanistic understanding of how TNC impacts innate and adaptive immunity during tumorigenesis and tumor progression will open new therapeutic avenues to treat brain tumors and other malignancies.

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Abbreviations

CNS:

Central nervous system

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

EMT:

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

FBG:

Fibrinogen-like globe

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

FNIII:

Fibronectin type III-like domains

GBM:

Glioblastoma

GSCs:

GBM cancer stem cells

HA:

Hyaluronic acid

IL:

Interleukin

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinases

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptors

TAMs:

Tumor-associated microglia/macrophages

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-beta

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TME:

Tumor microenvironment

TNC:

Tenascin-C

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Fatih Yalcin & Omar Dzaye

  2. Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Charité, Berlin, Germany

    Fatih Yalcin & Omar Dzaye

  3. Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Shuli Xia

  4. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Shuli Xia

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  1. Fatih Yalcin
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  2. Omar Dzaye
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  3. Shuli Xia
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Correspondence to Shuli Xia .

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  1. Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Alexander Birbrair

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Yalcin, F., Dzaye, O., Xia, S. (2020). Tenascin-C Function in Glioma: Immunomodulation and Beyond. In: Birbrair, A. (eds) Tumor Microenvironment . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1272. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48457-6_9

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