Abstract
Sustainable and/or green chemistry has become an avenue that provides ways of developing an efficient complex chemical synthesis of structural diversity and molecules of high added value. Chemistry being the central science might play a crucial role in ensuring that our future generation of materials, chemicals, energy, synthesis, and solvents are more sustainable, reproducible, and reliable than the current generation. The major problem faced by most current chemical manufacturing processes and pharmaceutical industries is lack of efficiency in using raw materials and producing large amount of wastes, mainly from the solvents. Efficient methods of synthesis require the assemblage of complex molecular motifs or arrays including reactions that are both selective (such as chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, diastereoselectivity, enantioselectivity) and economical in atom count (such as maximum number of atoms of reactants appearing in the products). Elimination of solvents in chemical manufacturing processes, industries, and reaction synthesis or the replacement of hazardous solvents with environmentally benign solvents are some of the key areas of Green Chemistry. In this review, the major factors for deriving environmentally sustainable processes in the multicomponent reactions (MCRs), synthesis of medicinal and/or pharmaceutical intermediates, and products using greener solvent and water are discussed. This review has summarized applications of synthesis, MCRs, and surfactant-mediated chemistry in water to a select number of reaction types that underpin the discovery, development, and manufacture of pharmaceuticals.
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Abbreviations
- AgNO3:
-
Silver nitrate
- API:
-
Active pharmaceutical ingredient
- C18-OPC:
-
1-Octadecyl-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid
- COMU:
-
1-Cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidenaminooxy) dimethylamino-morpholino-carbenium hexafluorophosphate
- DABCO:
-
1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
- DCC:
-
N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
- DMF:
-
Dimethylformamide
- DMSO:
-
Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DMTMM:
-
(4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride
- EDCl:
-
1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
- ee:
-
Enantiomeric excess
- Fe:
-
Iron
- GSK:
-
GlaxoSmithKline
- H2O2:
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- HATU:
-
Hexafluorophosphate Azabenzotriazole Tetramethyl Uronium
- HCl:
-
Hydrochloric acid
- HOBt:
-
Hydroxybenzotriazole
- HPA:
-
Heteropolyacid
- Kg:
-
Kilogram
- MCR:
-
Multicomponent reaction
- MIC:
-
Minimum inhibitory concentration
- MPEG:
-
Methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)
- MT:
-
Metric tons
- MWI:
-
Microwave irradiation
- NaCl:
-
Sodium chloride
- NMM:
-
N-methylmorpholine
- NMP:
-
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- NPs:
-
Nanoparticles
- Pd:
-
Palladium
- Pd(dtbpf)Cl2:
-
1,1′-Bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)ferrocene palladium
- PDE:
-
Phosphodiesterase
- SNAr:
-
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
- TBAB:
-
Tetrabutylammonium bromide
- THF:
-
Tetrahydrofuran
- TPGS:
-
Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate
- US:
-
Ultrasound
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Acknowledgements
The author is highly indebted to his mentor Prof. Jon D. Rainier in the Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. The author wishes to acknowledge Prof. Christian Agyare in the Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KNUST, for introducing this chapter. The author acknowledge Prof. Evans Adei in the Department of Chemistry, Dr. (Mrs.) Cynthia Amaning Danquah in the Department of Pharmacology, and Dr. Yaw Duah Boakye in the Department of Pharmaceutics, KNUST, for their immense contributions.
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Osei Akoto, C. (2020). Industrial Applications of Green Solvents in Organic and Drug Synthesis for Sustainable Development of Chemical Process and Technologies. In: Inamuddin, Asiri, A. (eds) Applications of Nanotechnology for Green Synthesis. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44176-0_2
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