Abstract
Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable material on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as crustaceans, e.g. crabs, lobsters and shrimps, and insects, the radulae of molluscs, cephalopod beaks, and the scales of fish and lissamphibians. The discovery of chitin in 1811 is attributed to Henri Braconnot while the history of chitosan dates back to 1859 with the work of Charles Rouget. The name of chitosan was, however, introduced in 1894 by Felix Hoppe-Seyler. Because of its particular macromolecular structure, biocompatibility, biodegradability and other intrinsic functional properties, chitosan has attracted major scientific and industrial interests from the late 1970s. Chitosan and its derivatives have practical applications in food industry, agriculture, pharmacy, medicine, cosmetology, textile and paper industries, and chemistry. In the last two decades, chitosan has also received much attention in numerous other fields such as dentistry, ophthalmology, biomedicine and bio-imaging, hygiene and personal care, veterinary medicine, packaging industry, agrochemistry, aquaculture, functional textiles and cosmetotextiles, catalysis, chromatography, beverage industry, photography, wastewater treatment and sludge dewatering, and biotechnology. Nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals are actually growing markets, and therapeutic and biomedical products should be the next markets in the development of chitosan. Chitosan is also the object of numerous fundamental studies. An indication of the widespread exploitation and constantly growing importance of this biopolymer is the total of over 58,625 scientific articles published between 2000 and 2017. In this chapter, after a description of chitosan fundamentals, we highlight selected works on chitosan applications published over the last two decades.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdou ES, Nagy KS, Elsabee MZ (2008) Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from local sources. Bioresour Technol 99:1359–1367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.051
Abdul Khalil HPS, Saurabh CK, Adnan AS, Nurul Fazita MR, Syakir MI, Davoudpour Y, Rafatullah CK, Hafiz MKM, Dungani R (2016) A review on chitosan-cellulose blends and nanocellulose reinforced chitosan biocomposites: properties and their applications. Carbohydr Polym 150:216–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.201605.028
Acosta N, Jiménez C, Borau V, Heras A (1993) Extraction and characterization of chitin from crustaceans. Biomass Bioenergy 5:145–153
Agnihotri SA, Mallikarjuna NN, Aminabhavi TM (2004) Recent advances on chitosan-based micro- and nanoparticles in drug delivery. J Control Release 100:5–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.08.010
Agulló E, Rodriguez MS, Ramos V, Albertengo L (2003) Present and future role of chitin and chitosan in food. Macromol Biosci 3:521–530. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200300010
Ahmad M, Manzoor K, Ikram S (2017a) Versatile nature of hetero-chitosan based derivatives as biodegradable adsorbent for heavy metal ions: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 105:190–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.008
Ahmad M, Manzoor K, Singh S, Ikram S (2017b) Chitosan centered bionanocomposites for medical specialty and curative applications: a review. Int J Pharm 529:200–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.079
Ahmadi F, Oveisi Z, Mohammadi Samani S, Amoozgar Z (2015) Chitosan based hydrogels: characteristics and pharmaceuticals applications. Res Pharm Sci 10:1–16
Ahmed S, Ikram S (2016) Chitosan based scaffolds and their applications in wound healing. Achievem Life Sci 10:27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.als.2016.04.001
Ahmed S, Ikram S (eds) (2017) Chitosan – derivatives, composites and applications. Beverly: Scrivener Publishing LLC, Wiley., 516 p. ISBN: 978-1-119-36350-7
Ahmed S, Annu AA, Sheikh J (2018) A review on chitosan centred scaffolds and their applications in tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 116:849–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.176
Ahsan SM, Thomas M, Reddy KK, Sooraparaju SG, Asthana A, Bhatnagar I (2018) Chitosan as biomaterial in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromolecules 110:97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.140
Akbar A, Shakeel A (2018) A review on chitosan and its nanocomposites in drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromolecules 109:273–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.078
Alaba PA, Oladoja NA, Sani YM, Ayodele OB, Mohammed IY, Olupinla SF, Daud WMW (2018) Insight into wastewater decontamination using polymeric adsorbents. J Environ Chem Eng 6:1651–1672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.02.019
Ali A, Ahmed S (2018) A review on chitosan and its nanocomposites in drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 109:273–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.078
Alishahi A (2012) Chapter 15: Chitosan: a bioactive polysaccharide in marine-based foods. In: Karunaratne DN (ed) The complex world of polysaccharides, Croatia. InTech, Rijeka, pp 409–428. https://doi.org/10.5772/48199
Alishahi A, Aïder M (2012) Applications of chitosan in the seafood industry and aquaculture: a review. Food Bioprocess Technol 5:817–830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-011-0664-x
Aljawish A, Chevalot I, Jasniewski J, Scher J (2015) Enzymatic synthesis of chitosan derivatives and their potential applications. J Mol Catalysis B Enzymatic 112:25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.10.014
Aljohani W, Ullah MW, Zhang XL, Yang G (2018) Bioprinting and its applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Int J Biol Macromol 107:261–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.171
Allan GG, Altman LC, Bensinger RE, Ghosh DK, Hirabayashi Y, Neogi AN, Neogi S (1984) Biomedical application of chitin and chitosan. In: Zikakis JP (ed) Chitin, chitosan, and related enzymes, part II. Academic, Orlando, pp 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-780950-2.50013-7
Al-Naamani L, Dobretsov S, Dutta J, Burgess JG (2017) Chitosan-zinc oxide nanocomposite coatings for the prevention of marine biofouling. Chemosphere 168:408–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.033
Alves NM, Mano JF (2008) Chitosan derivatives obtained by chemical modifications for biomedical and environmental applications. Int J Biol Macromolecules 43:401–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.09.007
Amber Jennings J, Bumgardner JD (eds) (2017a) Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 1: fundamentals. Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, vol 122. Elsevier, Kidlington, 342 p. ISBN: 978-0-08-100230-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-03147-4
Amber Jennings J, Bumgardner JD (eds) (2017b) Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 2: tissue engineering and therapeutics. Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, number 123. Elsevier, Kidlington, 296 p. ISBN: 978-0-08-100228-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-03150-4
Aminabhavi TM, Dharupaneedi SP (2017) Production of chitosan-based hydrogels for biomedical applications. In: Amber Jennings J, Bumgardner JD (eds) Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 1: fundamentals. Woodhead Publishing series in biomaterials, vol 122, part III, chapter 12. Elsevier, Kidlington, pp 295–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100230-8.00012-1
Anitha A, Sowmya S, Sudheesh Kumar PT, Deepthi S, Chennazhi KP, Ehrlich H, Tsurkan M, Jayakumar R (2014) Chitosan – a versatile semi-synthetic polymer in biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 39:1644–1667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.02.008
Annu, Ahmed S, Ahmed S, Ikram S (2017) Chitin and chitosan: history, composition and properties. In: Ahmed S, Ikram S (eds) Chitosan – derivatives, composites and applications, section I, chapter 1. Scrivener Publishing LLC, Wiley, Beverly. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch1
Anraku M, Gebicki JM, Iohara D, Tomida H, Uekama K, Maruyama T, Hirayama F, Otagiri M (2018) Antioxidant activities of chitosans and its derivatives in in vitro and in vivo studies. Carbohydr Polym 199:141–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.016
Arbia W, Arbia L, Adour L, Amrane A (2013) Chitin extraction from crustacean shells using biological methods – a review. Food Technol Biotechnol 51:15–25
Arfin T (2017) Chapter 5: Chitosan and its derivatives: Overview of commercial applications in diverse fields. In: Ahmed S, Ikram S (eds) Chitosan – derivatives, composites and applications. Scrivener Publishing LLC, Wiley, pp 115–150. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch5
Argüelles-Monal W, Recillas-Mota M, Fernández-Quiroz D (2017) Chapter 13: Chitosan-based thermosensitive materials. In: Shalaby EA (ed) Biological activities and application of marine polysaccharides. InTech, Rijeka, pp 279–301. https://doi.org/10.5772/65713
Argüelles-Monal WM, Lizardi-Mendoza J, Fernandez-Quiroz D, Recillas-Mota MT, Montiel-Herrera M (2018) Chitosan derivatives: introducing new functionalities with a controlled molecular architecture for innovative materials. Polymers 10:342. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10030342
Austin PR (1984) Chitin solvents and solubility parameters. In: Zikakis JP (ed) Chitin, chitosan, and related enzymes, part IV. Academic, Orlando, pp 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-780950-2.50020-4
Azarova YA, Pestov AV, Bratskaya SZ (2016) Application of chitosan and its derivatives for solid-phase extraction of metal and metalloid ions: a mini-review. Cellulose 23:2273–2289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0962-6
Azuma K, Izumi R, Osaki T, Ifuku S, Morimoto M, Saimoto H, Minami S, Okamoto (2015) Chitin, chitosan and its derivatives for wound healing: old and new materials. J Funct Biomater 6:104–142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb6010104
Badawy MEI, Rabea EI (2016) Chapter 7: Chitosan and its derivatives as active ingredients against plant pests and diseases. In: Chitosan in the preservation of agricultural commodities, pp 179–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802735-6.00007-0
Badawy MEI, Rabea EI (2017) Chapter 1: Chitosan and its modifications as biologically active compounds in different applications. In: Masuell M, Renard D (eds) Advances in physicochemical properties of biopolymers. Bentham e-Books. Bentham Science Publishers, Sharjah, pp 1–108. ISBN: 978-1-68108-545-6
Badwan AA, Rashid I, Omari MM, Daras FH (2015) Chitin and chitosan as direct compression excipients in pharmaceutical applications. Mar Drugs 13:1519–1547. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13031519
Balagangadharan K, Dhivya S, Selvamurugan N (2017) Chitosan based nanofibers in bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 104:1372–1382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.046
Balan V, Verestiuc L (2014) Strategies to improve chitosan hemocompatibility: a review. Eur Polym J 53:171–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.01.033
Banerjee I, Pangule RC, Kane RS (2011) Antifouling coatings: recent developments in the design of surfaces that prevent fouling by proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms. Adv Mater 23:690–718. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201001215
Bano I, Arshad M, Yasin T, Ghauri MA, Younus M (2017) Chitosan: a potential biopolymer for wound management. Int J Biol Macromolecules 102:380–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.047
Baranwal A, Kumar A, Priyadharshini A, Oggu GS, Bhatnagar I, Srivastava A, Chandra P (2018) Chitosan: an undisputed bio-fabrication material for tissue engineering and bio-sensing applications. Int J Biol Macromol 110:110–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.006
Barbosa MA, Granja PL, Barrias CC, Amaral IF (2005) Polysaccharides as scaffolds for bone regeneration. ITBM RBM 26:212–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmret.2005.04.006
Barbusiński K, Salwiczek S, Paszewska A (2016) The use of chitosan for removing selected pollutants from water and wastewater – short review. Architecture Civil Eng Environ 9:107–115
Bautista-Baños S, Romanazzi G, Jiménez-Aparicio A (eds) (2016) Chitosan in the preservation of agricultural commodities. Oxford: Academic Press, Elsevier Inc., 384 p. ISBN: 9780128027578
Bégin A, Dupuis I, Dufaux M, Leroux G (2004) Chapter 14: Use of chitosan for storage of mangoes. In: Shahidi F, Simpson BK (eds) Seafood quality and safety, Advances in the new millennium. ScienceTech Publishing Company, Canada, pp 187–194. ISBN: 0-9683220-2-6
Berezina N (2016) Chapter 3: Production and application of chitin. In: Luque R, Xu CP (eds) Biomaterials. Biological production of fuels and chemicals. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110342420-004
Berger J, Reist M, Mayer JM, Felt O, Peppas NA, Gurny R (2004a) Structure and interactions in covalently and ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 57:19–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00161-9
Berger J, Reist M, Mayer JM, Felt O, Gurny R (2004b) Structure and interactions in chitosan hydrogels formed by complexation or aggregation for biomedical applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 57:35–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00160-7
Bernardi F, Zadinelo IW, Alves HJ, Meurer F, dos Santos LD (2018) Chitins and chitosans for the removal of total ammonic of aquaculture effluents. Aquaculture 483:203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.10.027
Bernkop-Schnürch A, Dünnhaupt S (2012) Chitosan-based drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 81:463–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.04.007
Bhatnagar A, Sillanpää M (2009) Applications of chitin- and chitosan-derivatives for the detoxification of water and wastewater – a short review. Adv Colloid Int Sci 152:26–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2009.09.003
Boamah PO, Huang Y, Hua MQ, Zhang Q, Wu JB, Onumah J, Sam-Amoah LK, Boamah PO (2015) Sorption of heavy metal ions onto carboxylate chitosan derivatives – a mini-review. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 116:113–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.012
Bodnar M, Hartmann JF, Borbely J (2005) Preparation and characterization of chitosan-based nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 6:2521–2527. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0502258
Bonecco MB, Martínez Sáenz MG, Buffa LM (2017) Chapter 4: Chitosan, from residue to industry. In: Masuell M, Renard D (eds) Advances in physicochemical properties of biopolymers. Bentham e-Books. Bentham Science Publishers, Sharjah, pp 224–256. ISBN: 978-1-68108-545-6
Borgogna M, Bellich B, Cesaro A (2011) Marine polysaccharides in microencapsulation and application to aquaculture: from sea to sea. Mar Drugs 9:2572–2604. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9122572
Bornet A, Teissedre PL (2005) Applications and interest of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives in enology. J Int Sci Vigne Vin 39:199–207
Bornet A, Teissedre PL (2011) Chapter 36: Chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives in beverage industry. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 519–530. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Bouligand Y (1965) Sur une architecture torsadée répandue dans de nombreuses cuticules d’Arthropodes. Compte Rendus Acad Sci Paris D 261:4864–4867
Braconnot H (1811) Recherches analytiques sur la nature des champignons. Annales de Chimie. Recueil de Mémoires concernant la chimie et les arts qui en dépendent et spécialement la pharmacie. 31 juillet 1811, tome soixante-dix-neuf. Klostermann J (ed) Librairie des Ecoles Impériales Polytechnique et des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, pp 265–304
Braconnot H (1813) Nouvelles recherches analytiques sur la nature des champignons, pour servir de suite à celles qui ont été insérés dans les tomes LXXIX et LXXX des annales de chimie. Ann Chim 87:237–270
Brimacombe JS, Webber JM (1964) Mucopolysaccharides chemical structure, distribution and isolation, vol 6. BBA Library, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 18–42
Brück WM, Slater JW, Carney BF (2011) Chapter 2: Chitin and chitosan from marine organisms. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 11–24. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Cagri A, Ustunol Z, Ryser ET (2004) Antimicrobial edible films coatings. J Food Protection 67:833–8448
Canh LT, Lacroix M, Szabo PI, Mateescu MA (2004) Chapter 19: Chitosan modifications for pharmaceutical applications. In: Shahidi F, Simpson BK (eds) Seafood quality and safety. Advances in the new millennium. ScienceTech Publishing Company, Canada, pp 251–258
Carneiro J, Tedim J, Ferreira MGS (2015) Chitosan as a smart coating for corrosion protection of aluminum alloy 2024: a review. Prog Org Coatings 89:348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.03.008
Cerezuela R, Mesequer J, Angeles Esteban M (2011) Current knowledge in symbiotic use for fish aquaculture: a review. J Aquac Res Development S1:008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546
Chalongsuk R, Sribundit N (2013) Usage of chitosan in Thai pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Silpakorn U Sci Tech J 7:49–53
Chatterjee S, Chatterjee S, Chatterjee BP, Guha AK (2004) Clarification of fruit juice with chitosan. Process Biochem 39:2229–2232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2003.11.024
Cheba BA (2011) Chitin and chitosan: marine biopolymers with unique properties and versatile applications. Global J Biotechnol Biochem 6:149–153
Children JG (1824) Memoir on the chemical composition of the corneous parts of insects; by Augustus Odier. Translated from the original French, with some additional remarks and experiments. Bell T, Children JG, Sowerby JDC, Sowerby GB (eds) London, Zool J, volume 1, n° I, march, 1824, article XV, pp 104–115
Choi C, Nam JP, Nah JW (2016) Application of chitosan and chitosan derivatives as biomaterials. J Ind Eng Chem 33:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2015.10.028
Chung YC (2006) Improvement of aquaculture wastewater using chitosan of different degrees of deacetylation. Environ Technol 27:1199–1208
Chung YC, Li YH, Chen CC (2005) Pollutant removal from aquaculture wastewater using the biopolymer chitosan at different molecular weights. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 40:1755–1790
Clark GL, Smith AF (1936) X-ray diffraction studies of chitin, chitosan and derivatives. J Phys Chem 40:863–879. https://doi.org/10.1021/j150376a001
Coma V (2012) Chapter 5: Recent developments in chitin and chitosan bio-based materials used for food preservation. In: Habibi Y, Lucia A (eds) Polysaccharide building blocks: a sustainable approach to the development of renewable biomaterials. Wiley, HobokenInc, pp 143–176. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118229484.ch5
Costa R, Santos L (2017) Delivery systems for cosmetics – from manufacturing to the skin of natural antioxidants. Powder Technol 322:402–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.07.086
Crini G (2005) Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment. Prog Polym Sci 30:38–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.11.002
Crini G (2006) Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal. Bioresour Technol 97:1061–1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.05.001
Crini G (2015) Non-conventional adsorbents for dye removal. In: Sharma SK (ed) Green chemistry for dyes removal from wastewater. Scrivener Publishing LLC, Beverly, pp 359–407
Crini G, Badot PM (2008) Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: a review of recent literature. Prog Polym Sci 33:399–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.11.001
Crini G, Badot PM, Guibal E (eds) (2009) Chitine et chitosane – du biopolymère à l’application. Besançon, PUFC, p 303
Crini G, Morin-Crini N, Fatin-Rouge N, Déon S, Fievet P (2017) Metal removal from aqueous media by polymer-assisted ultrafiltration with chitosan. Arab J Chem 10:S3826–S3839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.05.020
Croisier F, Jérôme C (2013) Chitosan-based biomaterials for tissue engineering. Eur Polym J 49:780–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.12.009
Czechowska-Biskup R, Jarosińska D, Rokita B, Ulański P, Rosiak J (2012) Determination of degree of deacetylation of chitosan – comparison of methods. Progress on chemistry and application of chitin, vol XVII, pp 5–20
Dash M, Piras AM, Chiellini F (2009) Chitosan-based beads for controlled release of proteins. In: Barbucci R (ed) Hydrogels. Biological properties and applications. Springer, Milan, pp 111–120
Dash M, Chiellini F, Ottenbrite RM, Chiellini E (2011) Chitosan – a versatile semi-synthetic polymer in biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 36:981–1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.02.001
Dave D, Routray W (2018) Current scenario of Canadian fishery and corresponding underutilized species and fisheries byproducts: a potential source of omega-3 fatty acids. J Cleaner Product 180:617–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.091
Davis SP (ed) (2011) Chitosan: Manufacture, properties, and usage. Biotechnology in agriculture, industry and medicine. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 507 p. ISBN: 9781617288319
de Alvarenga ES (2011) Chapter 5: Characterization and properties of chitosan. In: Elnashar M (ed) Biotechnology of biopolymers. InTech, Rijeka, pp 91–108. https://doi.org/10.5772/17020
de Andrade JR, Oliveira MF, da Silva MGC, Vieira MGA (2018) Adsorption of pharmaceuticals from water and wastewater using nonconventional low-cost materials: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 57:3103–3127. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05137
de Lima Batista AC, de Souza Neto FE, Paiva WD (2018) Review of fungal chitosan: past, present and perspectives in Brazil. Polimeros Cienca e Technologia 28:275–283. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.08316
De Mori A, Fernandez MP, Blunn G, Tozzi G, Roldo M (2018) 3D printing and electrospinning of composite hydrogels for cartilage and bone tissue engineering. Polymers 10:285. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10030285
Desbrières J, Guibal E (2018) Chitosan for wastewater treatment. Polym Int 67:7–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5464
Desbrières J, Bousquet C, Babak V (2010) Surfactant-chitosan interactions and application to emulsion stabilization. Cellulose Chem Technol 44:395–406
Dima JB, Sequeiros C, Zaritzky N (2017) Chapter 3: Chitosan from marine crustaceans: production, characterization and applications. In: Shalaby EA (ed) Biological activities and application of marine polysaccharides. InTech, Rijeka, pp 39–56. https://doi.org/10.5772/65258
Dimassi S, Tabary N, Chai F, Blanchemain N, Martel B (2018) Sulfonated and sulfated chitosan for biomedical applications: a review. Carbohydr Polym 202:382–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.011
Ding FY, Li HB, Du YM, Shi XW (2018) Recent advances in chitosan-based self-healing materials. Res Chem Intermed 44:4827–4840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-018-3339-7
Divya K, Jisha MS (2018) Chitosan nanoparticles preparation and applications. Environ Chem Lett 16:101–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-017-0670-y
Dodane V, Vilivalam VD (1998) Pharmaceutical applications of chitosan. PSTT Pharm Sci Technol Today (6):246–253
Domard A, Domard M (2001) Chitosan: Structure-properties relationship and biomedical applications. In: Severian D (ed) Polymeric biomaterials. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 187–212
Domingues RCC, Junior SBF, Silva RB, Cardoso VL, Reis MHM (2012) Clarification of passion fruit juice with chitosan: effects of coagulation process variables and comparison with centrifugation and enzymatic treatments. Process Biochem 47:467–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2011.12.002
Dos Santos ZM, Caroni AL, Pereira MR, Da Silva DR, Fonseca JL (2009) Determination of deacetylation degree of chitosan: a comparison between conductometric titration and CHN elemental analysis. Carbohydr Res 344:2591–2595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2009.08.030
Drewnowska O, Turek B, Cartanjen B, Gajewski (2013) Chitosan – a promising biomaterial in veterinary medicine. Polish J Veterinary Sci 16:843–848. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2013-0119
Dumitriu S (ed) (2001) Chapter 1: Polysaccharides as biomaterials. In: Polymeric biomaterials, Marcel Dekker, Inc, Basel, pp 1–62
Dutta PK (ed) (2016) Chitin and chitosan for regenerative medicine. Springer series on polymer and composite materials, Springer India, 389 p
Dutta J, Dutta PK (2011) Chapter 15: Antimicrobial activity of chitin, chitosan, and their oligosaccharides. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 195–214. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Dutta PK, Dutta J, Tripathi VS (2004) Chitin and chitosan: chemistry, properties and applications. J Sci Ind Res 63:20–31
Dutta PK, Rinki K, Dutta J (2011) Chitosan: a promising biomaterial for tissue engineering scaffolds. In: Jayakumar R, Prabaharan M, Muzzarelli RAA (eds) Chitosan for biomaterials II, Advances in polymer science 244. Springer, Berlin, pp 45–80
El Hadrami A, Adam LR, El Hadrami I, Daayf F (2010) Chitosan in plant protection. Mar Drugs 8:968–987. https://doi.org/10.3390/md8040968
El Halah A, López-Carrasquero F, Contreras J (2018) Applications of hydrogels in the adsorption of metallic ions. Revista Ciencia e Ingenieria 39:57–70
El Knidri H, Belaabed R, Addaou A, Laajeb A, Lahsini A (2018) Extraction, chemical modification and characterization of chitin and chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 120:1181–1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.139
Elder SH, Nettles DL, Bumgardner JD (2004) Chapter 4: Synthesis and characterization of chitosan scaffolds for cartilage-tissue engineering. In: Hollander AP, Hatton PV (eds) Biopolymer methods in tissue engineering. Methods in molecular biology, vol 238. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 41–48
Elieh-Ali-Komi D, Hamblin MR (2016) Chitin and chitosan: production and application of versatile biomedical nanomaterials. Int J Adv Res 4:411–427
El-Kamel A, Sokar M, Naggar V, Al Gamal S (2002) Chitosan and sodium alginate-based bioadhesive vaginal tablets. AAPS J 4:224–230
Elkassas D, Arafa A (2017) The innovative applications of therapeutic nanostructures in dentistry. Nanomedicine 13:1543–1562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2017.01.018
Ellis CE, Korbutt GS (2017) Chitosan-based biomaterials for treatment of diabetes. In: Amber Jennings J, Bumgardner JD (eds) Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 2: tissue engineering and therapeutics. Woodhead Publishing series in biomaterials, vol 123, part II, chapter 4. Elsevier, Kidlington, pp 91–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100228-5.00004-3
Elsabee MZ, Abdou ES (2013) Chitosan based edible films and coatings: a review. Mat Sci Eng C 33:1819–1841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.010
Elsabee MZ, Morsi RE, Al-Sabagh AM (2009) Surface actvities properties of chitosan and its derivatives. Colloids Surfs B Biointerf 74:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.06021
Elwakeel KZ (2010) Environmental application of chitosan resins for the treatment of water and wastewater: a review. J Dispers Sci Technol 31:273–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932690903167178
Enescu D (2008) Use of chitosan in surface modification of textile materials. Roumanian Biotechnol Lett 13:4037–4048
Estevinho BN, Rocha F, Santos L, Alves A (2013) Microencapsulation with chitosan by spray drying for industry applications – a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 31:138–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2013.04.001
Farea M, Halim AS, Omar NS (2014) Current scenario and future prospects of chitosan in dentistry. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin and chitosan derivatives. Advances in drug discovery and developments, part III, chapter 23. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 439–450
Farion IA, Burdukovskii VF, Kholkhoev BC, Timashev PS, Chailakhyan RK (2018) Functionalization of chitosan with carboxylic acids and derivatives of them: synthesis issues and prospects of practical use: a review. Express Polym Lett 12:1081–1105. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2018.95
Felt O, Nuri P, Gurny R (1998) Chitosan: a unique polysaccharide for drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 24:979–993. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639049809089942
Ferguson AN, O’Neill AG (2011) Focus on chitosan research. Nova Science Publishers, New York, 477 p
Fernandez-Saiz P (2012) Chapter 4: Chitosan and chitosan blends as antimicrobials. In: Lagaron JM, Ocio MJ, Lopez-Rubion A (eds) Antimicrobial polymers. Wiley, Hoboken. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118150887.ch4
Fernandez-Saiz P, Ocio MJ, Lagaron JM (2010) The use chitosan in microbial films for food protection. In: Reviews: perspectives in agriculture, veterinary science, nutrition and natural resources, vol 5, pp 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20105024
Ferraro V, Cruz IB, Jorge RF, Malcata FX, Pintado ME, Castro PML (2010) Valorisation of natural extracts from marine source focused on marine by-products: a review. Food Res Int 43:2221–2233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.07.034
Focher B, Naggi A, Torri G, Cosani A, Terbojevich M (1992) Structural differences between chitin polymorphs and their precipitates from solutions – evidence from CP-MAS 13C-NMR, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 17:97–102
Francesko A, Díaz González M, Lozano GR, Tzanov T (2010) Chapter 12: Developments in the processing of chitin, chitosan and bacterial cellulose for textile and other applications. Advances in textile biotechnology. A volume in Woodhead Publishing series in textiles. Elsevier, pp 288–311. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857090232.2.288
Francis Suh JK, Matthew HWT (2000) Application of chitosan-based polysaccharide biomaterials in cartilage tissue engineering: a review. Biomaterials 21:2589–2598
Friedman M, Juneja VK (2010) Review of antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of chitosans in food. J Food Prot 73:1737–1761
Galiano F, Briceno K, Marino T, Molino A, Christensen KV, Figoli A (2018) Advances in biopolymer-based membrane preparation and applications. J Membrane Sci 564:562–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2018.07.059
Gallo M, Naviglio D, Caruso AA, Ferrara L (2016) Chapter 13: Applications of chitosan as a functional food. In: Novel approaches of nanotechnology in food, vol 1, pp 425–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804308-0.00013-3
Gassara F, Antzak C, Ajila CM, Sarma SJ, Brar SK, Verma M (2015) Chitin and chitosan as natural flocculants for beer clarification. J Food Eng 166:80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.05.028
Gerdts V, Mutwiri G, Richards J, Hurk SVDLVD, Potter AA (2013) Carrier molecules for use in veterinary vaccines. Vaccine 31:596–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.067
Gérente C, Lee VKC, Le Cloirec P, McKay G (2007) Application of chitosan for the removal of metals from wastewaters by adsorption – mechanisms and models review. Critical Rev Environ Sci Technol 37:41–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380600729089
Gilson E (1894) Recherches chimiques sur la membrane cellulaire des champignons. Bull Soc Chim France 3:1099–1102
Gilson E (1895) Das chitin und die membranen der pilzzellen. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 28:821–822. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.189502801185
Giri Dev VR, Neelakandan R, Sudha S, Shamugasundram OL, Nadaraj RN (2005) Chitosan – a polymer with wider applications. Text Mag 46:83.86
Goosen MFA (ed) (1997) Applications of chitin and chitosan. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton. 336 p
Gortari MC, Hours RA (2013) Biotechnological processes for chitin recovery out of crustacean waste: a mini-review. Electron J Biotechnol 16:1–18. https://doi.org/10.2225/vol16-issue3-fulltext-10
Goy RC, De Britto D, Assis OB (2009) A review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan. Polímeros 19:241–247. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282009000300013
Grande-Tovar CD, Chaves-Lopez C, Serio A, Rossi C, Paparella A (2018) Chitosan coatings enriched with essential oils: effects on fungi involved in fruit decay and mechanisms of action. Trends Food Sci Technol 78:61–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.05.019
Grifoll-Romero L, Pascual S, Aragunde H, Biarnes X, Planas A (2018) Chitin deacetylases: structures, specificities, and biotech applications. Polymers 10:352. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10040352
Guibal E (2005) Heterogenous catalysis on chitosan-based materials: a review. Prog Polym Sci 30:71–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.12.001
Gunjal K, Teftal H, Simpson BK, Goldsmith P (2004) Chapter 20: Economics of chitin, chitosan and carotenoprotein production from shrimp waste. In: Shahidi F, Simpson BK (eds) Seafood quality and safety. Advances in the new millennium. ScienceTech Publishing Company, Canada, pp 259–274
Gutiérrez TJ (2017) Chapter 8: Chitosan applications in textile and food industry. In: Ahmed S, Ikram S (eds) Chitosan – derivatives, composites and applications. Scrivener Publishing LLC, Wiley, pp 185–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch8
Hadwiger LA (2017) Chitosan – molecular forms with potential in agriculture and medicine. J Drug Design Res 4:1036
Hamed I, Özogul F, Regenstein JM (2016) Industrial applications of crustacean by-products (chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides): a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 48:40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.11.007
Hamedi H, Moradi S, Hudson SM, Tonelli AE (2018) Chitosan based hydrogels and their applications for drug delivery in wound dressings: a review. Carbohydr Polym 199:445–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.114
Hamman JH (2010) Chitosan based polyelectrolyte complexes as potential carrier materials in drug delivery systems. Mar Drugs 8:1305–1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/md8041305
Han JW, Ruiz-Garcia L, Qian JP, Yang XT (2018) Food packaging: a comprehensive review and future trends. Comprehensive Rev Food Sci Food Safety 17:860–877. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12343
Harikrishnan R, Kim JS, Balasundaram C, Heo MS (2012) Immunomodulatory effects of chitin and chitosan enriched diets in Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Aquaculture 326(329):46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.11.034
Harish Prashanth KV, Tharanathan (2007) Chitin/chitosan: modifications and their unlimited application potential – an overview. Trends Food Sci Technol 18:117–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2006.10.022
Harris M, Alexander C, Wells CM, Bumgardner JD (2017) Chitosan for the delivery of antibiotics. In: Amber Jennings J, Bumgardner JD (eds) Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 2: tissue engineering and therapeutics. Woodhead Publishing series in biomaterials, vol 123, part III, chapter 6. Elsevier, Kidlington, pp 147–174
Hayashi Y (2011) Chapter 32: Applications of chitosan oligosaccharide and glucosamine in dentistry. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 447–460. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Hayashi Y, Yanagiguchi K, Koyama Z, Ikeda T, Yamada S (2013) Chapter 16: Chitosan application in dentistry. In: Kim SK (ed) Marine nutraceuticals. Prospects and perspectives. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 233–242. ISBN 9781138199965
Hejazi R, Amiji M (2001) Chapter 10: Chitosan-based delivery systems: physicochemical properties and pharmaceutical applications. In: Dumitriu S (ed) Polymeric biomaterials. Marcel Dekker, Inc., Basel, pp 213–238. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203904671.ch10
Heuser M, Cárdenas G (2014) Chitosan-copper paint types as antifouling. J Chil Chem Soc 59:2415–2419. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072014000200004
Heuser M, Rivera C, Nuñez C, Cárdenas G (2009) Chitosan-copper paint types as antifouling. J Chil Chem Soc 54:448–453. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072009000400028
Heux L, Brugnerotto J, Desbrières J, Versal MF, Rinaudo M (2000) Solid state NMR for determination of degree of acetylation of chitin and chitosan. Biomacromolecules 1:746–751. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm000070y
Hirai A, Odani H, Nakajima A (1991) Determination of degree of deacetylation of chitosan by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Polym Bull 26:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00299352
Hirano S (1997). Chapter 2: Applications of chitin and chitosan in the ecological and environmental fields. In: Goosen MFA (ed) Applications of chitin and chitosan. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, pp 31–56
Hon DNS (1996) Chitin and chitosan: Medical applications. In: Dumitriu S (ed) Polysaccharides in medicinal applications, part II, chapter 21. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp 631–651
Honarkar H, Barikani M (2009) Applications of biopolymers I: chitosan. Monatsh Chem 140:1403–1420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-009-0197-4
Hoppe-Seyler F (1894) Ueber chitin and cellulose. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 27:3329–3331
Horst MN, Walker AN, Klar E (1993) Chapter 4: The pathway of crustacean chitin synthesis. In: Horst MN and Freeman (eds) The crustacean integument – morphology and biochemistry. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 113–149
Hu Z, Zhang DY, Lu ST, Li PW, Li SD (2018) Chitosan-based composite materials for prospective hemostatic applications. Mar Drugs 16(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/md16080273
Huang J, Cheng ZH, Xie HH, Gong JY, Lou J, Ge Q, Wang YJ, Wu YF, Liu SW, Sun PL, Mao JW (2014) Effect of quaternization on physiochemical and biological activities of chitosan from squid pens. Int J Biol Macromol 70:545–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.07.017
Hudson SM, Smith C (1998). Chapter 4: Polysaccharides: chitin and chitosan. Chemistry and technology of their use as structural materials. In: Kaplan DL (ed) Biopolymers from renewable resources. Springer, Berlin, pp 96–118
Illum L (1998) Chitosan and its use as a pharmaceutical excipient. Pharm Res 15:1326–1331
Illum L, Davis SBS (2004) Chapter 27: Chitosan as delivery system for the transmucosal administration of drugs. In: Dumitriu S (ed) Polysaccharides. Structural diversity and functional versatility. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 643–659
Ippólito SD, Mendieta JR, Terrile MC, Tonón CV, Mansilla AY, Colman S, Albertengo L, Rodríguez MS, Casalongué C (2017) Chapter 1: Chitosan as source for pesticide formulations. In: Shalaby EA (ed) biological activities and application of marine polysaccharides. InTech, Rijeka, pp 3–15. https://doi.org/10.5772/65588
Islam SU, Shahid M, Mohammad F (2013) Green chemistry approaches to develop antimicrobial textiles based on sustainable biopolymers – a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:5245–5260. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie30627x
Jalal Zohuriaan-Mehr M (2005) Advances in chitin and chitosan modification through graft copolymzerization: a comprehensive review. Iranian Polym J 14:235–265
Jana S, Gandhi A, Sen KK, Basu SK (2014) Biomedical applications of chitin and chitosan derivatives. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin and chitosan derivatives. Advances in drug discovery and developments, part III, chapter 18. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 337–360. ISBN 9781466566286
Jardine A, Sayed S (2018) Valorisation of chitinous biomass for antimicrobial applications. Pure Appl Chem 90:293–304. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0707
Jayakumar R, Reis RL, Mano JF (2006) Chemistry and applications of phosphorylated chitin and chitosan. e-Polymers n° 35, pp 1–16, ISSN 1618-7229
Jayakumar R, Nwe N, Tokura S, Tamura H (2007) Sulfated chitin and chitosan as novel biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 40:175–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.06.021
Jayakumar R, Selvamurugan N, Nair SV, Tokura S, Tamura H (2008) Preparative methods of phosphorylated chitin and chitosan – an overview. Int J Biol Macromol 43:221–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.07.004
Jayakumar R, Prabaharan M, Nair SV, Tamura H (2010a) Novel chitin and chitosan nanofibers in biomedical applications. Biotechnol Adv 28:142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.11.001
Jayakumar R, Menon D, Manzoor K, Nair SV, Tamura H (2010b) Biomedical applications of chitin and chitosan based nanomaterials – a short review. Carbohydr Polym 82:227–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.074
Jayakumar R, Prabaharan M, Muzzarelli RAA (2011a) Chitosan for biomaterials I. In: Jayakumar R, Prabaharan M, Muzzarelli RAA (eds) Advances in polymer science volume 243. Springer. Berlin, 236 p
Jayakumar R, Prabaharan M, Muzzarelli RAA (eds) (2011b) Chitosan for biomaterials II. Advances in polymer science 244. Springer, Berlin. 212 p
Je JY, Ahn CB (2011) Chapter 20: Antihypertensive actions of chitosan and its derivatives. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 263–270. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Je JY, Kim SK (2012) Chitosan as potential marine nutraceutical. In: Kim SK (ed) Marine medicinal foods: implications and applications – animals and microbes. Advances in food and nutrition research. vol 65, chapter 7. Academic, Oxford, pp 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416003-3.00007-X
Je JY, Kim SK (2013) Chapter 18: Chitosan and its derivatives: potential use as nutraceuticals. In: Kim SK (ed) Marine nutraceuticals. Prospects and perspectives. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 257–266. ISBN 9781138199965
Jeuniaux C (1966) Chitinases. In: Neufeld EF, Ginsburg V (eds) methods in enzymology, vol VIII. Academic, New York, pp 644–650
Jiang X, Chen L, Zhong W (2003) A new linear potentiometric titration method for the determination of deacetylation degree of chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 54:457–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2003.05.004
Jimtaisong A, Saewan (2014) Utilization of carboxymethyl chitosan in cosmetics. Int J Cosmetic Sci 36:12–21
Jo GH, Park RD, Jung WJ (2011) Chapter 4: Enzymatic production of chitin from crustacean shell waste. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 37–45. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Junginer HE, Sadeghi AMM (2014) Synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of chitosan. In: Kim SK (ed Chitin and chitosan derivatives. Advances in drug discovery and developments, part I, chapter 2. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 15–68. ISBN 9781466566286
Kang ML, Cho CS, Yoo HS (2009) Application of chitosan microspheres for nasal delivery of vaccines. Biotechnol Adv 27:857–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.06.007
Karadeniz F, Kim SK (2014a) Antidiabetic applications of chitosan and its derivatives. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin and chitosan derivatives. Advances in drug discovery and developments, part II, chapter 10. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 191–200. ISBN 9781466566286
Karadeniz F, Kim SK (2014b) Antidiabetic applications of chitosan and its derivatives: a mini review. Adv Food Nutr Res 73:33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800268-1.00003-2
Kardas I, Struszczyk MH, Kucharska M, van den Broek LAM, van DAM JEG, Ciechańska D (2012) Chitin and chitosan as functional biopolymers for industrial applications. In: Narvard P (ed) The European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence (EPNOE). Springer, Wien, pp 329–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0421-7_11
Karthik N, Binod P, Pandey A (2017) Chapter 15: Chitinases. In: Pandey A, Negi S, Soccol CR (eds) Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering production, isolation and purification of industrial products. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 335–368
Kasaai MR (2008) A review of several reported procedures to determine the degree of N-acetylation for chitin and chitosan using infrared spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 71:497–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/jcarbpol.2007.07.009
Kasaai MR (2009) Various methods for determination of the degree of N-acetylation of chitin and chitosan: a review. J Agric Food Chem 57:1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf803001m
Kasaai MR (2011) Chapter 12: The use of various type of NMR and IR spectroscopy for structural characterization of chitin and chitosan. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 149–170. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Katiyar D, Hemantaranjan A, Singh B, Bhanu N (2014) A future perspective in crop protection: Chitosan and its oligosaccharides. Adv Plants Agriculture Res 1:00006
Kato Y, Onishi H, Machida Y (2003) Application of chitin and chitosan derivatives in the pharmaceutical field. Current Pharm Biotechnol:303–309
Kaur S, Dhillon GS (2014) The versatile biopolymer chitosan: potential sources, evaluation of extraction methods and applications. Critical Rev Microbiol 40:155–175. https://doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2013.770385
Kaur S, Dhillon GC (2015) Recent trends in biological extraction of chitin from marine shell wastes: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 35:44–61. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2013.798256
Kean T, Thanou M (2010) Biodegradation, biodistribution and toxicity of chitosan. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62:3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.209.09.004
Kean T, Thanou M (2011) Chapter 10: Chitin and chitosan: sources, production and medical applications. In: Williams PA (ed) Renewable resources for functional polymers and biomaterials. Polysaccharides, proteins and polyesters. RSC polymer chemistry series, RSC Publishing, Cambridge, pp 292–318
Kedjarune-Leggat U, Leggat PA (2011) Chapter 18: Chitosan and its modification: are they possible vehicles for gene therapy? In: Xubo Y (ed) Non-viral gene therapy. InTech Publisher, Rijeka, pp 439–454
Keegan GM, Smart JD, Ingram MJ, Barnes LM, Burnett GR, Rees GD (2012) Chitosan microparticles for the controlled delivery of fluoride. J Dentistry 40:229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2011.12.012
Khor E (2001) Chitin: fulfilling a biomaterials promise. Elsevier Ltd. 1st edn, 148 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044018-7/50001-4
Khor E (2011) Chapter 30: Medical applications of chitin and chitosan: Going forward. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 405–413. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Khor E, Lim LY (2003) Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan. Biomaterials 24:2339–2349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00026-7
Khor E, Wan ACA (2014) Chapter 1: Overview of chitin and chitosan research. In: Khor E, Wan ACA (eds) Chitin. Fulfilling a biomaterials promise. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 1–20
Khoushab F, Yamabhai M (2010) Chitin research revisited. Mar Drugs 8:1988–2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/md8071988
Kienzle-Sterzer C, Rodriguez-Sanchez D, Rha C (1984) Solution properties of chitosan: chain conformation. In: Zikakis JP (ed) Chitin, chitosan, and related enzymes, part V. Academic, Orlando, pp 383–396
Kim SK (ed) (2011) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, 666 p. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Kim SK (ed) (2014) Chitin and chitosan derivatives. Advances in drug discovery and developments. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, 511 p. ISBN 9781466566286
Kim SK, Je JY (2011) Chapter 5: Continuous production of chitooligosaccharides by enzymatic hydrolysis. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 47–52. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Kim SK, Karadeniz F (2013) Chapter 16: Chitosan and its derivatives for treatment of diabetic complications. In: Kim SK (ed) Marine pharmacognosy. Trends and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 191–200. ISBN 9781439892299
Kim MM, Kim SK (2011) Chapter 16: Anti-inflammatory activity of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 215–223. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Kim SK, Pangestuti R (2013) Chapter 4: Chitosan-based biomaterials against diabetes and related complications. In: Kim SK (ed) Marine nutraceuticals. Prospects and perspectives. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 33–44. ISBN 9781138199965
Kim SK, Venkatesan J (2014) Chitin and chitosan derivatives. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin and chitosan derivatives. Advances in drug discovery and developments, part I, Chapter 1. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 3–14. ISBN 9781466566286
Kim SK, Choi JH, Balmaceda EA, Rha CK (1999) Chitosan. In: Kühtreiber WM, Lanza RP, Chick WL (eds) Cell encapsulation technology and therapeutics, part II. Encapsulation systems, section 1, chapter 13. Birkhäuser, Boston, pp 151–172. ISBN 978-1-4612-1586-8
Kmiec M, Pighinelle L, Tedesco MF, Silva MM, Reis V (2017) Chitosan-properties and applications in dentistry. Adv Tissue Eng Regenerat Med 2:00035. https://doi.org/10.15406/atroa.2017.02.00035
Knezevic-Jugovic Z, Petronijevic Z, Smelcerovic A (2011) Chapter 3: Chitin and chitosan from microorganisms. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 25–36. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Komi DEA, Sharma L, Dela Cruz CS (2018) Chitin and its effects on inflammatory and immune responses. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 54:213–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8600-0
Kos L (2016) Use of chitosan for textile wastewater decolourization. Fibres Text 24:130–135. https://doi.org/10.5604/12303666.1196623
Krajewska B (2005) Membrane-base processes performed with use of chitin/chitosan materials. Sep Purif Technol 41:305–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2004.03.019
Krishnaswami V, Kandansamy R, Alagarsamy S, Palanisamy R, Natesan S (2018) Biological macromolecules for ophthalmic drug delivery to treat ocular diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 110:7–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.120
Kubota N, Shimoda K (2004) Chapter 29: Macromolecular complexes of chitosan. In: Dumitriu S (ed) Polysaccharides. Structural diversity and functional versatility. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 679–705
Kumirska J, Weinhold MX, Czerwicka M, Kaczyński Z, Bychowska A, Brzozowski K, Thöming J, Stepnowski P (2011) Chapter 2: Influence of the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of chitin- and chitosan-based materials on their biomedical activity. In: Laskovski A (ed) Biomedical engineering, trends in materials science. InTech Publisher, Rijeka, pp 25–64
Kurita K (1986) Chemical modifications of chitin and chitosan. In: Muzzarelli R, Jeuniaux C, Gooday GW (eds) Chitin in nature and technology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2167-5_37
Kurita K (1998) Chemistry and application of chitin and chitosan. Polym Degrad Stab 59:117–120
Kurita K (2001) Controlled functionalization of the polysaccharide chitin. Prog Polym Sci 26:1921–1971
Kurita K (2006) Chitin and chitosan: functional biopolymers from marine crustaceans. Mar Biotechnol 8:203–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-005-0097-5
Kyzas GZ, Bikiaris DN, Mitropoulos AC (2017) Chitosan adsorbents for dye removal: a review. Polym Int 66:1800–1811. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5467
Labrude P (1997) De quelques pharmaciens célèbres, aux noms sur des plaques de rues ou ignorées par elles, à Nancy et dans l’agglomération nancéienne. Bulletin des Académie et Société Lorraines des Sciences 36:171–181
Labrude P, Becq C (2003) Le pharmacien et chimiste Henri Braconnot. Rev Hist Pharm 337:61–78
Lakshmanan VK, Snima KS, Bumgardner JD, Nair SV, Jayakumar R (2011) Chitosan-based nanoparticles in cancer therapy. In: Jayakumar R, Prabaharan M, Muzzarelli RAA (eds) Chitosan for biomaterials I. Springer, Berlin. Adv Polym Sci 243:55–91
Lassaigne IL (1843) Sur les tissus tégumentaires des insectes de différents ordres. Compte Rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 16:1087–1089
Layek B, Singh J (2017) Chitosan for DNA and gene therapy. In: Amber Jennings J, Bumgardner JD (eds) Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 2: tissue engineering and therapeutics. Woodhead Publishing series in biomaterials, vol 123, part III, chapter 8. Elsevier, Kidlington, pp 209–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100228-5.00008-0
Ledderhose G (1876) Über salzsäures glycosamin. Ber Dtch Chem Ges 9:1200–1201
Ledderhose G (1878) Über chitin und seine spaltungs produkte. Z Physiol Chem 2:213–227
Lee KY (2007) Chitosan and its derivatives for gene delivery. Macromol Res 15:195–201
Li Q, Dunn ET, Grandmaison, Goosen MFA (1997). Chapter 1: Applications and properties of chitosan. In: Goosen MFA (ed) Applications of chitin and chitosan. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, pp 3–30
Li CB, Hein S, Wang K (2008) Biosorption of chitin and chitosan. Mater Sci Technol 24:1088–1099. https://doi.org/10.1179/17438408X341771
Li HJ, Hu C, Yu HJ, Chen CZ (2018) Chitosan composite scaffolds for articular cartilage defect repair: a review. RSC Adv 8:3736–3749. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra11593h
Lian Z, Pan R, Wang J (2016) Microencapsulation of norfloxacin in chitosan/chitosan oligosaccharides and its application in shrimp culture. Int J Biol Macromol 92:587–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.074
Liang S, Sun Y, Dai X (2018) A review of the preparation, analysis and biological functions of chitooligosaccharide. Int J Mol Sci 19:2197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082197
Liaqat F, Eltem R (2018) Chitooligosaccharides and their biological activities: a comprehensive review. Carbohydr Polym 184:243–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.067
Lima EL, Muñoz LC, Harris RE, Caballaro AMH (2012). Chapter 24: Potential applications of chitosan as a marine cosmeceutical. In: Kim SK (ed) Marine cosmeceuticals. Trends and prospects. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 319–335. ISBN 9781439860281
Liu C, Bai R (2014) Recent advances in chitosan and its derivatives as adsorbents for removal of pollutants from water and wastewater. Current Opinion Chem Eng 4:62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2014.01.004
Liu X, Ma L, Mao Z, Gao C (2011) Chitosan-based biomaterials for tissue repair and regeneration. In: Jayakumar R, Prabaharan M, Muzzarelli RAA (eds) Chitosan for biomaterials II. Advances in polymer science 244, Springer, Berlin, pp 81–127
Lizardi-Mendoza J, Argüelles Monal WM, Goycoolea Valencia FM (2016) Chapter 1: Chemical characteristics and functional properties of chitosan. In: Chitosan in the preservation of agricultural commodities, pp 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802735-6.00001-X
LogithKumar R, KeshavNarayan A, Dhivya S, Chawla A, Saravanan S, Selvamurugan N (2016) A review of chitosan and its derivatives in bone tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 151:172–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.049
Lucio D, Martínez-Ohárriz MC (2017) Chapter 6: Chitosan: Strategies to increase and modulate drug release rate. In: Shalaby EA (ed) Biological activities and application of marine polysaccharides. InTech, Rijeka, pp 107–127. https://doi.org/10.5772/65714
Luna-Bárcenas G, Prokhorov E, Elizalde-Peña E, Nuno-Licona A, Sanchez IC, Gough JE, Velasquillo-Martinez C, Schmidt CE (2011) Chitosan-based hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. In: Series: biotechnology in agriculture, industry and medicine chemical Engineering methods and technology. Nova Science Publishers, New York
Macquarie DJ, Hardy JJE (2005) Applications of functionalized chitosan in catalysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 44:8499–8520
Majekodunmi SO (2016) Current development of extraction, characterization and evaluation of properties of chitosan and its use in medicine and pharmaceutical industry. Am J Polym Sci 6:86–91. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ajps.20160603.04
Maniukiewicz W (2011) Chapter 8: X-ray diffraction of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 83–94. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Marpu SB, Benton EN (2018) Shining light on chitosan: a review on the usage of chitosan for photonics and nanomaterials research. Int J Mol Sci 19:1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061795
Mateescu MA, Ispas-Szabo P, Assad E (2015a) Chitosan and its derivatives as self-assembled systems for drug delivery. In: Mateescu MA, Ispas-Szabo P, Assad E (eds) Controlled drug delivery. The role of self-assembling multi-task excipients. Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomedicine, vol 74. Elsevier, Kidlington, pp 85–125
Mateescu MA, Ispas-Szabo P, Assad E (eds) (2015b) Chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complexes as pharmaceutical excipients. In: Controlled drug delivery. The role of self-assembling multi-task excipients. Woodhead Publishing series in biomedicine, vol 74. Elsevier, Kidlington, pp 127–161
Mati-Baouche N, Elchinger PH, de Baynast H, Pierre G, Delattre C, Michaud P (2014) Chitosan as an adhesive. Eur Polym J 60:198–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.09.008
Meyer KH, Pankow GW (1935) Sur la constitution et la structure de la chitine. Helv Chim Acta 18:589–598. https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19350180177
Miranda Castro SP, Lizárraga Paulín EG (2012) Chapter 1: Is chitosan a new panacea? Areas of application. In: Karunaratne DN (ed) The complex world of polysaccharides. InTech, Croatia, Rijeka, pp 3–45. https://doi.org/10.5772/51200
Mohandas A, Deepthi S, Biswas R, Jayakumar R (2018) Chitosan based metallic nanocomposite scaffolds as antimicrobial wound dressings. Bioactive Mat 3:267–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.11.003
Moratti SC, Cabral JD (2017) Antibacterial properties of chitosan In: Amber Jennings J, Bumgardner JD (eds) Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 1: fundamentals. Woodhead Publishing series in biomaterials, vol 122, part I, chapter 2. Elsevier, Kidlington, pp 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100230-8.00002-9
Mourya VK, Inamdar NN (2008) Chitosan-modifications and applications: opportunities galore. React Funct Polym 68:1013–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2008.03.002
Muñoz LC, Lima EL, Harris RE, Mengíbar MAL, Contreras NA, Caballero AMH (2012). Chapter 3: Chemical properties of chitosan as a marine cosmeceutical. In: Kim SK (ed) Marine cosmeceuticals. Trends and prospects. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 39–50. ISBN 9781439860281
Muñoz-Bonilla A, Cerrada ML, Fernández-García M (eds) (2014) Chapter 2: Antimicrobial activity of chitosan in food, agriculture and biomedicine. In: Polymeric materials with antimicrobial activity. From synthesis to applications, RSC Polymer Chemistry Series n° 10. RSC Publishing, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 22–53. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781782624998-00022
Muzzarelli RAA (1977) Chitin. Pergamon Press Ltd, Oxford
Muzzarelli RAA (1983) Chitin and its derivatives: new trends of applied research. Carbohydr Polym 3:53–75
Muzzarelli RAA (2009) Chitins and chitosans for the repair of wound skin, nerve, cartilage and bone. Carbohydr Polym 76:167–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.11.002
Muzzarelli RAA (2011) Chapter 17: Chitosan scaffolds for bone regeneration. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 223–240. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Muzzarelli RAA, de Vincenzi M (1997) Chapter 7: Chitosan as dietary food additives. In: Goosen MFA (ed) Applications of chitin and chitosan. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, pp 115–128
Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C (2005) Chitosan chemistry: relevance to the biomedical sciences. Adv Polym Sci 186:151–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/b136820
Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C (2009) Chapter 31: Chitin and chitosan hydrogels. In: Handbook of hydrocolloids. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, 2nd edn, pp 849–888. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845695873.849
Muzzarelli R, Jeuniaux C, Gooday GW (eds) (1986a) Chitin in nature and technology. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York
Muzzarelli RAA, Cosani A, Fornasa A, Kienzle-Sterzer CA, Rha CK, Rodriguez-Sanchez D, Scandola M, Terbojevich M, Vincendon M (1986b) Chitin and chitosan solutions. In: Muzzarelli R, Jeuniaux C, Gooday GW (eds) Chitin in nature and technology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2167-5_41
Muzzarelli RAA, Agrawal OP, Casu B, Colombo M, Compagnoni T, Domard A, Domsy JC, Ebina A, Focher B, Fuji-i K, Gadelle A, Gervasini A, Hirano S, Kondo Y, Konrad Y, Lang G, Maekita Y, Massoli A, Morazzoni F, Naggi A, Nishi A, Nishimura S, Pivari E, Rinaudo M, Roberts GAF, Scheller K, Tokura S, Torri G, Tsutsumi A, Wendel H, Wood FA (1986c) Chemically modified chitosans. In: Muzzarelli R, Jeuniaux C, Gooday GW (eds) Chitin in nature and technology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 295–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2167-5_38
Muzzarelli RAA, Boudrant J, Meyer D, Manno N, DeMarchi M, Paoletti MG (2012) Current views on fungal chitin/chitosan, human chitinases, food preservation, glucans, pectins and inulin: a tribute to Henri Braconnot, precursor of the carbohydrate polymers science, on the chitin bicentennial. Carbohydr Polym 87:995–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.063
Nagai T, Sawayanagi Y, Nambu N (1984) Application of chitin and chitosan pharmaceutical preparations. In: Zikakis JP (ed) Chitin, chitosan, and related enzymes, part I. Academic, Orlando, pp 21–40
Naskar S, Koutsu K, Sharma S (2018) Chitosan-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems: a review on two decades of research. J Drug Target:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/1061186X.2018.1512112
Navarro-Suarez S, Flores-Palma A, Flores-Ruiz R, Gutiérrez-Pérez JL, Torres-Lagares D (2018). Nanobiomaterials in dentistry. In: Nanobiomaterials. Nanostructured materials for biomedical applications. Elsevier, pp 297–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100716-7.00011-8
Nechita P (2017) Chapter 10: Applications of chitosan in wastewater treatment. In: Shalaby EA (ed) Biological activities and application of marine polysaccharides. InTech, Rijeka, pp 209–228. https://doi.org/10.5772/65289
Neville AC (1975) Biology of the arthropod cuticle. Springer, Berlin, p 448
Neville AC, Luke BM (1969a) Molecular architecture of adult locust cuticle at the electron microscope level. Tissue Cell 1:355–363
Neville AC, Luke BM (1969b) A two-system model for chitin-protein complexes in insect cuticles. Tissue Cell 1:689–707
Neville AC, Parry DAD, Woodhead-Galloway J (1976) The chitin crystallite in arthropod cuticle. J Cell Sci 21:73–82
Nezakati T, Seifalian A, Tan A, Seifalian AM (2018) Conductive polymers: opportunities and challenges in biomedical applications. Chem Rev 118:6766–6843. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00275
Niu J, Lin HZ, Jiang SG, Chen X, Wu KC, Liu YJ, Wang S, Tian LX (2013) Comparison of effect of chitin, chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharide and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine on growth performance, antioxidant defenses and oxidative stress status of Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture 372-375:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.10.021
No HK, Meyers SP (1995) Preparation and characterization of chitin and chitosan – a review. J Aquatic Food Product Technol 4:27–52. https://doi.org/10.1300/J030v04n02_03
No HK, Meyers SP (2000) Application of chitosan for treatment of wastewaters. Rev Environ Contamination Toxicol 63:1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6429-1_1
No HK, Meyers SP, Prinyawiwatkul W, Xu Z (2007) Applications of chitosan for improvement of quality and shelf life of foods: a review. J Food Sci 72:R87–R99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00383.x
Nwe N, Furuike T, Tamura H (2011a) Chapter 1: Chitin and chitosan from terrestrial organisms. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 3–10. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Nwe N, Furuike T, Tamura H (2011b) Chapter 2: Chitosan from aquatic and terrestrial organisms and microorganisms. Production, properties and applications. In: Johnson BM, Berkel ZE (eds) Biodegradable materials, Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, pp 29–50
Nwe N, Furuike T, Tamura H (2013) Isolation and characterization of chitin and chitosan. In: Kim SK (ed) Marine biomaterials. Characterization, isolation and applications, part I, chapter 4. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 45–60. ISBN 9781138076389
Nwe N, Furuike T, Tamura H (2014) Chapter 1: Isolation and characterization of chitin and chitosan from marine origin. Advances in food and nutrition research, vol 72, pp 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800269-8.00001-4
Odier A (1823) Mémoire sur la composition chimique des parties cornées des insectes. Mémoire de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle 1:29–42
Onsoyen E, Skaugrud O (1990) Metal recovery using chitosan. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 49:395–404
Oryan A, Kamali A, Moshiri A, Baharvand H, Daemi H (2018) Chemical crosslinking of biopolymeric scaffolds: current knowledge and future directions of crosslinked engineered bone scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol 107:678–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.184
Orzali L, Corsi B, Forni C, Riccioni L (2017) Chapter 2: Chitosan in agriculture: a new challenge for managing plant disease. In: Shalaby EA (ed) Biological activities and application of marine polysaccharides. InTech, Rijeka, pp 17–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/66840
Osman Z, Arof AK (2017) Chapter 14: Chitosan and phthaloylated chitosan in electrochemical devices. In: Shalaby EA (ed): Biological activities and application of marine polysaccharides. InTech, Rijeka, pp 17–36. https://doi.org/10.5772/65656
Pakdel PR, Peighambardoust SJ (2018) Review on recent progress in chitosan-based hydrogels for wastewater treatment application. Carbohydr Polym 201:264–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.070
Pardeshi CV, Belgamwar VS (2016) Controlled synthesis of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan for modulated bioadhesion and nasal membrane permeability. Int J Biol Macromol 82:933–944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.012
Parhi R (2017) Cross-linked hydrogel for pharmaceutical applications: a review. Adv Pharm Bull 7:515–530. https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2017.064
Payen A (1843) Propriétés distinctives entre les membranes végétales et les enveloppes des insectes et des crustacés. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 17:227–231
Pellá MCG, Lima-Tenorio MK, Tenorio-Neto ET, Guilherme MR, Muniz EC, Rubira AF (2018) Chitosan-based hydrogels: from preparation to biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 196:233–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.033
Pelletier E, Bonnet C, Lemarchand K (2009) Biofouling growth in cold estuarine waters and evaluation of some chitosan and copper anti-fouling paints. Int J Mol Sci 10:3209–3223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10073209
Peniche C, Argüelles-Monal W, Peniche H, Acosta N (2003) Chitosan: an attractive biocompatible polymer for microencapsulation. Macromol Biosci 3:51–520. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.20000019
Peniche C, Argüelles-Monal W, Goycoolea FM (2008) Chapter 25: Chitin and chitosan: Major sources, properties and applications. In: Belgacem MN, Gandini A (eds) Monomers, polymers and composites from renewable resources. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 517–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-045316-3.00025-9
Percot A, Viton C, Domard A (2003) Optimization of chitin extraction from shrimp shells. Biomacromolecules 4:12–18
Perinelli DR, Fagioli L, Campana R, Lam JKW, Baffone W, Palmieri GF, Casettari L, Bonacucina G (2018) Chitosan-based nanosystems and their exploited antimicrobial activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 117:8–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2018.01.046
Peters MG (1995) Applications and environmental aspects of chitin and chitosan. J Mat Sci Pure Appl Chem A32:629–640
Philibert T, Lee BH, Fabien N (2017) Current status and new perspectives on chitin and chitosan as functional biopolymers. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 181:1314–1337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-0162286-2
Pillai CKS, Paul W, Sharma CP (2009) Chitin and chitosan polymers: chemistry, solubility and fiber formation. Prog Polym Sci 34:641–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.001
Pokhrel S, Yadav PN, Adhikari R (2015) Applications of chitin and chitosan in industry and medical science: a review. Nepal J Sci Technol 16:99–104
Prabaharan M, Mano JF (2005) Chitosan-based particles as controlled drug delivery systems. Drug Del 12:41–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10717540590889781
Prabaharan M, Mano JF (2006) Chitosan derivatives bearing cyclodextrin cavities as novel adsorbent matrices. Carbohydr Polym 63:153–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.08.051
Prabaharan M, Tiwari A (2011) Chapter 13: Chemical modifications of chitosan intended for biomedical applications. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 173–184. eBook ISBN: 9781439816042
Prévost M, D’Amat R (1956) Braconnot. Dictionnaire de Biographies Françaises, vol 7. Letouzey et Ané, Paris, pp 132–133
Qasim SB, Zafar MS, Najeeb S, Khurshid Z, Shah AH, Husain S, IUr R (2018) Electrospinning of chitosan-based solutions for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Int J Mol Sci 19:2. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020407
Queiroz J, Fernandes SKSC, Azevedo EP, Barbosa AA, Fook MVL (2015) Chitosan: applicability in preventive dentistry. Dent Mater 31:e58–e59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.08.130
Raafat D, Sahl HG (2009) Chitosan and its antimicrobial potential – a critical literature survey. Microbiol Biotechnol 2:186–201
Rabea EI, Badawy MET, Stevens CV, Smagghe G, Steurbault W (2003) Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mod of action. Biomacromolecules 4:1457–1465
Rafique A, Zia KM, Zuber M, Tabasum S, Rehman S (2016) Chitosan functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol) for prospects biomedical and industrial applications: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 87:141–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.035
Rahangdale D, Kumar A (2018) Chapter 7: Derivatized chitosan: fundamentals to applications. Biopolymer grafting applications. Elsevier, pp 251–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-810462-0.00007-7
Ramos VM, Rodríguez NM, Rodríguez MS, Heras A, Agulló E (2003) Modified chitosan carrying phosphonic and alkyl groups. Carbohydr Polym 51:425–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(02)00211-4
Rauh F, Dornish M (2006) Chapter 14: Chitosan. In: Guelcher SA, Hollinger JO (eds) An introduction to biomaterials. : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 249–260
Ravi Kumar MNV (2000) A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React Funct Polym 46:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1381-5148(00)00038-9
Ravi Kumar MNV, Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C, Sashiwa H, Domb AJ (2004) Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives. Chem Rev 104:6017–6087. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030441b
Ravichandran YD, Rajesh R (2013) Marine Polysaccharide (chitosan) and its derivatives as water purifier. Isolation and characterization of chitin and chitosan. In: Kim SK (ed) Marine biomaterials. Characterization, isolation and applications, part IV, chapter 38. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 747–764. ISBN 9781138076389
Raymond L, Morin FG, Marchessault RH (1993) Degree of deacetylation of chitosan using conductometric titration and solid-state NMR. Carbohydr Res 246:331–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(93)84044-7
Rhazi M, Tolaimate A, Habibi Y (2012) Chapter 4: Interactions of chitosan with metals for water purification. In: Habibi Y, Lucia A (eds) Polysaccharide building blocks: a sustainable approach to the development of renewable biomaterials. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 127–142
Rijal NP, Adhikari U, Bhattarai N (2017) Production of electrospun chitosan for biomedical applications. In: Amber Jennings J, Bumgardner JD (eds) Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 1: fundamentals, Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, vol 122, part III, chapter 9. Elsevier, Kidlington, pp 211–238
Rinaudo M (2006) Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci 31:603–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001
Rinaudo M (2012) Chapter 2: Physical properties of chitosan and derivatives in sol and gel states. In: Sarmento B, das Neves J (eds) Chitosan-based systems for biopharmaceuticals. Delivery, targeting and polymer therapeutics. Wiley, Chichester
Rinaudo M, Milas M, Desbrières J (1997). Chapter 5: Characterization and solution properties of chitosan and chitosan derivatives. In: Goosen MFA (ed) Applications of chitin and chitosan. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, pp 89–102
Riva R, Ragelle H, des Rieux A, Duhem N, Jérôme C, Préat V (2011) Chitosan and chitosan derivatives in drug delivery and tissue engineering. In: Jayakumar R, Prabaharan M, Muzzarelli RAA (eds) Chitosan for biomaterials II. Advances in polymer science, vol 244. Springer, Berlin, pp 19–44
Roberts GAF (1992a) Chitin chemistry, 1st edn. Macmillan Press, London/Houndmills
Roberts GAF (1992b) Chemical behavior of chitin and chitosan. In: Chitin chemistry. Palgrave, London, pp 203–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11545-7_5
Roberts GAF (1992c) Solubility and solution behaviour of chitin and chitosan. In: Chitin chemistry. Palgrave, Londonm pp 274–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11545-7_6
Roberts GAF (1998) Thirty years of progress in chitin and chitosan. Progress on chemistry and application of chitin and its derivatives, vol XIII, pp 7–15
Rocha MAM, Coimbra MA, Nunes C (2017) Applications of chitosan and their derivatives in beverages: a critical review. Current Opinion Food Sci 15:61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2017.06.008
Rodrigues MR, de Souza e Silva A, Lacerda FV (2012) Chapter 23: The Chitosan as dietary fiber: an in vitro comparative study of interactions with drug and nutritional substances. In: Karunaratne DN (ed) The complex world of polysaccharides. InTech, Rijeka, pp 603–616. https://doi.org/10.5772/48311
Roller S, Valley T (2003) Chapter 8: Chitosan: new food preservative or laboratory curiosity? In: Roller S (ed) Natural antimicrobials for the minimal processing of foods. Woodhead Publishing in Food Science and Technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 158–175
Rouget C (1859) Des substances amylacées dans les tissus des animaux, spécialement les articulés (chitine). C.R. Hebdomadaire Séances Acad Sci 48:792–795
Roy J, Salaün F, Giraud S, Ferri A, Guan J (2017) Chapter 12: Chitosan-based sustainable textile technology: process, mechanism, innovation, and safety. In: Shalaby EA (ed) Biological activities and application of marine polysaccharides. InTech, Rijeka, pp 251–278. https://doi.org/10.5772/65259
Rudall KM, Kenchington W (1973) The chitin system. Biol Rev 40:597–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1973.tb01570.x
Ruiz GAM, Corrales HFZ (2017) Chapter 5: Chitosan, chitosan derivatives and their biomedical applications. In: Shalaby EA (ed) Biological activities and application of marine polysaccharides. InTech, Rijeka, pp 87–106. https://doi.org/10.5772/66527
Rungsardthong V, Wongvuttanakul N, Kongpien N, Chotiwaranon P (2006) Application of fungal chitosan for clarification of apple juice. Process Biochem 41:589–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2005.08.003
Sadler MJ, Funnell J (2018) Authorised EU health claim for chitosan. In: Foods, nutrients and food ingredients with authorised EU health claims. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, vol 3, pp 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100922-2.00011-5
Şahan G, Demir A (2014) Forms of chitosan biopolymer and their textile applications. In: Proceedings: XIIIth International Izmir Textile and Apparel Symposium April 2–5, 2014, pp 233–236
Sahariah P, Másson M (2017) Antimicrobial chitosan and chitosan derivatives: a review of the structure-activity relationship. Biomacromolecules 18:3846–3868. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01058
Sahoo D, Nayak PL (2011) Chapter 6: Chitosan: the most valuable derivative of chitin. In: Kalia S, Avérous L (eds) Biopolymers: biomedical and environmental applications. Scrivener Publishing LLC, New York, pp 129–169
Salehi E, Daraei P, Shamsabadi AA (2016) A review on chitosan-based adsorptive membranes. Carbohydr Polym 152:419–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.033
Samyn P, Barhoum A, Ohlund T, Dufresne A (2018) Review: nanoparticles and nanostructured materials in papermaking. J Mater Sci 53:146–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1525-4
Sandford P (1989) Chitosan: commercial uses and potential applications. In: Skjåk-Braek E, Anthonsen T, Standorf P (eds) Chitin and chitosan: sources chemistry, biochemistry, physical properties and applications. Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp 51–69
Saneja A, Nehate C, Alam N, Gupta PN (2016) Recent advances in chitosan-based nanomedicines for cancer chemotherapy. In: Dutta PK (ed) Chitin and chitosan for regenerative medicine. Springer series on polymer and composite materials, part II. Springer, pp 229–260
Sapelli PL, Baldassarre V, Muzzarelli RAA, Emanuelli M (1986) Chitosan in dentistry. In: Muzzarelli R, Jeuniaux C, Gooday GW (eds) chitin in nature and technology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 507–512. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2167-5_60
Saravanan S, Trivedi M, Moorthi A, Selvamurugan N (2013) Biocomposites containing chitosan for bone tissue engineering. In: Kim SK (ed) Marine biomaterials. Characterization, isolation and applications, part III, chapter 27. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 529–540. ISBN 9781138076389
Sarmento B, das Neves J (2012) Chitosan-based systems for biopharmaceuticals. In: Sarmento B, das Neves J (eds) Delivery, targeting and polymer therapeutics. Wiley, Chichester, 600 p
Sashiwa H, Aiba SI (2004) Chemically modified chitin and chitosan as biomaterials. Prog Polym Sci 29:887–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.04.001
Sashiwa H, Harding D (2015) Advances in marine chitin and chitosan. In: Sashiwa H, Harding D (eds) MDPI AD, 484 p
Sen DP (2005) Chapter 18: Selected by-products from sea. In: Sen DP (ed) Advances in fish processing technology. Allied Publishers Private Limited, New Delhi, pp 616–638
Şenel S (2011) Chapter 33: Applications of chitosan and its derivatives in veterinary medicine. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 460–480. ISBN 9781439816035
Şenel S, McClure SJ (2004) Potential applications of chitosan in veterinary medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56:1467–1480
Senevirathne M, Ahn CB, Kim SK, Je JY (2012). Chapter 13: Cosmeceutical applications of chitosan and its derivatives. In: Kim SK (ed) Marine cosmeceuticals. Trends and prospects. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 169–179. ISBN 9781439860281
Setyahadi S (2013) Chapter 21: High-density chitin-chitosan production and health benefits. In: Kim SK (ed) Marine nutraceuticals. Prospects and perspectives. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 313–328. ISBN 9781138199965
Shahidi F (2004) Chapter 17: Chitosan film in seafood quality preservation. In: Shahidi F, Simpson BK (eds) Seafood quality and safety. Advances in the new millennium. ScienceTech Publishing Company, Canada, pp 223–232
Shahidi F, Abuzaytoun (2005) Chitin, chitosan, and co-products: chemistry, production, applications, and health effects. In: Taylor SL (ed) Advances in food and nutrition research, vol 49. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp 93–137
Shahidi F, Arachchi JKV, Jeon YJ (1999) Food applications of chitin and chitosans. Trends Food Sci Technol 10:37–51
Shariatinia Z, Jalali AM (2018) Chitosan-based hydrogels: preparation, properties and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 115:194–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.034
Sharif R, Mujtaba M, Rahman MU, Shalmani A, Ahmad H, Anwar T, Deng TC, Wang XP (2018) The multifunctional role of chitosan in horticultural crops: a review. Molecules 23:872. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040872
Sharon N (1980) Carbohydrates. Sci Am 243:80–97
Sharp RG (2013) A review of the applications of chitin and its derivatives in agriculture to modify plant-microbial interactions and improve crop yields. Agronomy 3:757–793. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy3040757
Shi C, Zhu Y, Ran X, Wang M, Su Y, Cheng T (2006) Therapeutic potential of chitosan and its derivatives in regenerative medicine. J Surg Res 133:185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2005.12.013
Simonin F (1856) Notice biographique sur M. Henri Braconnot. Compte Rendus Travaux Soc Médecine Nancy, 1834–1855, pp 51–79
Simonin F (1870) Notice biographique sur M. Henri Braconnot. Nancy: Imprimerie de Sordoillet, pp 5–34
Simonin F (2013) Notice sur Henri Braconnot, chimiste. Hachette Livre-BNF. 44 p
Singh B, Maharjan S, Cho KH, Cui LH, Park IK, Choi YJ, Cho CS (2018) Chitosan-based particulate systems for the delivery of mucosal vaccines against infectious diseases. Int J Biol Macromolecules 110:54–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.101
Singla AK, Chawla M (2001) Chitosan: Some pharmaceutical and biological aspects. An update. J Pharm Pharmacol 53:1047–1067
Sivashankari PR, Prabaharan M (2017) Deacetylation modification techniques of chitin and chitosan. In: Amber Jennings J, Bumgardner JD (eds) Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 1: fundamentals. Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, vol 122, part II, chapter 5. Elsevier, Kidlington, pp 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100230-8.00005-4
Skjåk-Braek G, Anthonsen T, Sandford PA (1989) In: Skjåk-Braek G, Anthonsen T, Sandford PA (eds) Chitin and chitosan. Sources, chemistry, biochemistry, physical properties and applications. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, p 835
Song Z, Li GD, Guan FX, Liu WX (2018) Application of chitin/chitosan and their derivatives in the papermaking industry. Polymers 10:389. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10040389
Souza CP, Almeida BC, Colwell RR, Rivera ING (2011) The importance of chitin in the marine environment. Mar Biotechnol 13:823–830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-011-9388-1
Stamford Arnaud TM, de Barros Neto B, Diniz FB (2010) Chitosan effect on dental enamel de-remineralization: an in vitro evaluation. J Dentistry 38:848–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2010.06.004
Struszczyk MH (2002) Chitin and chitosan. Part II. Applications of chitosan. Polimery 47:396–403
Sudha PN (2011) Chapter 39: Chitin/chitosan and derivatives for wastewater treatment. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 561–588. ISBN 9781439816035
Sudha PN, Aisverya S, Gomathi T, Vijayalakshmi K, Saranya M, Sangeetha K, Latha S, Thomas S (2017) Chapter 17: Applications of chitin/chitosan and its derivatives as adsorbents, coagulants and flocculants. In: Ahmed S, Ikram S (eds) Chitosan – derivatives, composites and applications. Scrivener Publishing LLC, Wiley, Hoboken, pp 453–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119364849.ch17
Suginta W, Khunkaewla P, Schulte A (2013) Electrochemical biosensor applications of polysaccharides chitin and chitosan. Chem Rev 113:5458–5479. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300325r
Synowiecki J, Al-Khateeb NA (2003) Production, properties, and some new applications of chitin and its derivatives. Critic Rev Food Sci Nutr 43:145–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690390826473
Ta HT, Dunstan DE, Dass CR (2011) Chapter 21: Anticancer activity and therapeutic applications of chitosan nanoparticles. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton, pp 271–284. ISBN 9781439816035
Tachaboonyakiat W (2017) Antimicrobial applications of chitosan. In: Amber Jennings J, Bumgardner JD (eds) Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 2: tissue engineering and therapeutics. Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, vol 123, part III, chapter 9. Elsevier, Kidlington, pp 245–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100228-5.00009-2
Tang X, Zhang X, Zhou A (2007) Research progresses on adsorbing heavy metal ions with crosslinked chitosan. Ion Exchange Sorption 23:378–384
Tastan O, Baysal T (2015) Clarification of pomegranate juice with chitosan: changes on quality characteristics during storage. Food Chem 180:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.053
Teng D (2012) Chapter 1: From chitin to chitosan. In: Yao K, Li J, Yao F, Yin Y (eds) Chitosan-based hydrogels: functions and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 1–38
Thakur VK, Thakur MK (2014) Recent advances in graft copolymerization and applications of chitosan: a review. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2:2637–2652. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500634p
Thakur VK, Voicu SI (2016) Recent advances in cellulose and chitosan based membranes for water purification: a concise review. Carbohydr Polym 146:148–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.030
Thanou M, Verhoef JC, Junginger HE (2001) Oral drug absorption enhancement by chitosan and derivatives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 52:117–126
Tonda-Turo C, Ruini F, Argentati M, Di Girolamo N, Robino P, Nebbia P, Ciardelli G (2016) Porous CS membranes with improved antimicrobial properties for the treatment of infected wound in veterinary applications. Mater Sci Eng C 60:416–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.11.065
Tracey MV (1957) Chitin. Rev Pure Appl Chem 7:1–14
Tripathi K, Singh A (2018) Chitin, chitosan and their pharmacological activities: a review. Int J Pharm Sci Res 9:2626–2635. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(7).2626-35
Truong TO, Hausler R, Monette F, Niquette P (2007) The valorization of industrial fishery waste through the hydrothermal-chemical transformation of chitosan. Revue Sci Eau 20:253–262
Tsai ML, Chen RH (2017) Modifying the molecular weight of chitosan. In: Amber Jennings J, Bumgardner JD (eds) Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 1: fundamentals. Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, vol 122, part II, chapter 6. Elsevier, Kidlington, pp 135–158
Ujang Z, Diah M, Rashid AHA, Halim AS (2011) Chapter 6: The development, characterization and application of water soluble chitosan. In: Elnashar M (ed) Biotechnology of biopolymers. InTech, Rijeka, pp 109–130. https://doi.org/10.5772/16771
Ummu Habeeba AA, Reshmi CR, Sujith A (2007) Chitosan immobilized cotton fibres for antibacterial textile materials. Polymers Renew Resour 8:61–70
Underwood C, van Eps AW (2012) Nanomedicine and veterinary science: the reality and the practicality. Veterinary J 193:12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.002
Uragami T, Tokura S (2010) In: Uragami T, Tokura S (eds) Material science of chitin and chitosan. Springer, Berlin, p 284
Vakili M, Rafatullah M, Salamatinia B, Abdullah AZ, Ibrahim MH, Tan KB, Gholami Z, Amouzgar P (2014) Application of chitosan and its derivatives as adsorbents for dye removal from water and wastewater: a review. Carbohydr Polym 113:115–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.007
van den Broek LAM, Knoop RJI, Kappen FHJ, Boeriu CG (2015) Chitosan films and blends for packaging material. Carbohydr Polym 116:237–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.039
Van Tran V, Park D, Lee YC (2018) Hydrogel applications for adsorption of contaminants in water and wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:24569–24599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2605-y
Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P, Schacht E (2011) Biopolymer-based hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: a review. Biomacromolecules 12:1387–1408. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm200083n
Varma AJ, Deshpande SV, Kennedy JF (2004) Metal complexation by chitosan and its derivatives: a review. Carbohydr Polym 55:77–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2003.08.005
Varshosaz J (2007) The promise of chitosan microspheres in drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Delivery 4:263–273. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.4.3.263
Vårum KM, Smidsrød O (2004a) Chapter 26: Structure-property relationship in chitosan. In: Dumitriu S (ed) Polysaccharides. Structural diversity and functional versatility. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 625–641
Vårum KM, Smidsrød O (2004b) Chapter 14: Chitosans. In: Stephen AM, Phillips GO, Williams PA (eds) Food polysaccharides and their applications, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 497–520
Vårum KM, Anthonsen MW, Grasdalen H, Smidsrød O (1991) Determination of the degree of N-acetylation and the distribution of N-acetyl groups in partially N-deacetylated chitins (chitosans) by high-filed n.m.r. spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 211:17–23
Vårum KM, Anthonsen MW, Grasdalen H, Smidsrød O (1992) Chemical composition and sequences in chitosans determined by high-field proton and carbon n.m.r.-spectroscopy -Relation to solubility. In: Brine CJ, Sandford PA, Zikakis JP (eds) Advances in chitin and chitosan. Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, London, p 127
Vasconcelos AA, Pomin VH (2018) Marine carbohydrate-based compounds with medicinal properties. Mar Drugs 16:233. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16070233
Venkatesan J, Kim SK (2010) Chitosan composites for bone tissue engineering – an overview. Mar Drugs 8:2252–2266. https://doi.org/10.3390/md8082252
Verlee A, Mincke S, Stevens CV (2017) Recent developments in antibacterial and antifungal chitosan and its derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 264:268–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.001
Vidanarachchi JK, Kurukulasuriya MS, Kim SK (2011) Chapter 38: Chitin, chitosan, and their oligosaccharides in food industry. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 543–560. ISBN 9781439816035
Vinay TN, Bhat S, Choudhury TG, Paria A, Jung MH, Kallappa GS, Jung SJ (2018) Recent advances in application of nanoparticles in fish vaccine delivery. Rev Fisheries Sci Aquacult 26:29–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2017.1334625
Viney C, Harish D (2002) Chitosan – preparation and properties. Indian Drugs 39:191–194
Voncina B, Fras LZ, Ristic T (2016) Chapter 4: Active textile dressings for wound healing. Advances in smart medical textile. A volume in Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles, Elsevier, pp 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-379-9.00004-9
Vunain E, Mishra AK, Mamba BB (2017) Fundamentals of chitosan for biomedical applications. In: Amber Jennings J, Bumgardner JD (eds) Chitosan based biomaterials. Volume 1: fundamentals. Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, vol 122, part I, chapter 1. Elsevier, Kidlington, pp 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100230-8.00001-7
Vyas SP, Paliwal R, Paliwal SR (2011) Chapter 25: Chitosan/chitosan derivatives as carriers and immunoadjuvants in vaccine delivery. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 339–356. ISBN 9781439816035
Wang K (2012) Chapter 8: Enzyme immobilization on chitosan-based supports. In: Yao K, Li J, Yao F, Yin Y (eds) Chitosan-based hydrogels: functions and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 339-406
Wang QZ, Chen XG, Liu N, Wang SX, Liu CS, Meng XH, Liu CG (2006) Protonation constants of chitosan with different molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Carbohydr Polym 65:194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.01.001
Wang C, Li J, Yao F (2012) Chapter 9: Application of chitosan-based biomaterials in tissue engineering. In: Yao K, Li J, Yao F, Yin Y (eds) Chitosan-based hydrogels: functions and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 407–468
Wang J, Wang L, Yu H, Abdin Z, Chen Y, Chen Q, Zhou W, Zhang H, Chen X (2016) Recent progress on synthesis, property and application of modified chitosan: An overview. Int J Biol Macromol 88:333–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.002
Wang HX, Qan J, Ding FY (2018) Emerging chitosan-based films for food packaging applications. J Agric Food Chem 66:395–413. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04528
Wei H, Gao BQ, Ren J, Li AM, Yang H (2018) Coagulation/flocculation in dewatering of sludge: a review. Water Res 143:608–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.029
Wieckiewic M, Boening KW, Grychowska N, Paradowska-Stolarz A (2017) Clinical application of chitosan in dental specialties. Mini Rev Med Chem 17:401–406. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557516666160418123054
Winterowd JG, Sandford PA (1995) Chapter 13: Chitin and chitosan. In: Stephen AM (ed) Food polysaccharides and their applications. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp 441–461
Winterstein E (1893) Zur kenntniss der pilzcellusose. Ber Deut Botan Gessell 11:441–445
Winterstein E (1894) Ueber ein stickstoffhaltiges spaltungsprodukt der pilzcellulose. Ber Deut Chem Gesell 27:3113–3115
Wisniak J (2007) Henri Braconnot. Revista Ciencias Químicas 38:345–355
Xiao Y, Zhu J, Zheng L (2012) Chapter 7: Applications of chitosan-based gels in pharmaceuticals. In: Yao K, Li J, Yao F, Yin Y (eds) Chitosan-based hydrogels: functions and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 315–338
Xie SM, Yuan LM (2018) Recent development trends for chiral stationary phases based on chitosan derivatives, cyclofructan derivatives and chiral porous materials in high performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201800656
Xing K, Zhu X, Peng X, Qin S (2015) Chitosan antimicrobial and eliciting properties for pest control in agriculture: a review. Agron Sustain Develop Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA 35:569–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0252-3
Xing L, Fan YT, Zhou TJ, Gong JH, Cui LH, Cho KH, Choi YJ, Jiang HL, Cho CS (2018) Chemical modification of chitosan for efficient vaccine delivery. Molecules 23:229. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020229
Xu YS, Li YS, Chen QM, Fu LH, Tao L, Wei Y (2018) Injectable and self-healing chitosan hydrogel based on imine bonds: design and therapeutic applications. Int J Mol Sci 19(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082198
Yamazaki M, Hudson SM (2012) Chapter 7: Chitosan derivatives for bioadhesive/hemostatic applications: chemical and biological aspects. In: Habibi Y, Lucia A (eds) Polysaccharide building blocks: a sustainable approach to the development of renewable biomaterials. Wiley.,, Hoboken, pp 199–226
Yao K, Li J, Yao F, Yin Y (eds) (2012) Chitosan-based hydrogels: functions and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, 511 p. ISBN: 978-1-4398-2114-5
Yi H, Wu LQ, Bentley WE, Ghodssi R, Rubloff GW, Culver JN, Payne GF (2005) Biofabrication with chitosan. Biomacromolecules 6:2887–2894
Yilmaz E (2004) Chitosan: a versatile biomaterial. In: Hasirci N, Hasirci V (eds) Biomaterials: from molecules to engineered tissues, vol 553. Springer, Boston, pp 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48584-8_5
Yin H, Du Y (2011) Chapter 41: Mechanism and application of chitin/chitosan and their derivatives in plant protection. In: Kim SK (ed) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, pp 605–618. ISBN 9781439816035
Yong SK, Wong TW (2013) Chapter 12: Chitosan for body weight management: Current issues and future directions. In: Kim SK (ed) Marine nutraceuticals. Prospects and perspectives. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 151–168. ISBN 9781138199965
Yong SK, Shrivastava M, Srivastava P, Kunhikrishnan A, Bolan N (2015) Environmental applications of chitosan and its derivatives. In: Whitacre DM (ed) Book series: reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, vol 233, pp 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10479-9_1
Younes I, Rinaudo M (2015) Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources. Structure, properties and applications. Mar Drugs 13:1133–1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13031133
Yu C, Kecen X, Xiaosai Q (2018) Chapter 7: Grafting modification of chitosan. Biopolymer grafting. Synthesis and properties. Elsevier, pp 298–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-48104-5.00007-X
Zając A, Hanuza J, Wandas M, Dymińska L (2015) Determination of N-acetylation degree in chitosan using Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectros 134:114–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.071
Zaki MA, Salem MES, Gaber MM, Nour AM (2015) Effect of chitosan supplemented diet on survival, growth, feed utilization, body composition, histology of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). World J Eng Technol 3:38–47. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2015.34C005
Zambito Y (2013) Chapter 9: Nanoparticles based on chitosan derivatives. In: Pignatello R (ed) Advances in biomaterials science and biomedical applications. InTech, Rijeka, pp 243–263. https://doi.org/10.5772/54944
Zdanowicz M, Wilpiszewska K, Spychaj T (2018) Deep eutectic solvents for polysaccharides processing. A review. Carbohydr Polym 200:361–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.078
Zhang M, Kohr E, Hirano S (1993) Hydrogels of chitin and chitosan. In: Nishinari K, Doi E (eds) Food hydrocolloids: structures, properties, and functions. Plenum Press, New York, pp 65–70
Zhao J (2012) Chapter 6: Chitosan-based gels for the drug delivery system. In: Yao K, Li J, Yao F and Yin Y (eds) Chitosan-based hydrogels: functions and applications. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 263–314
Zhao DY, Yu S, Sun BN, Gao S, Guo SH, Zhao K (2018) Biomedical applications of chitosan and its derivative nanoparticles. Polymers 10:462. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10040462
Zheng LW, Wang JY, Yu RQ (2018) Biomaterials in dentistry. Reference module in biomedical sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.11033-5
Zikakis JP (ed) (1984) Chitin, chitosan, and related enzymes. Academic, Orlando. 448 p
Zivanovic S, Davis RH, Golden DA (2015) Chapter 8: Chitosan as an antimicrobial in food products. In: Handbook of natural antimicrobials for food safety and quality, pp 153–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-034-7.00008-6
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Morin-Crini, N., Lichtfouse, E., Torri, G., Crini, G. (2019). Fundamentals and Applications of Chitosan. In: Crini, G., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 35. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 35. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16538-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16538-3_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16537-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-16538-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)