Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii Hektoen and Perkins (1900) is a dimorphic fungus that occasionally infects humans to cause sporotrichosis, a chronic, usually benign disease involving cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues, often with associated lymphangitis and lymph-node enlargement. Cases of extracutaneous sporotrichosis have been reported with increasing frequency (Wilson et al., 1967; Lynch et al., 1970), involving mucous membranes and viscera, musculoskeletal tissues, the eye, and the central nervous system (Lurie, 1971). Disseminated infection may follow a state of decreased immunological responsiveness. In endemic areas, individuals may be resistant to sporotrichosis or develop a localized cutaneous form. Clinical types and the histopathology of sporotrichosis were reviewed by Lurie (1971).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ajello, L., and Kaplan, W., 1969, A new variant of Sporothrix schenckii, Mykosen 12:633–644.
Alviano, C. S., Pereira, M. E. A., Souza, W., Oda, L. M., and Travassos, L. R., 1982, Sialic acids are surface components of Sporothrix schenckii yeast forms, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 15:223–227.
Anderson, J. G., 1978, Temperature-induced fungal development, in: The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. 3, Developmental Mycology (J. E. Smith and D. R. Barry, eds.), Edward Arnold, London, pp. 358–375.
Aoki, Y., Nakayoshi, H., Asaga, S., and Ono, M., 1967, Studies on the immunologically active substances in fungi, Jpn. J. Med. Mycol. 8:284–291.
Bailey, W. R., and Scott, E. G., 1966, Diagnostic Microbiology, 2nd ed., C. V. Mosby, St. Louis.
Ballou, C., 1976, Structure and biosynthesis of the mannan component of the yeast cell envelope, Adv. Microb. Physiol. 14:93–158.
Barbee, W. C., Ewert, A., and Folse, D., 1977, The combined effect of a cutaneo-lymphatic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii, and a lymphatic-dwelling nematode, Brugia malayi, Trop. Geogr. Med. 29:65–73.
Barreto-Bergter, E., Travassos, L. R., and Gorin, P. A. J., 1980, Chemical structure of the D-galacto-D-mannan component from hyphae of Aspergillus niger and other Aspergillus spp., Carbohydr. Res. 86:273–285.
Barreto-Bergter, E., Gorin, P. A. J., and Travassos, L. R., 1981, Cell constituents of mycelia and conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus, Carbohydr. Res. 95:205–218.
Benchimol, M., Souza, W., and Travassos, L. R., 1979, Distribution of anionic groups at the cell surface of different Sporothrix schenckii cell types, Infect. Immun. 24:912–919.
Biee, C., and Jourd’huy, C., 1974, Etude comparative des phospholipides de plusieurs souches de Ceratocystis stenoceras et Sporothrix schenckii, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 278:53–55.
Bièvre, C., and Mariat, F., 1975, Composition en acides gras des lipides polaries et neutres de Sporothrix schenckii et de Ceratocystis stenoceras, Sabouraudia 13:226–230.
Bièvre, C., and Mariat, F., 1981, Etude de la composition en bases de l’acide desoxyribo-nucleique de souches de Sporothrix schenckii et de Ceratocystis, Ann. Microbiol. Paris 132B:281–284.
Brown, R., Weintraub, D., and Simpson, M. W., 1947, Timber as a source of sporotrichosis infection, Proc. Mine Med. Off. Assoc. 27:5–33.
Carmichael, J. W., 1962, Chrysosporium and some other aleurosporic hyphomycetes, Can. J. Bot. 40:1137–1173.
Charoenvit, Y., and Taylor, R. L., 1979, Experimental sporotrichosis in Syrian hamsters, Infect. Immun. 23:366–372.
Cole, G. T., 1976, Conidiogenesis in pathogenic hyphomycetes. I. Sporothrix, Exophiala, Geotrichum, and Microsporum, Sabouraudia 14:81–98.
Correa, C. N. M., Gottschalk, A. F., and Correa, W. M., 1971, Esporotricose: Coloração histológica das navetas por método de captura do ferro coloidal, Arq. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo 38:163–165.
Drouhet, E., and Mariat, F., 1952a, Action de qualques composes pyrimidiques sur la croissance de Sporotrichum schenckii, Ann. Inst. Pasteur 82:114–118.
Drouhet, E., and Mariat, F., 1952b, Etude des facteurs déterminant le développement de la phase levure de Sporotrichum schenckii, Ann. Inst. Pasteur 83:506–514.
Findlay, G. H., Vismer, H. F., and Liebenberg, N. W., 1979, Spore ultrastructure in Sporothrix schenckii, Mycopathologia 69:167–170.
Fukushiro, R., Kagawa, S., Nishiyama, S., Takahashi, H., and Ishikawa, H., 1965, Die Pil-zelemente im Gewebe der Hautsporotrichose des Menschen, Hautarzt 16:18–25.
Garrison, R. G., Boyd, K. S., and Mariat, F., 1975, Ultrastructural studies of the mycelium-to-yeast transformation of Sporothrix schenckii, J. Bacteriol. 124:959–968.
Garrison, R. G., Boyd, K. S., and Mariat, F., 1976, Etude sur Fultrastructure de la transformation mycelium-levure du Sporothrix schenckii et du Ceratocystis stenoceras, Bull. Soc. Mycol. Med. 5:69–74.
Garrison, R. G., Mariat, F., Boyd, K. S., and Fromentin, H., 1977, Ultrastructural observations of an unusual osmiophilic body in the hyphae of Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras, Ann. Microbiol. Paris 128B:319–337.
Garrison, R. G., Boyd, K. S., Kier, A. B., and Wagner, J. E., 1979, Spontaneous feline sporotrichosis: A fine structural study, Mycopathologia 69:57–62.
Gonzalez-Ochoa, A., and Figueroa, E. S., 1947, Polisacaridos del Sporotrichum schenckii, datos inmunollégicos: Intra-dermoreaccién en el diagnéstico de la esporotricosis, Rev. Inst. Salubr. Enferm. Trop. Mexico City 8:143–153.
Gonzalez-Ochoa, A., and Soto-Pacheco, R., 1950, Desarollo del Sporotrichum schenckii en el pus obtenido de gomas esporotricosicas: Algunos datos sobre su ciclo evolutivo, Rev. Inst. Salubr. Enferm. Trop. Mexico City 11:3–19.
Gooday, G. W., and Trinci, A. P. J., 1980, Wall structure and biosynthesis in fungi, in: The Eukaryotic Microbial Cell (G. W. Gooday, D. Lloyd, and A. P. J. Trinci, eds.), Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 207–251.
Gorin, P. A. J., 1981, Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of polysaccharides, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 38:13–104.
Gorin, P. A. J., and Mazurek, M., 1975, Further studies on the assignments of signals in 13C magnetic resonance spectra of aldoses and derived methylglycosides, Can. J. Chem. m53:1212–1223.
Gorin, P. A. J., Haskins, R. H., Travassos, L. R., and Mendonça-Previato, L., 1977, Further studies on the rhamnomannans and acidic rhamnomannans of Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras, Carbohydr. Res. 55:21–33.
Gorin, P. A. J., Barreto-Bergter, E., and Cruz, F. S., 1981, The chemical structure of the Dgalacto-D-mannan component of Trypanosoma cruzi: 13C N.M.R. shift dependence on structure of D-galactose to D-mannose linkage, Carbohydr. Res. 88:177–188.
Hachisuka, H., and Sasai, Y., 1980, Subpopulations of lymphocytes in the infiltrate of experimental sporotrichosis, Mycopathologia 71:167–169.
Hachisuka, H., and Sasai, Y., 1981, Development of experimental sporotrichosis in normal and modified animals, Mycopathologia 76:79–82.
Harada, T., Nishikawa, T., and Hatano, H., 1976, Antigenic similarity between Ceratocystis species and Sporothrix schenckii as observed by immunofluorescence, Sabouraudia 14:211–215.
Hektoen, L., and Perkins, C. F., 1900, Refractory subcutaneous abcesses caused by Sporothrix schenckii, a new pathogenic fungus, J. Exp. Med. 5:77–89.
Hempel, H., and Goodman, N. L., 1975, Rapid conversion of Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Sporothrix schenckii in tissue culture, J. Clin. Microbiol. 1:420–424.
Howard, D. H., 1961, Dimorphism of Sporotrichum schenckii, J. Bacteriol. 81:464–469.
Ishizaki, H., 1970, Some antigenic substances from culture filtrate of Sporotrichum schenckii, Jpn. J. Dermatol. Ser. 580:16–23.
Ishizaki, H., Nakamura, Y., Kariya, H., Iwatsu, T., and Wheat, R. W., 1976, Delayed hypersensitivity cross-reactions between Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis species in sporotrichotic patients, J. Clin. Microbiol. 3:545–547.
Ishizaki, H., Wheat, R. W., Kiel, D. P., and Conant, N. F., 1978, Serological cross-reactivity among Sporothrix schenckii, Ceratocystis, Europhium and Graphium species, Infect. Immun. 21:585–593.
Ishizaki, H., Kurata, Y., Nakamura, Y., and Wheat, R. W., 1979a, Serological cross-reactivity between Klebsiella pneumoniae K47 and Sporothrix species, Curr. Microbiol. 2:355–356.
Ishizaki, H., Nakamura, Y., and Wheat, R. W., 1979b, Comparative immunochemical studies on Sporothrix species, J. Dermatol. 6:317–320.
Ishizaki, H., Nakamura, Y., and Wheat, R. W., 1981, Serological cross-reactivity between Sporothrix schenckii and various unrelated fungi, Mycopathologia 73:65–68.
Iwatsu, T., 1980, A strain of Sporothrix schenckii isolated from nonsporotrichotic human skin scrapings, Mycopathologia 71:37–38.
Kaplan, W., 1970, The fluorescent antibody technique in the diagnosis of mycotic diseases, in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Mycoses, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., pp. 86–95.
Kaplan, W., and Ivens, M. S., 1970, Fluorescent antibody staining of Sporotrichum schenckii in cultures and clinical materials, J. Invest. Dermatol. 35:151–159.
Karlin, J. V., and Nielsen, H. S., Jr., 1970, Serological aspects of sporotrichosis, J. Infect. Dis. 121:316–327.
Kendrick, W. B., and Carmichael, J. W., 1973, Hyphomycetes, in: The Fungi, Vol. IVA (G. C. Ainsworth, F. K. Sparrow, and A. S. Sussman, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 323–509.
Kitamura, K., 1965, Sporotrichum schenckii: An electron microscopic study, Jpn. J. Dermatol. 75:285–304.
Land, G. A., McDonald, W. C., Stejernholm, R. L., and Friedman, L., 1975, Factors affecting filamentation in Candida albicans: Changes in respiratory activity of Candida albicans during filamentation, Infect. Immun. 12:119–127.
Lane, J. W., and Garrison, R. G., 1970, Electron microscopy of the yeast to mycelial phase conversion of Sporotrichum schenckii, Can. J. Microbiol. 16:747–749.
Lane, J. W., Garrison, R. G., and Field, M. F., 1969, Ultrastructural studies on the yeastlike and mycelial phases of Sporotrichum schenckii, J. Bacteriol 100:1010–1019.
Lavalle, P., Novales, J., and Mariat, F., 1963, Esporotricosis, in: Congreso Mexicano de Dermatologia, Memorias, Sociedad Mexicana de Dermatologia, Mexico City, pp. 276–287.
Lii, S.-L., and Shigemi, F., 1973, Demonstration of hyphae in human tissue of sporotrichosis, with statistics of cases reported from Tokushima, Tokushima J. Exp. Med. 20:69–92.
Lloyd, K. O., 1970, Isolation, characterization, and partial structure of peptido-galactomannans from the yeast form of Cladosporium werneckii, Biochemistry 9:3446–3453.
Lloyd, K. O., and Bitoon, M. A., 1971, Isolation and purification of a peptido-rhamnomannan from the yeast form of Sporothrix schenckii: Structural and immunochemical studies, J. Immunol. 107:663–671.
Lloyd, K. O., and Travassos, L. R., 1975, Immunochemical studies on L-rhamno-D-mannans of Sporothrix schenckii and related fungi by use of rabbit and human antisera, Carbohydr. Res. 40:89–97.
Lloyd, K. O., Mendonça-Previato, L., and Travassos, L. R., 1978, Distribution of antigenic polysaccharides in different cell types of Sporothrix schenckii as studied by immunofluorescent staining with rabbit antisera, Exp. Mycol. 2:130–137.
Lurie, H. I., 1963, Histopathology of sporotrichosis: Notes on the nature of the asteroid body, Arch. Pathol. 75:421–437.
Lurie, H. I., 1971, Sporotrichosis, in: The Pathologic Anatomy of Mycoses: Human Infection with Fungi, Actinomyces and Algae (E. Uehlinger, ed.), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 614–675.
Lurie, H. I., and Still, W. J. S., 1969, The “capsule” of Sporotrichum schenckii and the evolution of the asteroid body: A light and electron microscopic study, Sabouraudia 7:64–70.
Lynch, P. J., Voorhees, J. J., and Harrell, E. R., 1970, Systemic sporotrichosis, Ann. Intern. Med. 73:23–30.
Macdonald, E., Ewert, A., and Rietmeyer, J. C., 1980, Reappearance of Sporothrix schenckii lesions after administration of Solu-Medrol® to infected cats, Sabouraudia 18:295–300.
Mackinnon, J. E., 1970, Ecology and epidemiology of sporotrichosis, in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Mycoses, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., pp. 169–181.
Mackinnon, J. E., Conti-Diaz, I. A., Gezuelle, E., Civila, E., and Luz, S., 1969, Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from nature and considerations on its pathogenicity and ecology, Sabouraudia 7:38–45.
Maeda, M., Kitajima, Y., and Mori, S., 1980, Ultrastructure of plasma membrane in Sporothrix schenckii as revealed by the freeze-fracture method, J. Electron Microsc. 29:236–241.
Mariat, F., 1968, Respiration des phases levure et filamenteuse de Sporotrichum schenckii, champignon dimorphique pathogène de l’homme, C. R. Acad. Sci. 266:2064–2066.
Mariat, F., 1971, Adaption de Ceratocystis a la vie parasitaire chez l’animal: Etude de l’aquisition d’un pouvoir pathogène comparable a celui de Sporothrix schenckii, Sabouraudia 9:191–205.
Mariat, F., 1975, Observations sur l’écologie de Sporothrix schenckii et de Ceratocystis stenoceras en Corse et en Alsace, provinces françaises indemnes de sporotrichose, Sabouraudia 13:217–225.
Mariat, F., 1977, Taxonomic problems related to the fungal complex Sporothrix schenckii/ Ceratocystis spp., in: Recent Advances in Medical and Veterinary Mycology (K. Iwata, ed.), University of Tokyo Press, pp. 265-270.
Mariat, F., Garrison, R. G., Boyd, K. S., Rouffaud, M. A., and Fromentim, H., 1978, Premières observations sur les macrospores pigmentées de Sporothrix schenckii, C.R. Acad. Sci. 286:1429–1432.
Mayberry, J. D., Mullins, J. F., and Stone, O. J., 1966, Sporotrichosis with demonstration of hyphae in human tissue, Arch. Dermatol. 93:65–67.
Mendonça, L., Gorin, P. A. J., Lloyd, K. O., and Travassos, L. R., 1976, Polymorphism of Sporothrix schenckii surface polysaccharides as a function of morphological differentiation, Biochemistry 15:2423–2431.
Mendonça-Hagler, L. C., Travassos, L. R., Lloyd, K. O., and Phaff, H. J., 1974, Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and hybridization studies on the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis species, Infect. Immun. 9:934–938.
Mendonça-Previato, L., Gorin, P. A. J., and Travassos, L. R., 1980, Galactose-containing polysaccharides from the human pathogens Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras, Infect. Immun. 29:934–939.
Moraes, M. A. P., and Miranda, E. V., 1964, Sobre a presença de formações radiadas (asteróides) na esporotricose, Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 6:5–11.
Muller, H. E., 1975, Uber das Vorkommen von Neuraminidase bei Sporothrix schenckii und Ceratocystis stenoceras und ihre Bedeutung für die Ökologie und den Pathomechanismus dieser Pilze, Zentralbl. Bakteriol Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. 232:365–372.
Nakamura, Y., Ishizaki, H., and Wheat, R. W., 1977, Serological cross-reactivity between group B Streptococcus and Sporothrix schenckii, Ceratocystis species and Graphium species, Infect. Immun. 16:547–549.
Neill, J. M., Castillo, C. G., and Pinks, A. H., 1955, Serological relationships between fungi and bacteria. I. Cross reactions of Sporotrichum schenckii with pneumococci, J. Immunol. 74:120–125.
Nickerson, W. J., 1971, Biochemical bases of cellular shape, in: Recent Progress in Microbiology (A. Perez-Miravete and D. Pelaez, eds), Assoc. Mexicana Microbiologia, Mexico City, pp. 123–129.
Nickerson, W. J., and Edwards, G. A., 1949, Studies on the physiological bases of morphogenesis in fungi. I. The respiratory metabolism of dimorphic pathogenic fungi, J. Gen. Physiol 33:41–55.
Nickerson, W. J., and Mankowski, Z., 1953, Role of nutrition in the yeast-shape in Candida, Am. J. Bot. 40:584–592.
Nicot, J., and Mariat, F., 1973, Caractères morphologiques et position systématique de Sporothrix schenckii, agent de la sporotrichose humaine, Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 49:53–65.
Nielsen, H. S., Jr., 1968, Biological properties of skin test antigens of yeast form Sporotrichum schenckii, J. Infect. Dis. 118:173–180.
Noguchi, T., 1972, Immunochemical studies on Sporotrichum schenckii, I. Extraction and chemical composition of the immunologically active substances, Acta Sch. Med. Univ. Gifu 20:335–343.
Norden, A., 1951, Sporotrichosis: Clinical and laboratory features and a serologic study in experimental animals and humans, Acta. Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Suppl. 89:1–119.
Oda, L. M., Kubelka, C. F., Alviano, C. S., and Travassos, L. R., 1983, Ingestion of yeast forms of Sporothrix schenckii by mouse peritoneal macrophages, Infect. Immun. 39:497–504.
Okudaira, M., Tsubura, E., and Schwartz, J., 1961, A histopathological study of experimental murine sporotrichosis, Mycopathologia 14:284–296.
Oujezdsky, K. B., Grove, S. N., and Szaniszlo, P. J., 1973, Morphological and structural changes during the yeast-to-mold conversion of Phialophora dermatitidis, J. Bacteriol. 113:468–477.
Plouffe, J. F., Jr., Silva, J., Jr., Fekety, R., Reinhalter, E., and Browne, R., 1979, Cellmediated immune responses in sporotrichosis, J. Infect. Dis. 139:152–157.
Previato, J. O., Gorin, P. A. J., and Travassos, L. R., 1979a, Cell wall composition in different cell types of the dimorphic species Sporothrix schenckii, Exp. Mycol. 3:83–91.
Previato, J. O., Gorin, P. A. J., Haskins, R. H., and Travassos, L. R., 1979b, Soluble and insoluble glucans from different cell types of the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii, Exp. Mycol. 3:92–105.
Rippon, J. W., 1968, Monitored environmental system to control cell growth, morphology and metabolic rate in fungi by oxidation-reduction potentials, Appl Microbiol 16:114–121.
Rippon, J. W., 1980, Dimorphism in pathogenic fungi, CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol 8:49–97.
Roberts, G. D., and Larsh, H. W., 1971, The serologic diagnosis of extracutaneous sporotrichosis, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 56:597–600.
Roberts, S. O. B., 1980, Treatment of superficial and subcutaneous mycoses, in: Antifungal Chemotherapy (D. C. E. Speller, ed.), J. Wiley, New York, pp. 225–283.
Rodriguez-Del Valle, N., Rosario, M., and Torres-Blasini, G., 1983, Effects of pH, temperature, aeration and carbon source on the development of the mycelial or yeast forms of Sporothrix schenckii from conidia, Mycopathologia 82:83–88.
Romano, A. H., 1966, Dimorphism, in: The Fungi, Vol. II (G. C. Ainsworth and A. S. Sussman, eds.), Academic Press, New York and London, pp. 181–209.
Russell, B., Beckett, J. H., and Jacobs, P. H., 1979, Immunoperoxidase localization of Sporothrix schenckii and Cryptococcus neoformans, Arch. Dermatol. 115:433–435.
Salvin, S. B., 1947, Multiple budding in Sporotrichum schenckii, J. Bacteriol 81:464–469.
Scott, W. A., Mishra, N. C., and Tatum, E. L., 1973, Biochemical genetics of morphogenesis in Neurospora, Brookhaven Symp. Biol 25:1–18.
Seeliger, H. P. R., 1968, Serology as an aid to taxonomy, in: The Fungi, Vol. III (G. C. Ainsworth and A. S. Sussman, eds.), Academic Press, New York and London, pp. 597–624.
Shimonaka, H., Noguchi, T., Kawai, K., Hasegawa, I., Nasawa, I., and Ito, Y., 1975, Immunochemical studies of chemical and enzymatic modification of the antigenic compounds upon immediate and delayed reactions, Infect. Immun. 11:1187–1194.
Shiraishi, A., Nakagaki, K., and Arai, T., 1979, Experimental sporotrichosis in congenitally athymic (nude) mice, RES J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 26:333–336.
Spencer, J. F. T., and Gorin, P. A. J., 1971, Systematics of the genera Ceratocystis and Graphium: Proton magnetic resonance spectra of the mannose-containing polysaccharides as an aid in classification, Mycologia 63:387–402.
Staib, F., Randhawa, H. S., and Blisse, A., 1972, Observations on experimental sporotrichosis of the muscle, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. 221:250–256.
Staib, F., Sethi, K. K., and Blisse, A., 1974, Assimilation von Kreatinin, Kreatin und Guanidoessigsäure durch Ceratocystis stenoceras Stamm IP-1013-70 von F. Mariat, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. 226:402–405.
Steele, R. W., Cannady, P. B., Jr., Moore, W. L., Jr., and Gentry, L. O., 1976, Skin test and blastogenic responses to Sporotrichum schenckii, J. Clin. Invest. 57:156–160.
Stewart, P. R., and Rogers, P. J., 1978, Fungal dimorphism: A particular expression of cell wall morphogenesis, in: The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. 3, Developmental Mycology (J. E. Smith and D. R. Berry, eds.), Edward Arnold, London, pp. 164–196.
Stretton, R. J., and Dart, R. K., 1976, Long-chain fatty acids of Sporothrix (Sporotrichum) schenckii, J. Gen. Microbiol. 3:635–636.
Strobel, G., Alfen, N., Hapner, K. D., McNeil, M., and Albersheim, P., 1978, Some phytotoxic glycopeptides from Ceratocystis ulmi, the Dutch elm disease pathogen, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 538:60–75.
Suzuki, S., and Takeda, N., 1977, Immunochemical studies on the galactomannans isolated from mycelia and culture broths of three Hormodendrum strains, Infect. Immun. 17:483–490.
Tarnowski, G. S., 1975, Approaches to the immunotherapy of experimental tumours, in: Host Defense against Cancer and Its Potentiation (D. Mizuna, ed.), University Park Press, Baltimore, pp. 389–396.
Taylor, J. J., 1970a, The nature of the secondary conidia of Sporothrix schenckii, Mycopathol Mycol. Appl. 41:379–382.
Taylor, J. J., 1970b, A comparison of some Ceratocystis species with Sporothrix schenckii, Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 42:233–240.
Travassos, L. R., and Alviano, C. S., 1981, Cell surface structures of Sporothrix schenckii in relation to pathogenicity, An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 53:847.
Travassos, L. R., and Cury, A., 1971, Thermophilic enteric yeasts, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 25:49–74.
Travassos, L. R., and Lloyd, K. O., 1980, Sporothrix schenckii and related species of Ceratocystis, Microbiol. Rev. 44:683–721.
Travassos, L. R., and Mendonça-Previato, L., 1978, Synthesis of monorhamnosyl lrhamno-D-mannans by conidia of Sporothrix schenckii, Infect. Immun. 19:1–4.
Travassos, L. R., Gorin, P. A. J., and Lloyd, K. O., 1973, Comparison of the rhamnomannans from the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii with those from the Ceratocystis species, Infect. Immun. 8:685–693.
Travassos, L. R., Gorin, P. A. J., and Lloyd, K. O., 1974, Discrimination between Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystic stenoceras rhamnomannans by proton and carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Infect. Immun. 9:674–680.
Travassos, L. R., Souza, W., Mendonça-Previato, L., and Lloyd, K. O., 1977, Location and biochemical nature of surface components reacting with concanavalin A in different cell types of Sporothrix schenckii, Exp. Mycol. 1:293–305.
Travassos, L. R., Mendonça-Previato, L., and Gorin, P. A. J., 1978, Heterogeneity of the rhamnomannans from one strain of the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Infect. Immun. 19:1107–1109.
Walbaum, S., Duriez, T., Dujardin, L., and Biguet, J., 1978, Etude d’un extrait de Sporothrix schenckii (forme levure): Analyse electrophorétique et immunoelectrophorétique; charactérisation des activités enzymatiques, Mycopathologia 63:105–111.
Warr, G. A., 1980, A macrophage receptor for (mannose/glucosamine) glycoproteins of potential importance in phagocytic activity, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 93:737–745.
Weise, F. C., 1931, Sporotrichosis in Connecticut, N. Engl. J. Med. 205:951–955.
Whistler, R. L., Bushway, A. A., Singh, P. P., Nakahara, W., and Tokuzen, R., 1976, Noncytotoxic antitumor polysaccharides, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. 32:235–275.
Wilson, D. E., Mann, J. J., Bennett, J. E., and Utz, J. P. 1967, Clinical features of extracutaneous sporotrichosis, Medicine (Baltimore) 46:265–279.
Zeyer, J., Bodmer, J., and Hutter, R., 1981a, Rapid degradation of cyanuric acid by Sporothrix schenckii, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. I Orig. Reihe C 2:99–110.
Zeyer, J., Bodmer, J., and Hutter, R., 1981b, Microbial degradation of ammeline, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. Reihe C 2:289–298.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Travassos, L.R. (1985). Sporothrix schenckii. In: Szaniszlo, P.J., Harris, J.L. (eds) Fungal Dimorphism. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4982-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4982-2_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4984-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4982-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive