Skip to main content

The Use of Cell Culture Methods for Exploring Teratogenic Susceptibility

  • Chapter
Developmental Toxicology

Abstract

According to data summarised by Hemminki et al, in 1979, there were then some 63 000 chemicals in common use, and around 1 000 (or 2 000 according to Shepard, 1979), new compounds are marketed each year. About 7 000 had been tested for carcinogenicity when they wrote, and Maugh (1978) estimated the rate of such necessary tests at around 500 a year. The only source of direct information on the teratogenic effects of various substances on humans is epidemiological, so that it rests on an accumulation of family tragedies (Taussig, 1962; Saxén and Rapola, 1969; Weatherall and Haskey, 1976).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aarskog, D. (1975) Lancet, 2, 921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajodhia, J.M. and Hope, G.M. (1973) Pharmaceutical J., 1, 566–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Angle, C.R. and Mclntyre, M.S. (1964) Am. J. Dis. Child., 108, 436–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Atlas, S.A., Vesell, G.S. and Nebert, D.W. (1976) Cancer Res., 36, 4619–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, S.M. Knight, A.F. and Sullivan, F.M. (1979) Teratology, 19, 105–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beall, J.R. (1972) Canad. Med. Assoc. J., 106, 1061

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, F. (1976) Br. Med. Bull, 32, 53–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennet, D. (1975) Cell, 6, 441–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biddle, F.G. and Fraser, F.C. (1977) Genetics, 85, 289–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Biddle, F.G. and Fraser, F.C. (1979) Teratology, 19, 207–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, N.W. and Diguisto, E.W. (1976) Psychopharmacologia (Berlin), 46, 163–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, A.G., Emerson, D.J. and Nichinson, B.B. (1979) Nature (London), 282, 507–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, N.A., Goulding, E.H. and Fabro, S. (1979) Science, 206, 573–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brusick, D.J. (1978) Environ. Health Persp., 24, 105–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Buelke-Sam, J. and Kimmel, C.A. (1979) Teratology, 20, 17–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butt, E.M., Pearson, H.E. and Simonsen, D.G. (1952) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med, 79, 247–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, A.I. (1970) Exp. Cell Res., 63, 341–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, A.I. (1912) Develop. Biol, 28, 71–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, A.I. (1972a) Exp. Cell Res., 70, 185–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, J.L., Gordon, P., Barrazone, P., Freychet, P., Le Cam, A. and Orci, L. (1979) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 76, 2803–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaube, S. and Murphy, M.L. (1968) Advan. Teratol, 3, 181–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Chernoff, G. P. (1980) Teratology, 22, 71–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, G.D. and Ryan, P.J. (1980) in Tissue Culture in Medical Research (Richards, U.J. and Rajan, K.T., eds.), pp. 79–86, Pergamon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, R.M. (1976) in Tests of Teratogenicity In Vitro (Ebert, J.D. and Marois, M., eds.), pp. 473–83, Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, R.M. (1978) in Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis (Lord, B.I., Potter, C.S. and Cole, R.J., eds.), pp. 115–38, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, R.M. (1980) in Alternatives in Drug Research (Rowan, A. and Stratman, C., eds.), pp. 153–73, Macmillan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, R.M., Bower, D.J., Clayton, P.R., Patek, C.E., Randall, P.E., Sime, C., Wainwright, N.R. and Zehir, A. (1980) in Tissue Culture in Medical Research (Richards, R.J. and Rajan, K.T., eds.), Vol. II, pp. 185–94, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, R.M., Odeigah, P.G., De Pomerai, D.I., Pritchard, D.J., Thomson, I. and Truman, D.E.S. (1976) in Biology of the Epithelial Lens Cells in Relations to Development, Ageing and Cataract (Courtois, Y. and Regnault, F., eds.), pp. 123–36, Les Colloques de L’I.N.S.E.R.M., Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, R.M., De Pomerai, D.I. and Pritchard, D.J. (1977) Develop. Growth Differ., 19, 319–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohlan, S.Q. (1954) Pediatrics, 13, 556–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, W.A. and Trasler, D.G. (1980) Teratology, 22, 125–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desesso, J.M. and Jordan, R.L. (1977) Teratology, 15, 199–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dingle, J.L., Fell, H.B. and Lucy, J.A. (1966) Biochem. J., 98, 173–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Eguchi, G. (1976) CIBA Found. Symp., 40, 241–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Eguchi, G. and Watanabe, K. (1973) J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 30, 63–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Eguchi, G., Clayton, R.M. and Perry, M.M. (1975) Develop. Growth Differ., 17, 395–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elshove, J. (1969) Lancet, 2, 1074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fell, H.B. and Dingle, J.T. (1963) Biochem. J., 87, 403–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferm, V.H. and Carpenter, S. J. (1967) Exp. Mol. Pathol, 7, 208–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geelen, J.A.G.(1979) Crit. Rev. Toxicol, 6, 351–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerschenson, L.E., Okigaki, T., Andersson, M., Molson, J. and Davidson, M.B. (1972) Exp. Cell Res., 71, 49–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J.E. and Becker, B.A. (1968) Cancer Res., 28, 475–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Giroud, A. and Martinet, M. (1956) Arch. Anat. Micr. Morph. Exp., 45, 77–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfine, I.D., Jones, A.L., Hradek, G.T., Wong, K.Y. and Mooney, J.S. (1978) Science, 202, 760–3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, A.S. (1979) Clin. Perinatol, 6, 203–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M., Pinsky, M.F. and Fraser, F.C (1963) Genet. Res., 4, 258–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzelian, P.S. and Bissell, D.M. (1976) J. Biol Chem., 251, 4421–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A.S. and Solursh, M. (1974) Gen. Comp. Endoc, 25, 432–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, J.W., Myrianthopoulos, N.C., Harvey, M.A.S. and Smith, D.W. (1976) J. Pediatr., 89, 662–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harbison, R.D. (1978) Environ. Health Persp., 24, 87–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harbison, R.D. and Becker, B.A. (1970) J. Pharm, Exp. Ther., 175, 283–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartz, S.C., Heinonen, O.P., Shapiro, S., Siskind, V. and Slone, D. (1975) N. Engl J. Med, 292, 726–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemminki, K., Sorsa, M. and Vainio, H. (1979) Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health, 5, 307–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hickey, E.D. and Klein, N.W. (1971) Teratology, 4, 453–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inouye, M. and Murakami, U. (1978) Teratology, 18, 263–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, M.C., Sulik, K.K. and Dudley, K.H. (1979) Teratology, 19, 33A

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K.L., Smith, D.W., Ulleland, C.N. and Streissguth, A.P. (1973) Lancet, 1, 1267–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaighn, M.E. (1976) in Tests of Teratogenicity In Vitro (Ebert, J.D. and Marois, M., eds.), pp. 73–90, Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalter, H. (1965) in Teratology: Principles and Techniques (Wilson, J.G. and Warkany, J., eds.), pp. 57–80, University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalter, H. (1968) Teratology of the Central Nervous System, pp. 35–40, University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalter, H. and Warkany, J. (1959) Physiol. Rev., 39, 60–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Kameyama, Y. (1964) Ann. Rep. Res. Inst. Environ. Med. Nagoya Univ., 13, 49

    Google Scholar 

  • Karkinnen-Jääskeläinen, M. and SaxĂ©n, L. (1976) in Tests of Teratogenicity In Vitro (Ebert, J.D. and Marois, M. eds.), pp. 275–84, Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellerman, G., Luyten-Kellerman, M. and Shaw, C.R. (1975) Am. J. Hum. Genet., 25, 327–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Kizer, S. J., Cordon, V.M., Brendel, K. and Bresler, R. (1970) J. Clin. Invest., 49, 1942–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinshuster, S.J. and Moscona, A.A. (1972) Exp. Cell Res., 70, 397–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kochhar, D.M. (1973) Teratology, 7, 289–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kochhar, D.M. (1975) Teratology, 11, 273–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kochhar, D.M. and Aydelotte, M.B. (1974) J. Embryol Exp. Morphol., 31, 721–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolata, O.B. (1978) Science, 202, 732–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumegawa, M., Ikeda, E., Hosoda, S. and Takuma, T. (1980) Develop. Biol, 79, 493–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kury, G. and Crosby, R.J. (1968) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 13, 199–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laemmli, U.K. (1970) Nature, 227, 680–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, G.H. and Nebert, D.W. (1977) Teratology, 16, 147–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landauer, W. (1972) Teratology, 5, 129–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landauer, W., Clark, E.H. and Larner, M.M. (1976) Teratology, 14, 281–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langman, J. and Cardell, E.L. (1977) Teratology, 17, 15–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lasnitzki, I. (1962) Exp. Cell Res., 28, 40–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, E.B., Haining, M.D. and Labbe, R.F. (1972) N. Engl J. Med., 286, 1301–2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C.A., Pratt, R.M., Pennypacker, J.P. and Hasseil, J.R. (1978) Develop. Biol, 64, 31–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCann, J., Choi, E., Yamasaki, E. and Ames, B.W. (1975) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 72,5135–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McColl, J.D., Globus, M. and Robinson, S. (1963) Experientia, 19, 1834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLain, R.M. and Becker, B.A. (1975) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 31, 72–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, D.E., Stout, A.G. and Zemp, J.W. (1971) Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol, 30, 495, Abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Marin-Padilla, M. (1966) J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 15, 261–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Marin-Padilla, M. and Ferm, V.H. (1965) J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 13, 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Matz, G.J. and Naunton, R.F. (1968) J. Am. Med. Assoc, 206, 910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maugh, T.H. (1978) Science, 201, 1200–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayerson, P. and Moscona, A.A. (1979) Differentiation, 13, 173–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mello, N.K. (1975) Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol, 34, 1832–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Milkovitch, L. and van den Berg, B.J. (1974) N. Engl. J. Med., 291, 1268–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R.W. (1977) J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 58, 4714

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R.P. and Becker, B.A. (1975) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 32, 53–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milstone, L.M. and Piatigorsky, J. (1977) Exp. Cell. Res., 105, 9–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milstone, L. M., Zelenka, P. and Piatigorsky, J. (1976) Develop. Biol, 48, 197–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirkin, B.L. (1971) J. Pediatr., 78, 329–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monroy, A. and Moscona, A. A. (1980) Introductory Concepts in Developmental Biology, pp. 128–206, University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M.R., Meredith, P.A. and Goldberg, A. (1977) Lancet, 7,717–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, D. (1974) Exp. Cell. Res., 86, 365–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, J.E. (1976) in Tests of Teratogenicity In Vitro (Ebert, J.D. and Marois, M., eds.), pp. 107–48, Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Moscona, A.A. (1976) in Tests of Teratogenicity In Vitro (Ebert, J.D. and Marois, M., eds.), pp. 67–72, Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Moscona, M. and Moscona, A. A. (1979) Differentiation, 13, 165–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulvihill, J.J. and Yeager, A.M. (1976) Teratology, 13, 345–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami, U., Kameyama, Y. and Kato, T. (1954) Nagoya J. Med. Sci., 17, 74–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, H.(1977) Teratology, 16, 195–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Nebert, D.W. (1973) Gin. Pharmacol Ther., 14, 693–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Nebert, D.W. and Felton, J.S. (1976) Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol, 35, 1133–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, M.M. (1960) in Congenital Malformations (Wolstenholme, G.E.W. and O’Connor, C.M., eds.), pp. 134–51, J. and A.Churchill, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Netzloff, M.L., Streiff, R.R., Frias, J.L. and Rennert, O.M. (1979) Teratology, 19, 45–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nowack, E. (1965) Humangenetik, 1, 516–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okada, T.S. (1976) in Tests of Teratogenicity In Vitro (Ebert, J.D. and Marois, M., eds.), pp. 91–105, Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Shea, K.S. and Kaufman, M.H. (1979) J. Anat., 128, 65–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouellette, E.M., Rosett, H.L., Rosman, N.J. and Weiner, L. (1977) N. Engl. J. Med., 10, 528–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, M.A.K. (1974) in Experimental Embryology and Teratology (Woollam, D.H.M. and Morriss, G.M., eds.), pp. 16–33, Elek Science, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, J. and Pearson, E.S. (1960) J. Endocrinol, 21, 287–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piatigorsky, J., Rothschilds, S.S. and Wollberg, M. (1973) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 70, 1195–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piatigorsky, J. (1980) in Curr. Top. Eye Res., 3, 1–39

    Google Scholar 

  • De Pomerai, D.I. and Clayton, R.M. (1978) J. Embryol Exp. Morphol, 47, 179–93

    Google Scholar 

  • De Pomerai, D.J. and Clayton, R.M. (1980) Develop. Growth Differ., 22, 49–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Pomerai, D.I., Pritchard, D.J. and Clayton, R.M. (1977) Develop. Biol, 60, 416–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Propping, P. (1978) Rev. Physiol Biochem. Pharmacol, 83, 123–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Purchase, I.F.H., Longstaff, E., Ashby, J., Styles, J.A., Anderson, D., Lefevre, P.A. and Westwood, F.A. (1976) Nature (London), 264, 624–1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, K.T. (1974) Experimental Embryology and Teratology (Woollam, D.H.M. and Morriss, G.M., eds.),pp. 65–89, Elek Science, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall, C.L. and Taylor, W.J. (1979) Teratology, 19, 305–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reddan, J.R., Harding, C.V., Rothstein, H., Crotty, M.W., Lee, P. and Freeman, N. (1972) Ophthal Res., 3, 65–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway, L.P. and Karnofsky, D.A. (1952) Annls. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 55, 203–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, M., Neri, A. and Oppenheimer, S. (1975) Science, 189, 639–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruffolo, P.R. and Ferm, V.H. (1965) Lab. Invest., 14, 1547–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, L.B. (1950) J. Exp. Zool, 114, 545–602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SaxĂ©n, I. and SaxĂ©n, L. (1975) Lancet, 2, 498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SaxĂ©n, L. (1976a) in Tests of Teratogenicity In Vitro (Ebert, J.D. and Marois, M., eds.), pp. 262–84, Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • SaxĂ©n, L. (1976b) J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 36, 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • SaxĂ©n, L. and Rapola, J. (1969) Congenital Defects, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, H.D.A., Blake, J.M.G. and Gillette, L.R. (1968) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 160, 189–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W.J., Fradkin, R. and Wilson, J.G. (1977) Teratology, 16, 333–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seegmiller, R.E., Horwitz, A.L. and Dorfman, A. (1980) J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 59, 207–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S., Hartz, S.C., Siskind, V., Mitchell, A.A., Slone, D., Rosenberg, L., Monson, R.R. and Heinonen, O.P. (1976) Lancet, 1, 272–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S.S. and Poon, J.P. (1976) Arch. Biochem, Biophys., 174, 74–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shenefelt, R.E.(1972) Teratology, 5, 103–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, T.H. (1979) Curr. Prob. Pediatr., 10, 5–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, T.H. and Pious, D. (1978) in Handbook of Teratology (Wilson, J.G. and Fraser, F.C., eds.), Vol. 4, pp. 71–93, Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Shum, S., Jensen, N.M. and Nebert, D.W. (1979) Teratology, 20, 365–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.W. (1977) Am. J. Dis. Child., 131, 1337–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.F., Bowman, R.E. and Katz, J. (1978) Anaesthesiology, 41, 319–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smithberg, M. and Runner, M. (1963) Am. J. Anal, 113, 479–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soifer, D., Braun, T. and Hechter, O.(1971) Science, 172, 269–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sporn, M.B., Clamon, G.H., Dunlop, N.M., Newton, D.L., Smith, J.M. and Saffiotti, U. (1975) Nature (London), 253, 47–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sporn, M.B., Dunlop, N.M., Newton, D.L. and Smith, J.M. (1976) Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol, 35, 1332–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Taussig, H. B. (1962) J. Am. Med. Assoc, 180, 1106–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, D. J., Molello, J.A., Strebing, R. J. and Dyke, I.L. (1978) Teratology, 17, 151–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, L., De Pomerai, D.J., Jackson, J.F. and Clayton, R.M. (1979) Exp. Cell Res., 122, 73–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasan, N. and Lash, J.W. (1975) Calc. Tiss. Res., 19, 99–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vesell, E.S. (1976) in Psychotherapeutic Drugs (Usden, E. and Forrest, L.S., eds.), pp. 169–73, M. Dekker, New York and Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Waymouth, C. (1977) in Cell, Tissue and Organ Cultures in Neurobiology (Federoff, S. and Hertz, L., eds.), pp. 631–43, Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Weatherall, J.A.C. and Haskey, J.C. (1976) Br. Med. Bull, 32, 39–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilk, A.L., Greenberg, J.H., Horigan, E.A., Pratt, R.M. and Martin, G.R. (1980) In Vitro, 16, 269–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.G. (1973) Environment and Birth Defects, Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.G., Roth, C.B. and Warkany, J. (1953) Am. J. Anat., 92, 189–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Keith Snell

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Clayton, R.M., Zehir, A. (1982). The Use of Cell Culture Methods for Exploring Teratogenic Susceptibility. In: Snell, K. (eds) Developmental Toxicology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9790-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9790-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9792-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9790-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics